柠檬酸对罗非鱼生长、体成分和消化酶活性的影响

研究了饲料中添加不同水平柠檬酸 (0 .1%、0 .2 %、0 .3%、0 .4 % )对奥尼罗非鱼 (Oreochromisniloticus×O .aureus)幼鱼 (初始平均体重约 2 .0g)生长、饲料利用、体成分和消化酶活性的影响。共设 5组试验饲料 ,每一饲料组设 3个重复水族箱 ,每箱随机放鱼 15尾 ,投喂率为 6 % ,自然光周期 ,循环过滤水系统饲养 9周 ,每周称重 1次并相应调节投喂量。结果表明 :随着柠檬酸添加量的增大 ,饲料pH值呈下降趋势 ;添加 0 .2 %柠檬酸的试验组罗非鱼的特定生长率显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ,LSD多重比较 ,下同 ) ;饲料效率在 0 .3%柠檬酸组显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;罗非鱼血清葡萄糖含量在0 .4 %组显著低于对照组、0 .1%组和 0 .3%组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;0 .2 %组和 0 .3%组血清甘油三酯含量最高 ,但组间差异不显著(P >0 .0 5 ) ;全鱼水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分含量在组间差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和肠蛋白酶活性随柠檬酸添加量增加呈先上升后下降的趋势 ,0 .2 %组的最高 ,但组间差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;肝胰脏和肠淀粉酶活性分别在 0 .2 %和 0 .3%组最高 ,组间差异亦不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。结果提示 ,饲料中适量添加柠檬酸 ,能提高罗非鱼幼鱼消化酶活性 ,提高饲料利用率 ,促进罗非鱼生长     

壳聚糖对异育银鲫的生长、蛋白质合成及肌肉营养成分的影响

采用单因子浓度梯度法 ,将壳聚糖以 1 0 %、 1 5%、 2 0 %的量添加到基础饲料中 ,以基础饲料为对照 ,饲喂异育银鲫 (10 0 60± 10 96g) ,两个月后 ,测定鱼体的相对增重率和饲料系数。结果表明 ,1 0 %组的相对增重率极显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,比对照组提高 51 44% ,饲料系数比对照组下降2 0 51% ;1 5%组、 2 0 %组的相对增重率显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 5) ,比对照组分别提高 10 44%、13 19% ,饲料系数比对照组分别下降 9 81%、 10 68%。为了进一步了解壳聚糖对异育银鲫的促生长机理 ,测定了白肌的核酸含量和粗蛋白含量。结果显示 ,壳聚糖的添加可以极显著提高白肌的RNA/DNA以及RNA/蛋白质 (P <0 0 1) ,同时 ,白肌的RNA/DNA以及RNA/蛋白质与鱼体的相对增重率存在相关性     

螺旋藻对彭泽鲫生长性能的影响

通过向彭泽鲫 (PengzeCrucianCarp)的基础日粮中添加螺旋藻 ,以研究其促生长效能。结果表明 :2 %、4 %这两种添加剂量均能显著提高彭泽鲫的生长性能 (P <0 .0 1) ,试验组和对照组的相对增重率分别为12 5 .4 2 %、137.6 6 %和 10 3.4 3% ,饲料系数比对照组分别提高了 9.82 %和 15 .18% ,成活率也有不同程度的提高。     

酵母水解物对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶活性和肠道形态的影响

本实验旨在研究饲料中添加酵母水解物对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能、血清生化指标、肝胰腺消化酶活性以及肠道形态的影响。酵母水解物添加量分别为0%、1%、3%和5%,配制4种等氮等脂(42.5%粗蛋白和8.5%粗脂肪)的实验饲料。选取初始体重为(1.86±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾480尾,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾,进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果表明饲料中添加5%酵母水解物组的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)显著高于对照组(P0.05),而该组饲料系数(FCR)最低(P0.05)。对虾全虾粗蛋白含量随饲料中酵母水解物的增加而呈上升趋势,且5%酵母水解物添加组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。添加5%的酵母水解物显著提高了凡纳滨对虾血清总蛋白(TP)和甘油三酯(TG)含量,降低了谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)的活性(P0.05)。各处理组肝胰腺淀粉酶活性和对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05),但3%酵母水解物添加组的胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。3%酵母水解物添加组的对虾肠道皱襞高度和皱襞宽度显著高于对照组(P0.05),而5%添加组的微绒毛高度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,在本实验条件下,饲料中添加3%~5%的酵母水解物能有效改善凡纳滨对虾生长性能、提高饲料利用率、促进消化吸收以及改善肠道形态学指标。     

饲料中添加β-葡聚糖对南美白对虾的生长、存活及饲料系数的影响

饲料中添加 0 1 %、0 2 %、0 4%的 β -葡聚糖A型 (简称 0 1 %A、0 2 %A、0 4%A ,下同 )和 0 2 %的β -葡聚糖B型 (简称 0 2 %B ,下同 ) ,投喂南美白对虾 30d。测定虾的体重、体长、存活率及饲料系数。结果表明 ,添加0 4%A极显著地提高南美白对虾的增重率以及降低饲料系数 (P <0 0 1 ) ,添加不同水平的 β -葡聚糖对南美白对虾的体长无显著影响 (P >0 0 5) ,添加 0 2 %A、0 2 %B和 0 4%A ,虾的存活率有显著提高 (P <0 0 5)。     

养殖密度和抗菌肽含量对网箱养殖的黄颡鱼生长性能的影响

在水温19.1～23.2℃下,将平均湿体质量为(19.9±3.5)g的黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco以2kg/m~3(D1)、3kg/m~3(D2)、4kg/m~3(D3)和5kg/m~3(D4)kg/m~3的密度饲养在水库中长2.0m×宽2.0m×高2.0m的网箱中,投喂基础饲料;再按D2组的密度饲养上述规格黄颡鱼幼鱼,分别投喂基础饲料(CK组,对照组)和添加10mg/kg(G1)、30mg/kg(G2)、60mg/kg(G3)和(G4)100mg/kg饲料抗菌肽(水溶)的饲料,研究养殖密度和饲料中添加抗菌肽对黄颡鱼生长性能和体成分的影响。抗菌肽(水溶)用海藻酸钠(剂量250mL,0.5%)包埋,自然风干。70d的养殖结果表明:黄颡鱼末体质量、末体长、特定生长率(SGR)和肥满度(K)随养殖密度增高而下降,饲料系数则上升;D1组黄颡鱼幼鱼末体长、末体质量、日增重率(DBW)、K、存活率(SR)显著高于D3和D4组(P0.05),但D1和D2组的鱼体K、饲料系数(FC)无显著差异(P0.05)。饲料中添加10～30mg/kg抗菌肽可以显著提高黄颡鱼的DBW以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,当添加量为30mg/kg时,SGR最高;当添加量为100mg/kg时,肝脏的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与血清中溶菌酶(LSZ)活性较对照组显著降低(P0.05)。实验证明,黄颡鱼网箱养殖适宜放养密度为3～4kg/m~3,饲料中抗菌肽添加量不超过60mg/kg能促进鱼的生长。添加抗菌肽10mg/kg组鱼的CAT活性最高,显著高于60mg/kg、90mg/kg以及对照组(P0.05);当添加量为30～60mg/kg时,DBW、SGR、K出现差异显著(P0.05),60mg/kg时DBW、SGR和K达到最高,高于其余各组,饲料系数FC下降。     

饲料中添加螺旋藻对花鲈生长性能、消化酶活性、血液学指标及抗氧化能力的影响

采用螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)添加量分别为0 (对照组)、1%(T1)、2%(T2)、3%(T3)、4%(T4)和5%(T5)的6组实验饲料,养殖均质量为(25.49±0.20) g的花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus) 8周,研究其对花鲈生长、消化酶、血液学指标及抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示,添加螺旋藻可显著提高花鲈特定生长率和增重率,并显著降低饲料系数(P0.05);螺旋藻可以提高花鲈肠道蛋白酶活性(P0.05),但对淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均无显著影响;T3、T4和T5组的白细胞数和血红蛋白浓度、T4和T5组的红细胞数均显著高于对照组(P0.05);T4和T5组的总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05);T4和T5组的溶菌酶活性、免疫球蛋白M和补体4浓度显著高于其他组(P0.05),T3、T4和T5组的总抗氧化能力、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),T3、T4和T5组的丙二醛浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综上,花鲈饲料中螺旋藻的适宜添加量为4%～5%。     

饲料中添加龙须菜对眼斑拟石首鱼生长、脂肪酸组成、免疫及肠道的影响

为了研究添加龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)对眼斑拟石首鱼(Sciaenops ocellatus)生长、脂肪酸组成、免疫和肠道的影响,在饲料中分别添加0(对照组)、1%、2%、3%、4%和5%的龙须菜,饲养初始体质量(9.38±0.06)g的眼斑拟石首鱼8周。结果表明,添加龙须菜对鱼体成活率、增重率(WG)和特定生长率(SGR)均不存在显著性影响(P0.05),但1%~4%组的增重率均高于对照组,1%组的饲料效率和特定生长率最高;所有龙须菜添加组全鱼脂肪酸中的二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)均高于对照组,且添加量为5%时DHA显著高于对照组(P0.05);肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在4%组显著高于对照组(P0.05);3%组肠道黏膜褶最高且组织状况最好。由此可见,饲料中添加龙须菜对眼斑拟石首鱼生长有一定的促进作用,且添加适量龙须菜可以改善眼斑拟石首鱼的肝脏和肠道健康,提高全鱼DHA含量。     

低蛋白饲料添加肉毒碱养殖中华鳖试验研究

试验设计了 3种鳖用饲料 ,蛋白水平分别为 :2 8%、32 %、36 % ,每蛋白水平又分别添加 0 0 3%、0 0 6 %、0 0 9%的肉毒碱 ,以蛋白含量为 4 0 %的商品饲料作对照。实验证实 ,饲料蛋白水平和肉毒碱添加量对幼鳖的特定生长率影响均未达到显著水平 (P >0 0 5 ) ,各实验饲料组同对照组之间也无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。肉毒碱添加量同饲料蛋白水平间交互作用没有达到显著水平 (F4,62 =1 96 8,p =0 111) ,但在低蛋白水平 (2 8% )肉毒碱添加量对幼鳖生长有极显著影响 (P <0 0 1) ,当肉毒碱添加量为 0 0 3%时 ,幼鳖的特定生长效率最大 ,随肉毒碱添加量的增加幼鳖的生长效率显著降低 ;而在较高蛋白水平 (>32 % ) ,肉毒碱添加量对幼鳖生长的影响没有达到显著水平 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但随肉毒碱添加量的增加 ,幼鳖的特定生长效率有增高的趋势。在本实验条件下 ,添加适量肉毒碱 ,鳖用饲料蛋白水平可降至 30 %左右。     

饲料中添加浒苔对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和肌肉品质的影响

试验旨在探究饲料中添加浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifera)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能和肌肉品质的影响。在鱼粉含量分别为18% (A)和15% (B)的基础饲料中添加0%、3%、6%的浒苔(记为A0、A3、A6、B0、B3、B6),共6组等氮等能饲料,饲喂初始体重为(3.0 ± 0.1) g的凡纳滨对虾8周。结果显示：A0组具有最大增重率(654.2%)和最低饲料系数(1.61),在18% 、15%鱼粉饲料中添加3%浒苔,对虾体生长性能没有显著影响(P> 0.05),添加6%浒苔, 显著降低了增重率,升高了饲料系数 (P < 0.05),降低了虾体粗脂肪含量(P < 0.05);在18%、15%鱼粉饲料中添加3%、6%浒苔,显著降低了凡纳滨对虾的蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率、脂肪沉积率和蛋白质消化率(P < 0.05)。在肌肉品质方面,A3、A6、B6组肌肉硬度和咀嚼性均较A0、B0组显著提高(P < 0.05);饲料中添加6%浒苔显著提高了肌肉胶原蛋白含量,降低了肌肉煮失水率和冷冻失水率(P < 0.05);以上结果表明,在凡纳滨对虾饲料中添加3%浒苔,对虾体生长性能没有显著影响,添加6%浒苔,降低了虾体增重率和饲料利用,但可改善肌肉品质。     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

不同年龄细鳞鱼的繁育效果

研究了不同年龄组(3～8龄)细鳞鱼(Bachymystax lenok Pallas)亲鱼的繁育效果,分析其繁育主要技术,包括亲鱼培育、繁育技术、受精卵孵化、鱼苗培育等,结果发现,5～6龄和7～8龄细鳞鱼产卵量没有明显差异,产卵量、孵化率、出苗率均较高,繁殖效果明显好于3～4龄亲鱼。