东海区黄(鱼安)(鱼康)资源状况的初步探讨

本文以 2 0 0 2年东海区渔业资源监测调查资料为依据 ,研究分析了黄的洄游分布、渔业生物学特征和资源量状况。结果表明 ,东海区黄主要分布在黄海南部和东海北部海域 ,高资源密度主要分布在水深 4 0～ 10 0m海域 ,但各调查月份有差异 ;9月份黄个体平均体长为 2 15 .35mm ,优势体长组为 14 0～180mm ,占 5 3% ;平均体重为 397.83g ,优势体重组为 70～ 14 0g ,占 4 5 % ;现存资源量评估结果为 2 0 15t,但实际资源量估计约在 1× 10 4t以上 ,属于有潜在价值渔业。     

应用改进的Leslie法估算东海区小黄鱼资源量

针对Lesile法未考虑自然死亡因素的不足,提出了改进形式的Lesile法,使得该方法也能适用于长渔获周期的资源群体,并结合2009～2010年全国海洋捕捞信息动态采集网络评估的渔业统计结果和东海区渔业资源监测调查资料,估算东海区小黄鱼(Lartmichtlys polyaetis)资源量。结果表明,伏季休渔开捕后可供利用的小黄鱼资源量为16.99×104t,到4月底余存4.65×104t,年平均资源量7.70×104t,最大持续产量8.93×104t,全年开发率达到0.87,处于过度开发状态。     

闽东北外海渔场银方头鱼渔业生物学初步研究

闽东北外海底层流刺网作业渔获的银头鱼群体由1～6龄11个世代构成,以2、3和4龄占优势;体长优势组为210～270mm,体重优势组为200～400g,体长与体重的关系W=2.1120×10~(-5)×L~(2.9964)r=0.9970。初次性成熟年龄为2～3龄,最小性成熟个体体长为190mm,在4～8月均有产卵活动;按von Bertalanffy方程拟合生长参数:L_(∝)=436.21mm,W_(∝)=1715.05g,k=0.2357,t_0=-0.9542,体重生长拐点年龄为3.702龄。     

东海区小黄鱼种群生物学特性的分析

本研究以 196 3、1983和 2 0 0 1年东海区渔业资源监测调查资料为依据 ,对小黄鱼 (Pseudosciaenapolyactis)的种群结构、生长和死亡等主要种群生物学特征进行了动态分析。结果表明 ,目前东海区小黄鱼种群的个体小型化、低龄化现象相当突出 ,平均年龄仅为 0 .92 3龄 ;生长加快 ,生长参数k值达 0 .5 5 ;体重生长的体重生长的拐点年龄变小 ,仅为 1.6 7龄 ;性成熟提前 ;死亡率提高 ,残存率减小。尽管小黄鱼近年来产量有所恢复 ,但资源利用对象主要以当年生补充群体为主 ,生长型捕捞过度趋势加重     

长江中游宜昌江段铜鱼的种群特征和资源量

为了解三峡水库蓄水后,长江中游宜昌江段铜鱼的种群动态变化特征,基于2003~2005年、2009~2011年和2017~2019年在宜昌江段收集的9120尾铜鱼样本的基础生物学数据,运用FISAT Ⅱ 软件对种群参数和资源量进行估算。结果显示,2003~2005年、2009~2011年和2017~2019年宜昌江段铜鱼体长分布范围分别为118~416 mm、111~409 mm、107~380 mm,平均体长(平均值±标准差)为230.7±49.8 mm、217.5±54.3 mm、267.2±34.1 mm;体重分布范围分别为10~1000 g、19~889 g、16~816 g,平均体重(平均值±标准差)为195.8±123.6 g、153.2±118.6 g、250.3±84.2 g;生长指数b值分别为3.0151、3.0319、2.9775,均属匀速生长型;由Powell-Wetherall plot法和 ELEFAN Ⅰ 法拟合渐进体长L∞分别为535 mm、530 mm、500 mm;生长系数k值为0.18、0.14、0.15,属中等速率生长型;由体长结构实际种群分析估算铜鱼年资源量分别为1144927尾、1890899尾、2103556尾。研究表明,三峡水库蓄水后,宜昌江段铜鱼为匀速生长型,资源数量增加明显,但生长速率减缓,存在小型化趋势。     

辽东湾水域小黄鱼的生长特征

根据2012-2013年在辽东湾水域进行的6个航次的底拖网调查资料,采用体长频率分析法研究了该水域小黄鱼(Larimichtlys polyactis)的生长特征。结果表明,2012-2013年间共采集小黄鱼样本2 593尾,体长范围为40~210 mm,平均体长为115 mm,优势体长组为90~130 mm,占59.3%。体长与体质量的关系式为W=3×10~(-5)×L~(2.8424)。采用ELEFAN技术计算了小黄鱼的Von-Bertalanffy生长方程,其极限体长L_∞、生长系数K分别为260 mm和0.47。种群总死亡系数Z、自然死亡系数M和捕捞死亡系数F分别为2.31、0.41、1.90。与辽东湾及其邻近水域的历史数据相比,辽东湾水域小黄鱼的生物学特征与2000年前发生了较大变化,极限体长减小,生长速度加快,群体小型化和低龄化严重。2012-2013年辽东湾水域小黄鱼的资源开发率为0.823,其资源处于过度开发状态。     

闽东北海域假长缝拟对虾的生物学特性及利用前景

利用2008年5、8、11月和2009年2月开展的“东海区主要渔场重要渔业资源调查”及1998-1999年开展的“福建海区渔业资源生态容量和海洋捕捞业管理”资料,分析了闽东北海域假长缝拟对虾的生物学特性、数量分布及变化.结果表明:闽东北海域假长缝拟对虾的资源量为6 673 t.1998-1999年假长缝拟对虾雌虾平均体长71.0 mm,平均体重6.2g,雄虾平均体长68.7 mm,平均体重3.2g;2008-2009年雌虾平均体长89.1 mm,平均体重6.8g,雄虾平均体长83.0 mm,平均体重5.0g.闽东北海域假长缝拟对虾1998-1999年的平均渔获量资源密度指数为2.3 kg/h,2008-2009年的平均渔获量资源密度指数为1.6 kg/h.与1998-1999年相比,假长缝拟对虾群体中的体长和体重均略有增长,但资源密度却略有减少,表明假长缝拟对虾资源比较稳定,还有一定的利用潜力,但为了保障该资源可持续利用,必须合理开发和科学管理.     

黄海中南部小黄鱼种群生物学特征的季节变化和年际变化

根据2000～2010年“北斗”号调查船在黄海中南部水域8个航次的渔业生物底拖网调查数据,结合1985～1986年的历史资料,对该水域小黄鱼种群的生长、摄食、繁殖及资源量变动等生物学特征的季节变化和年际变化进行研究.结果表明,小黄鱼春季平均体长和优势体长范围要高于其他季节,从2000～2010年在同一季节小黄鱼的平均体长和优势体长降低,并且优势体长更为集中.小黄鱼食物组成从1985～1986年到2000年发生了显著的变化,2000～2010年小黄鱼食物组成变化不大.1985～1986年小黄鱼食物主要是以鳀Engraulis japonicus(重量百分比为45.18％)为主,其次是小型底栖虾类.2000年和2010年小黄鱼食物组成主要以太平洋磷虾Euphausia pacifica为主,占食物总量的47.2％,其次是细螯虾Leptochela gracilis和脊腹褐虾Crangon afinis,但是鳀在食物组成中从4.67％增加至10.64％.小黄鱼各个季节性腺发育Ⅱ期所占的比例较高.2000年小黄鱼平均渔获量最高(夏季除外),2000年以后其平均渔获量降低,其分布开始向北偏移.由上可知,黄海小黄鱼的种群属性及其生活史类型已经发生变化.因此,建议小黄鱼的渔业管理和资源养护要充分考虑其生物学特征的变化.     

2004年乌苏里江大麻哈鱼生殖群体结构研究

2004年9月10日~10月20日,对乌苏里江大麻哈鱼(Onconhynchas keta)生殖群体随机取样81尾,对其体长、体重组成、年龄与生长、生殖,成熟系数及肥满度等生殖群体结构特征进行测定。结果表明,2004年度的溯河生殖群体主要由2+~4+龄个体组成,其中3+龄占数量优势(72.0%),体叉长平均为62.6±5.24cm,其中60~65cm体叉长占数量优势(38.3%);体重平均为2.95±1.92kg,其中以2~3kg体重占数量优势(55.6%);绝对生殖力平均为2868.7±859粒;相对生殖力平均为0.8328±0.25粒/g;性成熟系数♀群为12.04~25.00%,♂群为2.64~4.47%;肥满度♀群平均为1.1149±0.12%,♂群为1.0843±0.10%。2004年乌苏里江大麻哈鱼种群数量为2.5×104尾,生殖群体数量处于濒危状态,亟待加强保护。     

天津海域口虾蛄群体结构及资源量分析

根据2009年5、8、10、12四个月的口虾蛄调查数据,对口虾蛄的群体结构,资源密度,捕捞产量进行分析研究.结果表明,全年口虾蛄的平均体长为101.72 mm,优势体长组为101-120 mm,平均体重为17.12g,优势组体重为1-10 g.口虾蛄的平均资源密度为837.43 kg/km2,夏季的资源密度最大,冬季最...     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).