淡水鱼塘水体污染的主成分分析

目前淡水鱼塘水质评价中将重金属、富营养化和有机污染分开独立研究的较多,同时综合起来进行评价分析的较少。为了解淡水混养鱼塘水体综合污染的特征和发生机理,用基于主成分的因子分析法对2011—2013年养殖周期内南宁武鸣区3口淡水鱼塘中高锰酸盐指数、铵态氮、亚硝酸态氮、总磷、总氮、Cu、Zn等7个指标的监测数据进行了分析。分析结果表明,目前武鸣淡水鱼塘水质主要存在两类污染,主要受第一主成分"重金属+总氮"复合污染中的Zn、Cu和总氮的相互作用控制,其次受控于还原性"有机物+无机氮"污染中的高锰酸盐指数、亚硝酸态氮和铵态氮的共同影响。"重金属+总氮"复合污染是武鸣淡水鱼塘水质的主要特征,Zn、Cu和总氮是最重要的影响因子。总氮与重金属Zn、Cu密切负相关,总氮与Zn、Cu之间存在拮抗作用,鱼塘水体氮失衡导致的富营养化可能降低了重金属Zn、Cu污染的严重性。     

淮河干流水环境质量时空变化特征及污染趋势分析

研究淮河水质时空变化趋势,为淮河生态环境保护提供科学依据。选取1999-2019年淮河干流9个典型断面长序列水质数据,采用单因子评价法和综合污染指数法,对20年来淮河干流水环境质量进行评价,同时运用spearman秩相关系数法、Mann-Kendall检验法研究淮河水质及主要污染因子变化趋势和突变特征。结果表明：Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质断面比例总体呈上升趋势,1999年劣Ⅴ类水质断面占44.4%,2007年后无Ⅴ类、劣Ⅴ类水质断面;综合污染指数从1999年的1.35逐步下降至2019年的0.42;氨氮、化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数和五日生化需氧量浓度均呈显著下降趋势,总磷浓度呈显著上升趋势;非汛期总磷浓度变化稳定,汛期总磷浓度显著上升;淮南大沟涧、吴家渡断面水质相对较差、年际变化幅度大,老坝头断面水质较好、年际变化幅度较小。淮河干流主要污染因子发生结构性转变,由氨氮、化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数逐渐转变为总磷,说明流域面源污染特征逐步显现,农业面源污染的控制已成为改善淮河流域水环境的重要任务。     

熵权法模糊物元模型在养殖水质评价中的应用

为客观综合评价养殖水体质量,利用熵确定水质指标权重,结合物元分析理论及贴近度的概念,构建养殖水质复合模糊物元模型,对2015—2019年监测的上海地区635批次养殖水样进行地表水环境质量等级分类。水质监测结果显示,池塘水体的pH、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、As(砷)和叶绿素a平均含量显著高于引水河道的(P<0.05),硝酸盐氮、Zn(锌)和石油类的平均分布显著低于后者(P<0.05),其他指标的平均分布差异不显著(P>0.05)。不同养殖品种池塘水体间,淡水鱼塘水体中氮、磷、有机质等相关指标的平均含量最高,蟹塘水体pH均值最高。熵权法模糊物元模型评价结果表明,在养殖水体水质指标中pH的权重最高,其次为高锰酸盐指数、总氮和氨氮,这4项合计权重超过0.5;89.29%的鱼塘、87.91%的虾塘和75.83%的蟹塘水样水质类别属于或优于地表Ⅲ类,相关河道水样水质满足地表Ⅲ类水质标准的样品占比达98.72%。整体上,上海地区的养殖水质满足地表水环境功能要求。     

东江湖水环境动态变化及评价

2006年3月至2007年1月对东江湖水质进行了监测和评价.结果表明,东江湖综合污染指数为0.45,水质总体良好,属于地表水的Ⅱ～Ⅲ类,但东江湖各断面水质在洪水前和洪水期差异显著;水质主要受控于重金属镉和总氮、总磷;东江湖周边氮磷污染源数多、面广、量大,洪水引起水体总磷、总氮迅速增大,水色变深,导致水体透明下降;东江湖现处于中营养水平.     

南湾水库水质状况调查及治理对策

南湾水库2000年以前水质基本上保持在地表水Ⅰ类。2003~2005年水质总磷、高锰酸盐指数为地表水Ⅱ类,总氮为地表水Ⅲ类,其余各项指标均为地表水Ⅰ类;综合评价,水库水质为地表水Ⅲ类。农业生产和旅游业的发展对水库水质的负面影响严重。水质富营养化治理对策是:发展生态旅游,保护水库环境;提高农艺水平,减少营养流失;退耕还林,建设生态林业;建立生态渔业工程。     

南水北调东线一期工程输水干线水质变化趋势分析

探究南水北调东线一期工程输水干线水质变化情况,为水生态保护提供基础资料。基于2003年开工建设至今29个断面长序列监测数据,采用单指标水质评价法、主成分分析法、Spearman秩相关系数法、综合污染指数法和t检验法,研究输水干线水质变化总体趋势和主要污染指标时空变化特征。结果表明:输水干线水质整体向好,采样点优良比例2020年较2003年增加了33.1%。2003-2020年,氨氮、五日生化需氧量、化学需氧量、总氮和高锰酸盐指数浓度呈显著下降趋势,总磷浓度下降但变化趋势相对平稳;各点位调水期综合水质指数优于年内非调水期,调水对主要污染指标的浓度变化均有显著影响(Sig.<0.05)。建设初期,主要污染指标浓度空间差异显著,输水干线后半段污染程度相对较高,梁济运河段多个指标已达劣类;建成通水之际,除总磷外,主要污染指标浓度显著下降,空间差异显著缩小,部分指标仍呈现后半段浓度较高的空间特征;2020年,南四湖及梁济运河段水质改善效果明显,主要污染指标浓度空间差异进一步缩小。建议继续抓好污染防治,切实推进沿线生态建设与修复。     

贡湖水源地水体营养状态评价及富营养化防治对策

于2008-2009年对太湖贡湖水源地金墅港、田鸡港、龙塘港等3条主要河道的水质及大型水生植物进行了季节性野外调查,并对该区3月和6月的浮游植物进行调查。水质调查结果表明,贡湖水源地河流水体富营养化风险较大,主要污染指标为总氮和总磷,全年TN平均浓度为3.094mg/L,TP平均浓度为0.112mg/L。以叶绿素a、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数和透明度为主,并结合浮游植物指标,利用综合营养状态指数法对不同季节水质营养状况进行评价,春季（3月）和夏季（6月）水源地均处于富营养化状态,其中春季达到中度富营养化[L     

秋季阿什河流域上游水环境质量评价

阿什河流域上游是西泉眼水库的主要集水区,其水质状况直接影响到水库水质。2010年9月对阿什河流域上游8个断面的水质理化指标进行了检测,并运用单因子污染指数法与灰色关联评价法对阿什河流域上游水质进行了评价。结果表明：灰色关联评价法的结果显示8个断面中除R8为Ⅱ类水质外,其它断面均为Ⅰ类水质,断面水质较清洁。单因子污染指数法仅可反映出某种污染物的污染程度而不能反映出整个水体的污染程度;相比于单因子法,灰色关联评价法能充分利用环境监测数据,全面分析水体污染程度。灰色关联评价法优于单因素法,其评价结果更接近于阿什河上游流域水体的实际情况。     

秀丽高原鳅自然栖息地及人工驯养池水质评价研究

2015年全年对秀丽高原鳅(Triplophysa venusta)主要分布流域漾弓江上游鹤庆段开展水质调查,对洗马池、白龙潭、清水河、寺庄龙潭、美龙潭、西龙潭、人工驯养池及驯养池水源8个监测点的水温(T)、pH、溶解氧(DO)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)7个指标进行采样监测,采用模糊综合评价法和综合水质标识指数法对采样点水质现状进行评价;分析了人工驯养池和自然栖息地水质差异。结果显示:驯养池与自然栖息地部分水质指标差异显著;自然栖息地中,清水河夏季水质为Ⅲ类,主要污染物为TN,其余监测点各季节水质均满足水体环境功能区规划要求;驯养池夏季水质评价结果为Ⅳ类,主要污染物为TN。     

东圳水库水质模拟预测及污染物总量控制研究

研究东圳水库水质变化趋势,计算工程实施后的污染物削减量,为水质保护提供依据。利用SMS模型基于二维不可压缩流体运动方程,建立东圳水库水域二维水流水质数学模型,采用有限单元法,模拟预测东圳水库水环境状况,主要水质分析指标为高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总氮和总磷。预测结果表明,按目前污染物排放状况,2018年东圳水库水体中污染物含量为氨氮0.14~0.21 mg/L(II类水质)、COD 3.3~3.9 mg/L(III类水质)、总磷0.052~0.062 mg/L(IV类水质),总氮1.1~1.6 mg/L(IV类水质)。实施社会经济调控、污染源防治和生态保育工程后,2018年,预计东圳水库高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总氮和总磷共排放1 616.6、163.7、1 182.4和155.5 t/a,分别削减了1 501.8、439.9、756.4和105.2 t/a;总氮0.4~0.8 mg/L、总磷0.022~0.032 mg/L,降幅均达到50%以上,达III类水质标准;COD 2.0~3.0 mg/L、氨氮0.11~0.18 mg/L,达到II类水质标准。提出的实施方案对保护东圳水库的水质具有建设性意义,水体水质目标可达。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.