罗非鱼鱼骨胶原提取工艺研究

<正>众所周知,鱼皮、鱼鳞及鱼骨是水产加工产生的主要废弃物,这些废弃物约占原料鱼质量的40%～55%。据统计,近几年我国水产品年产量均超过4 500多万t,而每年鱼的废弃物总量就达到200多万t。现阶段已有一些从鱼皮及鱼骨中提取胶原及胶原蛋白的报道,但从鱼骨中提取胶原还少见报道。鱼骨中约含30%左右的胶原,如能将这些废弃物中的胶原提取出来,会具有可观的经济效益。     

一株产蛋白酶芽孢杆菌紫外诱变育种的初步研究

水产品加工废弃物容易造成环境污染,但其富含蛋白质,如果加以充分利用可以减少环境污染和提高经济效益。目前,抗氧化肽已经得到了广泛的应用,已经筛选了1株解淀粉芽孢杆菌Hy-7,以其发酵水产加工废弃物得到了较高的抗氧化肽产率。以此为出发菌,采用紫外线诱变的方法筛选出1株蛋白酶活力较高的菌株Hy-743,以鲅鱼加工后的废弃物为原料,接种该菌株进行发酵。该突变株较未经紫外线诱变的出发菌蛋白酶活力提高了40.1%,酶解物总抗氧化活性提高了10.2%。经遗传稳定性测定,该突变株在传代8次之后其遗传稳定性仍然良好。对菌株Hy-743进行响应面法优化发酵条件,得到最佳发酵条件为发酵温度30℃、发酵时间48 h、培养基初始p H6.6、菌龄26 h,接种量2%、料液比1.7 g/50 m L。筛选出的菌株酶活力较强、遗传稳定性好,可以用于发酵水产品及其加工废弃物制取抗氧化肽。     

酶与水产品加工

本文介绍了目前水产品加工中利用酶作为加工手段的应用情况及水产废弃物中酶的开发利用前景,展示了酶工程与传统水产加工技术相结合的良好前景与经济潜力。     

水产加工副产物源抗氧化肽的研究现状与展望

我国是水产资源大国,近年来的水产加工业发展较快,产生了大量水产品加工副产物。其中许多副产物的蛋白质含量较高,可通过酶解得到不同功能性活性肽,进而实现高值化的利用。提高对水产品加工副产物的利用不仅可以减少资源的浪费,提高资源利用率,而且对降低企业成本,增加企业经济效益,减少环境污染也具有重要现实意义。本文主要对水产品加工副产物制备抗氧化肽的来源、抗氧化肽分离纯化方法、抗氧化检测评价方法以及抗氧化肽作用机制的研究进展进行综述。     

我国水产品加工存在问题及发展方向

据统计，我国水产品年总量达４０００多万吨，从１９９９年起已连续十多年产量位居世界首位。但这样的一个水产大国，水产品加工却依然停留在初级阶段，发展速度远远落后于发达国家的水平。我国水产品加工主要存在问题表现在：①传统水产品加工多以作坊式的手工加工为主，初级加工产品多，深加工产品少。因此急需用现代科技手段加以改进和提高。②加工品比例较低且技术含量低。目前我国的水产品加工比例仅占水产品总产量的３０％或更低，而世界发达国家的水产品加工率已达到７０％。③废弃物利用水平不高。水产品下脚料在水产品中所占的比重…     

渔业纵览

２００３年水产品发展重点我国水产养殖产量已连续多年位居世界第一，但水产品加工的现状却与此很不相适应。据农业部渔业局透露，今后我国水产品生产和加工要以大宗产品、低值产品和废弃物的精深加工和综合利用为重点，优化产品结构，推进淡水鱼、贝类、中上层鱼类、藻类加工产业体系的建立。另外，培植和引导一批具有活力的水产品加工龙头企业，通过加快技术改造，促进适销对路产品的开发，不断提高国内市场的占有率。一是海水产品加工。要重点研究开发新捕捞对象，加工制成优质鱼粉、鱼片、鱼糜、模拟食品和调味品等。海洋低值水产品的加…     

模拟虾仁制品外形仿真的逆向设计研究

<正>一、模拟虾仁外形仿真逆向设计研究的意义水产品加工业是渔业捕捞、水产养殖的延续,是渔业经济发展的重要组成部分,2003年农业部制定了《全国主要农产品加工业发展规划》,明确指出今后我国水产品加工要以大宗产品、低值产品和废弃物的精深加工为重点,鱼糜系列食品的加工是水产品精深加工的重要     

水解鱼蛋白的营养特征及其在水产动物营养饲料中的研究进展

鱼粉短缺是当今水产饲料行业中亟待解决的难题,而水产品加工副产品占水产品的总重量超过60%,因此,充分利用水产品加工副产品,提高其营养价值,是解决鱼粉短缺的重要途径。水解鱼蛋白是水解水产品加工副产品而得到的富含游离氨基酸和不同肽链长度的蛋白寡肽,目前,越来越多的研究证明,其对水产养殖动物的生长性能具有重要的促进作用。本文从水解鱼蛋白的制备、营养特性及水产饲料中的研究和应用方面展开综述,系统论述近年来水解鱼蛋白在水产动物营养相关领域的研究成果,并提出在水产饲料中的进一步研究方向,以期为水解鱼蛋白在水产动物营养学研究及其在水产饲料中的应用提供参考。     

《水产学报》“水产品加工与利用”专辑征稿通知

正加工,是水产品由生物变为食物的一道重要工序。它是水产品生命形式的终结,也是水产品作为食品供给消费者的开端。"水产品加工"在从养殖到餐桌的过程中占有举足轻重的地位。中国作为全球最大的水产品加工及出口国,水产品加工与利用受到了广泛关注。为促进我国水产加工研究水平的不断提高和持续创新,给广大水产科技工作者提供交流平台,第一时间发表创新性的科研成果,《水产学报》定于2017年第6期(正刊)出版"水产品加工与利用"专辑,欢迎踊跃     

水産学报“水产品加工和综合利用”专辑征稿

正中国作为全球最大的水产品加工及出口国,水产品加工与利用受到了广泛关注。为促进我国水产加工研究水平的不断提高和持续创新,给广大水产科技工作者提供交流平台,第一时间发表创新性的科研成果,《水产学报》定于2021年第7期(7月,正刊)出版"水产品加工和综合利用"专辑,文章形式为研究论文,欢迎踊跃投稿。投稿时请注明"水产品加工"专辑,谢谢!     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。