五种蚌的形态变异与判别分析

运用多变量形态度量学方法，采用6个形态性状对褶纹冠蚌、三角帆蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌和球形无齿蚌5种蚌的种间以及地理种群间的形态变异进行了研究。主成分分析构建了2个主成分，第一主成分受4个性状的影响，贡献率为54.17%；第二主成分受1个性状的影响，贡献率为34.08%。主成分分析和聚类分析表明，褶纹冠蚌与三解帆蚌形态相近，随圆背角无齿蚌与球形无齿蚌外形相拟。方差分析和t检验表明，褶纹冠蚌和三解帆蚌的不同地理种群分别表现出形态上变异。建立了5种蚌的判别函数，三角帆蚌和圆背角无齿蚌的判别准确率均为100%，褶纹冠蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌和球形无齿蚌的判别准确率依次为98.92%、86.36%和96.88%，总判别准确率为97.83%。     

三角帆蚌对杀灭菊酯、Ca2+、Cu2+吸收作用的研究

采用苦味酸-CTMAB分光光度法、EDTA滴定法、双硫腙法分别对杀灭菊酯、Ca2 和Cu2 养殖三角帆蚌水体中的含量进行了定量监测,研究了不同浓度对吸收作用的影响.结果表明三角帆蚌对杀灭菊酯、Ca2 和Cu2 均有一定的沉积作用,在持续处理30 d后,能使水体中这些化合物的含量明显下降.其中,杀灭菊酯在三角帆蚌存活条件下,浓度越大,沉积速度就越快;Ca2 在三角帆蚌体内的沉积量也与水样中的钙浓度有关;Cu2 沉积在三角帆蚌存活条件下,浓度越大,沉积速度就越慢,并且这种沉积量影响着三角帆蚌的存活率.     

美人蕉与背角无齿蚌对水质净化效果的研究

在总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、叶绿素a(Chl a)分别为0.91、3.80、0.10 mg/L的水体中分别培养2.73 g/L美人蕉浮岛(A组)、8.77 g/L背角无齿蚌(B组)及2.66 g/L美人蕉浮岛+8.89 g/L背角无齿蚌(A+B组),并设置空白对照,以TP、TN、Chl a为监测指标,研究各实验组对水体水质的净化效果。结果表明,对TP的去除率依次为:A+B(83.27%)A(82.53%)B(71.51%)空白组(59.45%);对TN的去除率依次为:A+B(77.82%)A(72.77%)B(57.58%)空白组(31.68%);对Chl a的去除率依次为:A+B(99.53%)B(98.49%)A(96.16%)空白组(93.38%)。实验组对TP、TN、Chl a的去除率均显著(P0.05)高于空白组,美人蕉浮岛和背角无齿蚌搭配组对TP、TN、Chl a的去除效果最好,但对TP、TN的去除率均与单一移栽美人蕉的实验组间差异不显著(P0.05),而对Chl a的去除率与单一投加背角无齿蚌的实验组间差异不显著。实验结果表明,美人蕉对水体中氮磷的去除具有显著作用,背角无齿蚌对水体中藻类的去除具有显著作用,在富营养化水体的修复中美人蕉和背角无齿蚌的协同搭配能够加强水体中氮磷营养的循环,起到耦合强化净化能力的作用。     

背角无齿蚌和三角帆蚌的rDNA基因ITS1及ITS2序列的初步研究

对背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana woodiana)和三角帆蚌(Hyriposis cumingii)的核糖体RNA内转录间隔区1(ITS1)和内转录间隔区2(ITS2)进行扩增测序。结果显示,背角无齿蚌(A.woodiana woodiana)的ITS1长度为496bp(A:20.36%;T:25.40%;G:27.42%;C:26.82%);ITS2长度为466bp(A:24.89%;T:21.89%;G:26.39%;C:28.83%);三角帆蚌(H.cumingii)的ITS1为475bp(A:21.47%;T:23.79%;G:29.36%;C:25.48%);ITS2为519bp(A:25.82%;T:22.93%;G:25.24%;C:26.01%)。研究表明ITS在不同科的物种间差异较大,不适合用于高阶元的系统发育研究。背角无齿蚌、三角帆蚌、魁蚶、栉孔扇贝、大珠母贝5个物种的ITS2中有一段保守序列,推测可能与ITS的某一功能有关。     

3种淡水蚌消化酶活力的初步研究

对褶纹冠蚌、背角无齿蚌、三角帆蚌的淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶进行了测定和研究。结果显示,3种蚌的3种消化酶的比活力大小顺序均为:褶纹冠蚌>背角无齿蚌>三角帆蚌。3种消化酶比活力在3种蚌的胃、肠部大小顺序均为:淀粉酶>纤维素酶>蛋白酶,且胃部3种酶比活力都大于肠部。A/P值比较显示,背角无齿蚌适合投放到淀粉物质含量较高的藻类富集水域,褶纹冠蚌适合用来控制蛋白质含量丰富的藻类,三角帆蚌对淀粉类和蛋白类食物消化能力介于二者之间,对蓝绿藻食物源都有很好的适应性。     

褶牡蛎对水体中重金属铜和镉的富集动力学特性

以褶牡蛎Crassostrea plicatula为研究对象,应用半静态双箱模型室内模拟了大、小两种规格褶牡蛎对重金属Cu、Cd的生物富集释放过程.通过对富集与释放阶段褶牡蛎体内重金属含量变化进行非线性拟合,得到了褶牡蛎对重金属Cu、Cd的生物富集曲线及富集动力学参数.结果表明,1)富集阶段褶牡蛎对Cu、Cd的生物富集系数BCF及吸收速率常数k1随着外部水体中重金属暴露浓度的增大而减少,理论平衡状态下生物体内重金属含量随外部水体中重金属暴露浓度的增大而增大；2)释放阶段褶牡蛎对重金属Cu、Cd的吸收速率常数k1随富集阶段外部水体中Cu、Cd暴露浓度的增大而减小,褶牡蛎体内Cu的生物学半衰期B1/2随富集阶段外部水体中Cu暴露浓度的增大而延长,Cd的生物学半衰期与Cd暴露浓度的关系无明显规律性；3)褶牡蛎对Cu的富集能力和排出能力均强于Cd；4)大规格褶牡蛎对Cu、Cd的富集能力均强于小规格,而褶牡蛎规格大小对于其体内Cu、Cd的排出作用的影响不显著.     

长江口九段沙无齿相手蟹体内重金属含量与评价

以九段沙湿地生态系统中常见的无齿相手蟹为研究对象,分析了其体内重金属的积累和分布特性.结果表明,其体内重金属含量顺序为Cu＞Zn＞Cd＞Pb＞Cr＞As＞总Hg,其重金属含量存在一定季节差异;对九段沙沉积物中的重金属含量分析表明,无齿相手蟹对Cu和Cd有一定的富集能力,适合做九段沙湿地Cu和Cd的指示生物;污染评价表明,本研究中无齿相手蟹均已受到Cu和Pb污染,部分受到Zn、Cd和Cr污染,但未受Hg和As污染.     

溶解氧和体重对背角无齿蚌耗氧率的影响

采用自制耗氧率测定装置,研究了不同溶解氧(DO)与体重(W)对椭圆背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana elliptica)和圆背角无齿蚌(Anodanta woodiana pacifica)耗氧率(Oxygen Consumption Rate,Ro)的影响.结果表明,椭圆背角无齿蚌和圆背角无齿蚌耗氧率均随体重的增加而降低,呈负相关关系,非线性拟合方程:Ro椭圆=0.58W-0.48(R2=0.963,P＜0.05)；Ro圆=26.65W-1.01(R2=0.916,P＜0.05)；2种蚌的耗氧率均随水中溶解氧降低而降低,用双曲线模型Ro=DO/(K1+K2×Ro)评估其在低溶氧条件的适应能力,结果显示2种蚌的耐低氧能力随体重的增加而增强,且椭圆背角无齿蚌对低氧环境的调节能力比圆背角无齿蚌强.     

菲律宾蛤仔对6种重金属的生物富集动力学

以菲律宾蛤仔为实验生物,应用半静态双箱模型室内模拟了菲律宾蛤仔对混合暴露条件下6种重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As的生物富集实验,通过对菲律宾蛤仔体内重金属含量变化进行非线性拟合,得到其对重金属的生物富集系数、生物富集动力学参数。结果表明,到富集实验结束时菲律宾蛤仔对高、中浓度组中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的生物富集系数分别是66.99、18.49、57.11、25.81和72.46、35.72、117.91、41.83,对其低浓度组中Hg和As的富集规律不明显;吸收速率常数k1及生物富集系数均随外部水体金属浓度的增加而减少;通过生物富集系数发现,菲律宾蛤仔对4种重金属的富集能力由大到小为Pb>Cu>Cd>Zn;通过χ2及F检验发现,生物双箱动力学模型可较好反映混合暴露条件下菲律宾蛤仔对重金属的富集特征。     

淡水珍珠蚌的苗种繁殖（上）

我国有淡水蚌100多种，但适合养殖珍珠的蚌仅有三角帆蚌、褶纹冠蚌、无齿蚌。目前生产上用得最广、养殖珍珠价值最高的河蚌为三角帆蚌和褶纹冠蚌。一、淡水珍珠蚌的生态、生活习性（－）生活习世珍珠蚌一般生活于江河、湖泊、池塘等水体的底泥中，蚌体潜入泥中的深度随季节变化而不同。冬季水温低时，蚌体大部分潜入泥沙中，前腹缘向下，背缘向上，仅露出壳后缘部分呼吸摄食。夏季则大部分露在泥沙外。不同种类的蚌对环境的要求不同，如把纹冠蚌喜栖息于水流缓慢或静水的泥沙中，喜肥水，适宜pH为5－7；三角帆蚌喜栖息在流水的沙质底泥中，…     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响_

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响王丹丽，李明云，杨天勇，胡章（宁波大学，３１５０１０）关键词老年低额　，蚤状　，温度，盐度，生长，生殖ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＳＡＬＩＮＩＴＹＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＲＥＰＲＯＤＵＣＴ...     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来，我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐，参与市场竞争，努力提升企业和产品竞争力，经济社会事业发展较快，对国家的贡献提升，职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善，示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓，战略定位与发展方向不明，经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑，没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系，投资匮乏，发展后劲不足，人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状，提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估，改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作，改革时机的选择，处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系，调整好内部利益分配关系，自觉融入区域经济，与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展，建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

川渝地区鸡皮刺螨的流行与综合防治

鸡皮刺螨是鸡的一种体外寄生的节肢动物,流行十分广泛,对养殖业发展有严重影响。为了解鸡皮刺螨的发病情况,对川渝两地的126个鸡场进行流行病学调查,感染率高达71%。同时,介绍了鸡皮刺螨的生活史、危害及防治措施,是防制鸡皮刺螨不可多得的资料。     

Composition and diversity of fish and fish catches in closures and open-access fisheries of Kenya

Abstract  Catch composition, relative abundance and diversity of fish catches in open access and three old fisheries closures were compared and contrasted with previous ecological studies. There was less variation in catch community composition among the fishing grounds than the closures, suggesting that fishing has homogenised catch composition. The trap survey found that some parrotfish [ Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy &Gaimard), Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes) and Scarus ghobban Forsskål] were relatively more common and that some important predators of macro-invertebrates [ Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park) and Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch)] were less common in the fishing grounds than closures. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to visual census results, cumulative number of species in catch surveys was higher in open access than closures sites. This may result from fishers covering more area and habitat or a reduction in the catch of competitively subordinate and rare species by aggressive, early-caught fish that can dominate bait. Comparisons of ecological visual census surveys and fisheries-dependent methods indicated that small differences in catch composition can reflect larger ecological differences and that baiting methods can underestimate biodiversity. Ecological impacts of fishing and large-scale changes in marine ecosystems must be considerable given the many fisheries-dependent assessments report modest changes.