两种裂腹鱼病害防治研究

<正>云南裂腹鱼(Schizothorax yunnanensis Norman),小裂腹鱼(Schizothorax parvus Tsao)均隶属鲤形目、鲤科、裂腹鱼亚科、裂腹鱼属、弓鱼亚属。前者主要分布于澜沧江中游洱海上游的弥苴河、剑湖等水域,为云南四大名鱼之一,2011年被列为云南土著鱼类繁育推广鱼类品种,是大理洱海增殖鱼类;后者主要分布于金沙江支流的漾弓江流域水体,为云南特有裂腹鱼,     

野生齐口裂腹鱼驯化注意事项

齐口裂腹鱼[Schizothorax (S.)prenanti(Tchang)](图见彩中插2),属鲤科、裂腹鱼亚科、裂腹鱼属鱼类,别名雅鱼、细鳞鱼、鲤鱼。随着市场对齐口裂腹鱼需求量的增加,其天然资源量供不应求,为满足市场对齐口裂腹鱼的需要,四川、重庆一些地区已开展流水池塘和网箱养殖。齐口裂腹鱼的养殖近几年发展比较快,     

金沙江下游支流大汶溪鱼类资源现状与保护对策

2011年7月至2013年3月对金沙江下游支流大汶溪进行了6次鱼类资源调查,共设3个采样点,每次调查时间为10~15 d。结果表明,大汶溪共采集到鱼类3目、8科、28属、41种,其中长江上游特有鱼类8种;大汶溪上游以齐口裂腹鱼[Schizothorax(Schizothorax)prenanti]、短体副鳅(Paracobitis potanini)和短须裂腹鱼[Schizothorax(Schizothorax)wangchiachii]为优势种,中游以齐口裂腹鱼、短体副鳅为优势种,下游以鲫(Carassius auratus)、宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)、蛇鮈(Saurogobio dabryi)为优势种,不同江段的渔获物组成存在差异;主要捕捞对象齐口裂腹鱼平均体重低于80 g、起捕规格小于10 g,存在过度捕捞现象。大汶溪鱼类多样性指数较高,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H)、Wilhm改进指数(H')、Simpson优势度指数(C)、Pielou均匀度指数(E)分别为1.683~2.785、1.116~2.789、0.6597~0.9016、0.2831~0.4762,但整体上低于金沙江绥江段,该江段此4项指数分别为3.230、2.893、0.9421和0.4681。向家坝水电站淹没成库以及过度捕捞对大汶溪鱼类资源形成威胁,需要加强鱼类生态保护措施。     

一例齐口裂腹鱼春季常见病的诊治

正齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti),俗称雅鱼、洋鱼、齐口细鳞鱼,为鲤形目、鲤科、裂腹鱼亚科、裂腹鱼属,主要分布于我国长江上游的金沙、岷江、大渡河、青衣江及乌江下游等水域,喜欢栖息于较低水温(7~10℃)的急缓流交界处,齐口裂腹鱼肉肥质嫩、富含脂肪、味道鲜美,是重庆、四川等地重要经济鱼类。但随着人工养殖迅速发展,其养殖规模的增大,尤其是在季节交替时,由于受到温度、水质、天气以及投饲食物等影响,容易暴发寄生虫病、细菌性疾病,而导致其大批死亡,使养殖户遭受了较大的经济损失。     

齐口裂腹鱼生长激素基因全长cDNA克隆与序列分析

鱼类生长激素是一种单一肽链蛋白激素,主要作用是促进机体的生长.采用RT-PCR方法,首次从齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)脑垂体总RNA中克隆出生长激素(gFowth hormone,GH)cDNA的开放阅读框ORF(open reading frame)序列,全长633bp.经DNA Star软件分析,该基因编码210个氨基酸,分子量为23.55 kD,等电点为5.46,含有1个疏水区和1个N-糖基化位点.空间结构含有4个α螺旋和4个β折叠,形成2个二硫键.序列比较发现,齐口裂腹鱼GH与草鱼、鲤的GH同源性分别为99.8%、99.4%;与黄鳝、花鲈和大黄鱼的GH同源性分别为57.4%、63.5%和64.2%.     

齐口裂腹鱼杯体虫病的治疗初探

正齐口裂腹鱼属于鲤科、裂腹鱼亚科、裂腹鱼属,其肉质细嫩、营养丰富、味道鲜美,广受群众赞誉。随着人们生活水平的不断提高,对齐口裂腹鱼等名优水产品的需求在不断增加,但是由于电站修建、生态破坏、过度捕捞、环境污染等因素的影响,齐口裂腹鱼等种群数量在不断下降,分布区域日趋缩小。因此,人工养殖是解决齐口裂腹鱼产量的最佳措施。目前在四川雅安和攀枝花地区已在开展流水池塘和网箱养殖。随着集约化养殖方式的开展,齐口裂腹鱼的     

短须裂腹鱼的育苗及疾病防治技术

<正>我国西南地区河流众多,且分布有大量长江上游珍稀特有鱼类,近年来,以短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachii)为代表的冷水鱼养殖在云南和四川悄然兴起,增殖放流带动下的人工养殖给当地带来了较高的经济效益和生态效益。本文着重介绍增殖放流站通用的工厂化育苗、室外育苗及疾病防治等技术,以期为短须裂腹鱼的推广养殖提供参考。一、基础生物学特性体被细鳞,臀鳍两侧有一列特化大型臀鳞,在腹中线上形成一条裂缝,下颌具有发达的角质,须     

齐口裂腹鱼鳃丝细胞系的建立、鉴定及免疫研究

齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)是长江上游水域的珍稀鱼类, 近年来由于环境变化和疾病爆发野外齐口裂腹鱼数量急剧减少, 现已被列入长江上游二级急切保护的特有鱼类, 因此, 对齐口裂腹鱼的保护刻不容缓。建立齐口裂腹鱼细胞系是保护其种质资源的有效手段, 也可以在不伤害现有鱼群的条件下进行多种齐口裂腹鱼相关生物学研究。本研究建立了首个来源于齐口裂腹鱼的细胞系, SPG 细胞系。原代细胞分离自齐口裂腹鱼鳃丝组织, 呈均一的上皮状, 使用含 15%血清的 L-15 培养, 在 15 个月时间里成功传至 55 代。线粒体 COI 基因鉴定, 证明该细胞来源于齐口裂腹鱼, 核型检测细胞染色体数目为 2n=96。在液氮中保存 12 个月的细胞, 复苏后能保持 75%以上活力。EGFP-N3 质粒转染 SPG 细胞后观察到明显的绿色荧光蛋白表达。病毒类似物 poly(I:C)和大肠杆菌脂多糖 LPS 可引起细胞 IL-1β、IL-8、TNFa 和 TLR22 等免疫相关基因表达量升高。表明本研究建立的齐口裂腹鱼鳃丝细胞系可用于免疫学研究。此外, 此细胞系还将在种质保存, 外源蛋白表达和齐口裂腹鱼体外生物学研究中发挥重要作用。     

不同浓度MS-222对短须裂腹鱼苗种的麻醉效果研究

<正>短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachii)主要分布于金沙江、雅砻江、乌江等水系,其喜急流、阴暗和安静的环境,游动迅捷,有顶水跳跃的习性。近年来,短须裂腹鱼已作为地方政府和多个水电站增殖放流的品种,合理使用鱼用麻醉剂可缓解人工放流前捕捞、过数、运输等环节对苗种的应激反应,减少因此而造成的损伤或死     

齐口裂腹鱼人工养殖技术

齐口裂腹鱼（Schizothorax prenanti）,俗称雅鱼、齐口、细甲鱼、齐口细鳞鱼,为四川省级保护动物,是我国特有的重要名优经济鱼类。由于其品质优良,肉嫩鲜美,营养丰富,颇受广大消费者喜爱。目前,齐口裂腹鱼作为一种新的名优养殖鱼类,其引种驯化、规模化养殖与人工繁殖越来越受到广大水产科技人员及养殖者的重视。本文就齐口裂腹鱼人工养殖技术进行阐述,以期为齐口裂腹鱼的驯养提供依据,促进该鱼产业化养殖的发展。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.