Growth, survival and pigmentation of turbot （Scophthalmus maximus） larvae fed live-prey enriched with ESP and S. S

用两种营养强化剂(ESP,S．S)强化轮虫、卤虫活饵料,以探讨这两种强化剂对大菱鲆生长、存活及色素沉积情况。结果发现ESP组能明显改善大菱鲆的色素异常,两组大菱鲆生长相似。用ESP强化组的存活率高于S．S强化组。     

南极磷虾粉对大菱鲆生长、非特异性免疫及氟残留的影响

以鱼粉、南极磷虾粉和豆粕为蛋白源,以南极磷虾粉蛋白分别替代饲料中的0(对照组)、20%、40%、60%的鱼粉蛋白制成4种等氮等能的饲料,并以此饲料饲喂大菱鲆(37.36±2.12g)56d。试验结果显示,饲料中南极磷虾粉水平对大菱鲆的成活率及特定生长率(SGR)没有显著性影响(P>0.05);对各组的饲料干物质表观消化率均有显著性影响(P<0.05),替代40%组与替代60%组蛋白质表观消化率较对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05);对大菱鲆血清中的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、溶菌酶及总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力无显著性影响(P>0.05)。大菱鲆各组间肌肉中氟残留量没有显著性差异(P>0.05),且肌肉中氟含量均在可食用范围内,大菱鲆各组间骨骼中氟残留量均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。     

饲料蛋白质含量和n-3HUFA水平对大菱鲆亲鱼产卵的影响

给大菱鲆亲鱼投喂高蛋白和高水平 n 3HUFA的饲料。结果表明,与投喂低蛋白和低水平 n 3HUFA饲料组相比,大菱鲆亲鱼繁殖力明显提高。高水平试验组,亲鱼体重增重大,产卵量高、所产卵子卵径大,受精后上浮率、孵化率高,仔稚鱼的存活力强。其中卵子脂肪酸含量受亲鱼所摄饲料中脂肪酸含量的影响较大。当亲鱼组投喂试验组饲料的蛋白质为 49 3%、脂类含量为14 6%,其中∑n 3HUFA的比例为 29 3%时,平均每尾亲鱼的产卵量为 1 45×106,所产卵子的卵径为1 053 mm,卵子脂类∑n 3HUFA的比例为20 38%,浮性卵率为95%。经过30 d的饲育,大菱鲆苗种的存活率为 23%,明显高于低蛋白和低脂肪酸试验组的数据。本研究认为,大菱鲆亲鱼培育的饲料中适宜蛋白质含量应≥45%;脂类的适宜含量为≥10%,其中∑n 3HUFA的适宜比例≥20%。     

镉在大菱鲆体内蓄积规律及对生长和食品安全影响初探

采用鱿鱼、头足类及其加工下脚料等高含镉原料配制饲料喂养大菱鲆亲鱼,发现诱食效果较好、鱼体增重较快,但一年后出现死亡率增高的现象。经解剖观察,死鱼的肝、肾、胰腺、胆等均有不同的病变现象。研究镉在其体内蓄积规律,发现镉在鱼的肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的含量分别是饲喂普通饲料养殖大菱鲆的4～9倍、6～9倍和5～10倍,且死鱼的镉含量高于活鱼;镉在鱼肝脏和肾脏中的含量分别是肌肉中的100-400倍,是主要的蓄积器官和靶器官。高含镉饲料可能对养殖大菱鲆健康生长和食品安全卫生造成严重影响。     

饲料中不同种类的碳水化合物对大菱鲆生长性能和代谢反应的影响

为探讨在低蛋白水平(40%)下,饲料中不同种类的碳水化合物(葡萄糖、蔗糖和糊精)对大菱鲆幼鱼[(8.12±0.04)g]生长、成活、饲料利用、体组成和血液生理生化指标等的影响,实验在对照组饲料中未添加可消化碳水化合物,含40%的蛋白质和18%的脂肪,然后在对照组饲料的基础上,调节脂肪水平为12%,分别添加15%的葡萄糖、蔗糖和糊精配制3组实验饲料。在流水式养殖系统中进行9周的大菱鲆生长实验。结果显示,各处理组大菱鲆成活率均高于95.24%,并且各组间无显著差异;对照组和糊精组大菱鲆的增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)均显著高于葡萄糖组和蔗糖组。各组间的日摄食率(DFI)没有显著差异。对照组和糊精组饲料效率(FE)显著高于蔗糖组,但葡萄糖组FE与其它各组无显著差异;各处理组间蛋白质和脂肪表观消化率(ADC)未受碳水化合物种类的显著影响,而可消化碳水化合物的ADC依次为:葡萄糖组>糊精组>蔗糖组(。葡萄糖组的能量ADC最高,蔗糖组的最低;除对照组肌肉脂肪含量显著高于其它各组外,碳水化合物的种类对大菱鲆肌肉常规组成及糖原含量无显著影响,但显著影响了肝脏的脂肪和糖原含量。大菱鲆肝脏脂肪含量依次为对照组>糊精组>蔗糖组>葡萄糖组,肝脏糖原含量依次为葡萄糖组>蔗糖组>糊精组>对照组;不同碳水化合物种类对大菱鲆幼鱼血浆葡萄糖含量没有显著影响,但显著影响血浆总氨基酸、胰岛素、总胆固醇(CHO)和甘油三酯(TAGs)的含量。结果表明,本实验条件下,大菱鲆对糊精的利用效率优于葡萄糖和蔗糖,并且不同种类的碳水化合物通过糖脂关联代谢等途径对大菱鲆幼鱼的体组成和血液生理生化指标造成一定的影响。     

Effects of size grading on growth and survival of juvenile turbot at two temperatures

Juvenile turbot were size graded into three size groups (mean initial size): Small (3.4 g), medium (7.0 g) and large (10.5 g), and additional fish were held in ungraded (6.6 g) groups. Subgroups (n = 396) of fish were tagged and individual growth rates and social interactions within different size categories were studied in fish reared at 13 and 19 °C. Size grading of juvenile turbot did not improve growth. Specific growth rates (SGR) were mainly size-related, and no differences in SGR or mortality between the experimental groups at both tem-peratures were found. A higher level of social interactions was indicated amongst medium-sized fish than amongst those in the smallest and largest categories. Excess feeding may have been important factors in reducing aggression, so that the growth of the smallest individuals was not suppressed by the larger individuals in the present study. Grading seems to be an unnecessary operation to improve the growth and survival of juvenile turbot (5- 150 g). However, as it was mainly the smallest individuals in each group that died, grading of very small turbot (2-5 g) can be recommended.     

栉孔扇贝生殖活动前后的滤食和生长

在桑沟湾用模拟现场流水法对栉孔扇贝的摄食生理进行了比较研究。结果表明，栉孔扇贝在进行生殖活动前后滤水率无明显的差异，但进行生殖活动前的摄食量较大。尽管栉孔扇贝的滤水率和摄食量随着个体的增大而增加，它的吸收率却与个体大小无关。在３００￣６００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ的水流范围内栉孔扇贝的滤水率没有明显的变化，水流小于３００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ时扇贝的滤水率则明显降低。根据实验数据，用计算机模拟得出了栉孔扇贝在生殖活动前     

水解鱼蛋白对大菱鲆生长、体组成及肌纤维组织形态结构的影响

本实验设计6种等氮等脂的饲料,研究水解鱼蛋白对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)生长、饲料利用、体组成和肌肉纤维组织形态结构的影响。实验设2个对照组,正对照组鱼粉为44%,负对照组鱼粉为22%;设4个实验组,PH18A组为22%的鱼粉和18%的水解鱼蛋白,PH4.5A组为22%的鱼粉和4.5%的水解鱼蛋白,PH4.5B组为17%的鱼粉和4.5%的水解鱼蛋白,PH18B组为0.5%的鱼粉和18%的水解鱼蛋白。研究结果表明,PH4.5A组和PH18B组的特定增长率无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著高于PH4.5B组和负对照组(P<0.05),显著低于正对照组和PH18A组(P<0.05);PH18A组的特定生长率显著高于正对照组(P<0.05)。正对照组和PH18A组的饲料效率、蛋白质效率和蛋白质沉积率无显著差异(P>0.05),但依次显著高于PH18B组、PH4.5A组和负对照组(P<0.05);摄食率的变化趋势则相反。PH4.5B组和负对照组的粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量无显著差异(P>0.05),显著低于正对照组和PH18A组(P<0.05)。6个处理组的大菱鲆肌肉总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸均无显著差异(P>0.05)。PH18A组的肌纤维横截面积显著高于PH18B组、正对照组、PH4.5A组、负对照组和PH4.5B组(P<0.05),而PH18B组显著高于PH4.5B组(P<0.05)。PH18A组和PH18B组的肌纤维密度显著低于PH4.5B组(P<0.05)。研究表明,在高植物蛋白饲料中4.5%和18%的水解鱼蛋白,均可以提高大菱鲆的饲料效率和蛋白沉积率,促进大菱鲆的生长,且18%的水解鱼蛋白好于4.5%;同时,18%的水解鱼蛋白促进大菱鲆肌肉纤维横截面积的增加,促进大菱鲆的肌肉纤维密度的降低,而4.5%的水解鱼蛋白对大菱鲆肌纤维的横截面积和肌纤维的密度均无显著的作用。     

Growth and the effect of grading, of turbot in a shallow raceway system

Juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L.), ranging in size from 30 to 407 g were graded into small, large, and unsorted groups in a low-water-level raceway system. Water depth was 7 cm. The rearing design proved self-cleaning and well suited for turbot ongrowing. Mean initial weights 146.2, 236.1, 162.7 g increased to 299.1, 465.6 and 343.1 g in the small, large, and unsorted groups respectively during the 86 day experiment. The corresponding SGRs were 0.84, 0.79 and 0.87% day-1. No positive effect of grading on biomass production was revealed. The coefficient of variance gave no indication of social interactions, but plotting the start weights against estimated individuals SGRs did, although the effect was minor.     

Correlations between circulating insulin-like growth factor-I and thyroxine and cortisol hormone levels,and some biometrical traits in female brood stocks during the late stages of sex maturation and in juvenile Persian sturgeon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser persicus</Emphasis>)

Relationships between insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and thyroxine (T4) and cortisol hormones were studied in female brood stocks of Persian sturgeon [Acipenser persicus; caught from both sea water (SW) and fresh water (FW)] during late stages of sex maturation. A number of biometrical traits were also studied that could represent the reproductive and/or growth states of brood stocks, and the possible relationship between IGF-I and growth was assessed in juvenile Persian sturgeons between 1 and 4 years of age. IGF-I, T4 and cortisol were measured in serum samples using commercially available kits. A four-parameter logistic model test was performed between the standard curves and the sample dilutions for each hormone. Parallelism, linearity and regression coefficients for the linearized standard curves and serial dilutions of samples were not significantly different (P < 0.05). Serum IGF-I levels in the juveniles were higher than those in the SW brood stocks, and cortisol levels in the former were lower than those in both brood stocks (P < 0.05). T4 levels in serum samples of juveniles were below the detectable level. IGF-I concentrations in juveniles were correlated with total weight, total length and fork length, but they did not increase significantly with increasing age from 1 to 4 years old (P < 0.05). Compared with SW brood stock, the FW brood stock was younger, had a smaller girth, smaller polarization index and higher ova diameter (P < 0.05). There were no differences between IGF-I and T4 levels in the two brood stocks, but cortisol levels were significantly higher in the FW brood stock. Percentage of fertilization was correlated with serum IGF-I in both brood stocks (P < 0.05). Our results support a role for IGF-I during the juvenile growth and reproductive physiology in female brood stocks of the Persian sturgeon.     

纯氧充气对大菱鲆生长及水质指标的影响

主要研究了纯氧增氧技术对大菱鲆的生长及养殖水体中几项重要水质因子的影响。本实验中,实验池中的溶氧最低能维持在8.96±0.16mg/L,最高时可达到12.2±0.71mg/L。经过282d的培养,大菱鲆体重由30.43±0.42g达到1103.73±19.00g,日增重率平均为1.24±0.14%,整个实验期间大菱鲆均处于快速生长状态。至实验结束时,养殖密度最终达到33.99±0.59kg/m3。养殖水体中,pH变化范围在7.62～8.03之间,平均pH为7.76±0.05。COD变化范围在0.75～1.85mg/L,平均COD为1.04±0.16mg/L。亚硝酸盐浓度1.27～7.23μg/L之间,平均浓度在3.23±0.21μg/L。氨氮浓度一般维持在0.07～0.28mg/L,平均浓度为0.14±0.02mg/L。硝酸盐浓度在0.39～0.69mg/L之间,平均浓度为0.51±0.02mg/L。COD、pH、亚硝酸盐浓度很低,均在渔业水质标准所规定的范围以内。     

高植物蛋白饲料中不同水平低分子水解鱼蛋白对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长及肝脏IGF-I受体表达的影响

本研究利用低分子水解鱼蛋白设计了4组等氮等能的高植物蛋白饲料,研究不同水平低分子水解鱼蛋白对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼[(4.16±0.01)g]生长性能、鱼体组成及肝脏中类胰岛素生长因子Ⅰ受体(Insulin-like growth factor receptor,IGF-IR)表达的影响.水解鱼蛋白分别替代总蛋白的5％(UF-5)、10％(UF-10)、20％(UF-20)的鱼粉,无添加FPH组为对照组(UF-0),用这4种饲料饲喂大菱鲆幼鱼84 d,结果显示,UF-0、UF-5和UF-10组的增重率、特定生长率无显著差异(P＞0.05),但显著高于UF-20组(P＜0.05);UF-0、UF-5组的饲料效率、蛋白质效率和蛋白质沉积率无显著差异(P＞0.05),而显著高于UF-10、UF-20组(P＜0.05);UF-0、UF-5和UF-10三组鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P＞0.05),但显著高于UF-20组(P＜0.05);UF-5组必需氨基酸含量及必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值显著高于其他3组(P＜0.05),其他3组间无显著差异(P＞0.05);肝脏中IGF-IR mRNA的表达随着水解鱼蛋白替代水平的增加而升高,且UF-20组与其他3组差异显著(P＜0.05).结果表明,适当添加低水平水解鱼蛋白(UF-5)可促进大菱鲆幼鱼的生长、提高饲料效率及促进肌肉必需氨基酸的积累;高水平添加低分子水解鱼蛋白(UF-20)会抑制其生长及饲料利用等;低分子水解鱼蛋白可提高大菱鲆肝脏中IGF-IR基因的表达量.     

Role of photoperiod and melatonin in the regulation of ovarian functions in Indian carp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Catla catla</Emphasis>: basic information for future application

The major carp Catla catla is a popular freshwater edible fish and an extensively cultured species in India. However, basic information on the physiology of reproduction is lacking in this species. By virtue of its surface feeding habit, it maintains close contact with environmental light, and is a species of choice for the study of temporal organization of reproduction under natural and experimental conditions for understanding environmental and/or endocrine mechanisms that control the annual reproductive cycle. The present review covers information gathered in recent years to emphasize the temporal pattern of reproductive events and the importance of photoperiod and melatonin, a hormone of the pineal gland that links the environment with the endocrine system in the regulation of reproduction. Finally, the outcome of the research is discussed in terms of its direct and indirect applications to aquaculture of this species with a view to manipulate its breeding at a desired time of the year to meet market demand.     

饲料中添加不同脂肪源、VC和VE对大菱鲆生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

研究了不同脂肪源、VC和VE以及上述3种复合营养性添加剂对大菱鲆非特异性免疫力、生长和存活率的影响。结果表明,以鳀鱼鱼油为脂肪源,添加高剂量的VE能提高大菱鲆血清补体活性,并且提高大菱鲆的溶菌酶活性,但不影响大菱鲆血液的中性粒细胞吞噬率及白细胞总数;饲料中VC含量增加到250mg/kg,大菱鲆血液中的白细胞总数明显增加,而进一步提高饲料中的VC含量时,其白细胞总数没有显著变化;血清溶菌酶活性在VC含量为250mg/kg时最高。饲料中VC含量对白细胞的吞噬活性没有影响。在75d的养殖时间内,摄食复合营养性免疫增强剂的大菱鲆,其体重增重率(平均为95·3%)和成活率(99·4%)均明显高于未摄食营养型免疫增强剂的对照组体重增重率(68·0%)和成活率(93·7%)。     

全脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆养殖性能、生理代谢及体色的影响

以大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)为研究对象,探讨其配合饲料中以全脂黑水虻(Hermetia illucens)幼虫粉替代鱼粉后对大菱鲆生长性能、饲料利用、血清生理生化指标及体色的影响.本研究设计4个处理组,分别为全脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代0(FM)(对照组)、20％(HI20)、40％(HI40)的鱼粉及...     

Breeding and juvenile culture of the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810

All seahorse species worldwide have been placed under CITES Appendix II since 2004, because they have been over-exploited for traditional Chinese medicine and aquarium trades. Aquaculture has been recognized as a long-term solution for sustaining the seahorse trade while minimizing wild collection. In this study, we evaluated the breeding and juvenile culture of an important aquarium seahorse species, the lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus, Perry 1810. Pairing, mating and copulation behavior were observed. Gestation time and brood size were 17.33 ± 2.94 days and 272.33 ± 66.45 individuals/brood, respectively. Growth rates differed among juveniles from different broods. Effects of temperature on the growth rates and survivorship of the juveniles during the first two weeks were compared. The highest growth rate and survivorship of the juveniles occurred at 28–29 °C among the temperatures tested (24–33 °C). Growth rate and survivorship of the juveniles during the first 9 weeks at 28 °C were investigated. The final standard length and survivorship of the juveniles were 6.32 ± 0.52 cm and 71.11 ± 10.18%, respectively, and the relationship between the wet weight and the standard length of the juvenile seahorses can be expressed as: W = 0.0034 L^2.5535 (r² = 0.9903, n = 12, P < 0.01). These findings suggest that H. erectus is a good candidate for commercial aquaculture.     

不同加工工艺的饲料对大菱鲆幼鱼生长及养殖水环境的影响

比较了两种加工工艺对饲料(D1、D2)颗粒物理性状的影响,并用其投喂初始体重为16 g的大菱鲆幼鱼64 d,比较其对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、饲料利用和养殖水环境的影响。结果显示,D2组饲料平均颗粒直径、平均百粒重和水中稳定性显著高于D1组(P0.05),但其吸水性、堆积密度和沉降速度显著低于D1组(P0.05)。D2组大菱鲆幼鱼的增重率、特异生长率、摄食率及蛋白质效率显著高于D1组(P0.05)。大菱鲆对D2组饲料中干物质和粗蛋白的表观消化率显著高于D1组(P0.05),但对粗脂肪和总磷的表观消化率无显著影响(P0.05)。投喂18 h后,养殖水体中N、P含量均有了显著升高,D2组每升水中每千克鱼产生的亚硝酸氮含量显著高于D1组(P0.05),但硝酸氮和总氮增加量显著低于D1组(P0.05);D2组活性磷酸盐及总磷酸盐增加量显著低于D1组(P0.05)。研究结果表明,不同的加工工艺显著影响了颗粒饲料的物理性状和饲料利用,并对养殖水环境造成了影响。     

棉酚对金鱼、罗非鱼的毒性作用初探

用乙酸棉酚含量为１‰的鱼粉饲料分别饲喂性成熟的金鱼和二月龄尼罗罗非鱼。四个月后,试验组金鱼、罗非鱼与对照组鱼在体重增长、饲料效率、特定生长率、性腺重及性重比（性腺重／鱼体重）方面的差异不明显,表明饲料中棉籽饼水平的棉酚含量（０．０３％～０．０５％）,既不影响这两种鱼的正常摄食和生长,也不影响其正常的性成熟和繁殖。