中东大西洋头足类产品进入国内市场的前景及展望

中东大西洋拥有丰富的头足类资源,渔获量居世界第4位.摩洛哥和毛里塔尼亚两国紧靠西撒哈拉海域这一世界著名的头足类渔场,产品品质优良,大量出口.上海蒂尔远洋渔业有限公司与以上两国有着渔业合作项目,在两国专属经济区捕捞头足类,年产量5000余t.上海的远洋渔业完全可以在渔场与市场对接中采取"走出去"又"走回来"的策略,到外国...     

长江口渔场渔业生物资源动态分析

本文用 2 0 0 3年在长江口渔场 3个航次的调查数据 ,对该水域的渔业资源状况进行了分析。结果表明 :三个调查航次共捕获渔业生物 79种 ,其中鱼类 4 9种 ,隶属于 11目 ,30科 ,4 5属 ;虾蟹类共有 2 0种 ;头足类共有 10种 ,隶属于 3目 ,6科 ,6属。三个调查航次都是以鱼类的资源量指数最高 ,资源尾数密度表现为虾蟹类高于头足类 ,资源重量密度除 6月份虾蟹类低于头足类外 ,4月和 9月 2个航次都高于头足类。鱼类和虾蟹类的资源量指数值在 9月份达到最大 ,而 6月份为最低 ;头足类的资源量指数以 4月份最高 ,9月份最低。优势种组成的变化表现为 :4月份为黄鲫和小黄鱼 ,6月份为、黄和太平洋褶柔鱼 ,9月份为带鱼和小黄鱼。     

东海区头足类资源状况及前景分析

<正> 80年代中期以前,曼氏无针乌贼和福建沿海的中国枪乌贼曾作为主要经济鱼种被捕捞,有一定产量。90年代以来,随着作业方式的改变和渔场的进一步拓展,其它经济头足类如太平洋褶柔鱼、剑尖枪乌贼、金乌贼等相继被开发、利用,使头足类的产量逐年上     

关于闽南,台浅鱼场单拖作业主要网型及其特点的探讨

闽南、台浅渔场地处亚热带，地质地貌特殊，生态环境条件优越，鱼类，头足类，虾类和蟹类资源丰富，是单拖作业的良好渔场，作者就闽南，台浅渔场的主要作业方式，主要网型及其特点作扼要的探讨。     

东海带鱼摄食习性、饵料基础及与渔场的关系

本文对东海主要渔场中带鱼Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus的摄食习性、饵料浮游生物的群落结构及数量分布等进行了阐述和分析，并对其与渔场间的关系进行了探讨。研究结果表明，东海带鱼是一种以磷虾等甲壳动物和小型鱼类等为主食，并兼食头足类、毛颚动物等的杂食性鱼类。研究结果还阐明浮游动物生物量及磷虾等的数量分布同东海带鱼渔场的位置变化和鱼群移动的关系密切，其中冬、春季浙江南部近海渔场；夏、秋季长江口及海礁、舟山等渔场，其关系尤为明显。     

东海头足类的研究

东海头足类的研究，曾有许多报道，张玺等、李复雪、董正之。等进行了头足类分类、区系及地理分布的研究，李复雪等对东海大陆坡深海渔场的头足类进行了研究等等。对曼氏无针乌贼和中国枪乌贼的研究也有许多报道，张炯等“曼氏无针乌贼的繁殖习性初步观察”(1965)、戴健寿“曼氏无针乌贼的一些生物学观察”（1981）、     

汕头——台浅渔场海洋捕捞生产的现状和管理意见

汕头——台浅渔场地处亚热带，气候温和、雨量充沛，自然条件优越。长年有粤东沿岸水注入，年经流量高达5亿米^3，有明显涌升区和涡动区形成，使渔场有机质和无机盐类极其丰富，浮游生物繁多，为各种经济鱼、虾蟹类和幼鱼提供充足的饵料，同时也是鱼、虾、蟹和头足类产卵、索饵、繁殖、生长、越冬的良好场所。渔场总面积约5万公里2，     

东海渔场环境与太平洋丛柔鱼的分布

太平洋丛柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus steenstrup)的年产量,在八十年代高达四、五十万吨,占目前世界头足类年产量的三分之一左右,是世界最重要的头足类资源。丛柔鱼的分布区局限于太平洋,主要分布在日本群岛周围海域,其群体密度最高;在黄海北部和东海外海的分布区,也有一定产量,主要为流网和底拖网所兼捕。本文论述东海长江口渔场、舟山渔场内太平洋丛柔渔资源的分布密度以及它与不同水系交汇形成流隔的密切关系;五、六月份柔鱼鱼发适温为16—17℃,柔鱼群体栖息活动水层与浮游     

东海北部头足类的种类组成和数量分布

本文根据１９９４年６月至１９９６年５月东海北部２５°３０′～３３°３０′Ｎ,１２８°００′Ｅ以西海域的调查资料,阐明了头足类的种类组成,主要种类数量的季节变化和时空分布,结果显示,东海北部头足类资源群体结构已发生变化,原先的优势种类日本无针乌贼资源已衰退,而剑尖枪乌贼,太平洋褶柔鱼,金乌贼等已成为新的捕捞对象,文章还介绍了主要种类的渔场渔期可持续发展的管理对策。     

南沙群岛西南陆架区头足类资源状况研究

南海水产研究所于1990-1993年。在南沙群岛西南陆架区进行了5个航次的底拖网渔业资源调查，关于主要渔场的位置和经济鱼类的生物学特性已有专文报告，但对于头足类数量动态分布方面未作进一步分析。头足类由枪乌贼(鱿鱼)、乌贼(墨鱼)和蛸(章鱼)组成，经济价值较高。本文根据2003年南沙群岛西南陆架区渔业资源春秋两季调查结果，结合1990-1993年的调查资料，分析南沙群岛西南陆架区头足类的资源变动状况，并讨论合理利用该种类资源的措施，旨在为该种类的资源利用和管理提供科学依据。     

Fishing for biodiversity by balanced harvesting

Fisheries are damaging and seemingly incompatible with the conservation of marine ecosystems. Yet fish are an important source of food and support the lives of many people in coastal communities. This paper considers an idea that a moderate intensity of fishing, appropriately scaled across species, could help in maintaining biodiversity, rather than reducing it. The scaling comes from an intuition that rates of fishing mortality of species should be kept in line with production rates of the species, a notion known as balanced harvesting. This places species conservation and exploitation on an equal footing in a single equation, showing quantitatively the relative levels of fishing mortality that species of different abundance can support. Using a dynamic model of a marine ecosystem, we give numerical evidence showing for the first time that fishing, if scaled in this way, can protect rarer species, while allowing some exploitation of species with greater production. This works because fishing mortality rates, when scaled by production, are density-dependent. Such fishing, operating adaptively to follow species' production rates over time, contains a feedback that would help to protect species from overfishing in the presence of uncertainty about how marine ecosystems work.     

A multispecies approach to subsetting logbook data for purposes of estimating CPUE

An initial step in catch and effort analysis is determination of what subset of the data is relevant to the analysis. We propose an objective approach to subsetting trip records of catch and effort data when fishing locations are unknown; the species composition taken on a fishing trip is used to infer if that trip's fishing effort occurred in a habitat where the species of interest (the target species) is likely to occur. We use a logistic regression of multispecies presence–absence information to predict the probability that the target species would be present. A critical value of probability that best predicts target species presence and absence in the data set forms an objective basis for subsetting the trip records. We test this approach by applying it to a data set where individual fishing locations are known, and we show that the method is an effective substitute for information on individual fishing locations.     

Identifying recreational fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea through social media

The impact of recreational fishing on fish stocks remains largely unknown, as this is inherently difficult to monitor, especially in areas such as the Mediterranean Sea where many species are targeted using a variety of fishing gears and techniques. This study attempts to complement existing data sets and construct the profile of recreational fisheries in the EU‐Mediterranean countries using videos publicly available on social media. A total of 1526 video records were selected, featuring the capture of 7799 fish specimens. The results show recreational fishing is multispecies in nature (26 species contributed to >80% % of the most numerically important species caught) and exhibits a spatially homogeneous pattern, with differences in species composition being mostly dependent on the fishing technique used rather than on the country. Such findings fill an important knowledge gap on recreational fishing activities, and the methodology provides an innovative approach to gather statistics on data‐poor thematic areas that can potentially complement other data sets, such as the EU Data Collection Multi‐Annual Programme.     

Understanding fishing‐induced extinctions in the Amazon

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Ending overfishing while catching more fish

The world's seas and oceans are a vital source of animal protein from fishing and a major contributor to global food security. It has been argued that global wild‐catch production has reached its limit, and there is concern that many species are overfished. Concerns are also mounting about the state of marine ecosystems and the ecological impacts of fishing on them, with increasing efforts to protect marine biodiversity. Fisheries appear to be at an impasse – demand for seafood is rising but so is concern about the impacts of fishing. However, through a simple analysis, we show that global exploitation rates are well below long‐term sustainable levels at a whole ecosystem level. The oceans can support considerably higher sustainable catch than currently harvested. Overfishing has happened but only to a small fraction of species as a result of intensive and selective fishing. Shifting fishing effort away from highly targeted stocks towards currently underutilized species would reduce pressure on overfished species, result in fewer adverse ecosystem effects of fishing and increase overall fisheries production. This shift requires significant changes to our views about seafood, particularly in the developed world. We suggest ways in which this paradigm shift could happen and the range of expertise that would be required to achieve higher global yields with less ecological impact.     

Size structure,not metabolic scaling rules,determines fisheries reference points

Impact assessments of fishing on a stock require parameterization of vital rates: growth, mortality and recruitment. For ‘data‐poor’ stocks, vital rates may be estimated from empirical size‐based relationships or from life‐history invariants. However, a theoretical framework to synthesize these empirical relations is lacking. Here, we combine life‐history invariants, metabolic scaling and size‐spectrum theory to develop a general size‐ and trait‐based theory for demography and recruitment of exploited fish stocks. Important concepts are physiological or metabolic scaled mortalities and flux of individuals or their biomass to size. The theory is based on classic metabolic relations at the individual level and uses asymptotic size W_∞ as a trait. The theory predicts fundamental similarities and differences between small and large species in vital rates and response to fishing. The central result is that larger species have a higher egg production per recruit than small species. This means that density dependence is stronger for large than for small species and has the consequence that fisheries reference points that incorporate recruitment do not obey metabolic scaling rules. This result implies that even though small species have a higher productivity than large species their resilience towards fishing is lower than expected from metabolic scaling rules. Further, we show that the fishing mortality leading to maximum yield per recruit is an ill‐suited reference point. The theory can be used to generalize the impact of fishing across species and for making demographic and evolutionary impact assessments of fishing, particularly in data‐poor situations.     

台湾海峡中南部海域光诱敷网渔业资源监测

本文根据2007—2008年台湾海峡中南部海域光诱敷网渔业监测调查资料，分析该渔场光诱敷网渔业利用状况及主要渔获种类资源动态。监测调查结果表明：光诱敷网作业生产汛期为6—10月，旺汛期6—8月；监测调查船年总渔获产量85～88t，主捕种类枪乌贼、鲐鱼、金色小沙丁鱼的渔获量分别约占总渔获量的35％、30％和20％。枪乌贼、鲐鱼、金色小沙丁鱼均属于生命周期短，生长快，资源补充量大的中上层种类，是多种作业的主要利用对象，目前枪乌贼、鲐鱼资源现状仍然保持相对良好，但在强大捕捞压力下，容易捕捞过度引起年间渔获量大幅度波动，因此对其资源应加以保护。     

Indirect effects of bottom fishing on the productivity of marine fish

One quarter of marine fish production is caught with bottom trawls and dredges on continental shelves around the world. Towed bottom‐fishing gears typically kill 20–50 per cent of the benthic invertebrates in their path, depending on gear type, substrate and vulnerability of particular taxa. Particularly vulnerable are epifaunal species, which stabilize the sediment and provide habitat for benthic invertebrates. To identify the habitats, fisheries or target species most likely to be affected, we review evidence of the indirect effects of bottom fishing on fish production. Recent studies have found differences in the diets of certain species in relation to bottom fishing intensity, thereby linking demersal fish to their benthic habitats at spatial scales of ~10 km. Bottom fishing affects diet composition and prey quality rather than the amount of prey consumed; scavenging of discarded by‐catch makes only a small contribution to yearly food intake. Flatfish may benefit from light trawling levels on sandy seabeds, while higher‐intensity trawling on more vulnerable habitats has a negative effect. Models suggest that reduction in the carrying capacity of habitats by bottom fishing could lead to lower equilibrium yield and a lower level of fishing mortality to obtain maximum yield. Trawling effort is patchily distributed – small fractions of fishing grounds are heavily fished, while large fractions are lightly fished or unfished. This patchiness, coupled with the foraging behaviour of demersal fish, may mitigate the indirect effects of bottom fishing on fish productivity. Current research attempts to scale up these localized effects to the population level.     

Integrating fishing and conservation in a risk framework: A stochastic population model to guide the proactive management of a threatened freshwater crayfish

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A comparative analysis between recreational and artisanal fisheries in a Mediterranean coastal area

The biological impact and the social characteristics of different artisanal (professional) and recreational fishing techniques on the marine resources of a coastal Mediterranean area were compared. Data were from artisanal and recreational surveys carried out between 2006 and 2010. Competition between recreational (particularly spear fishing) and artisanal fishers for the natural resources is important as 52% of the 98 species surveyed were caught by both types of fishers. A total of 87 species were caught by all artisanal fishing gears together (of which 84% were retained and 16% discarded). Recreational fishing caught 58 species of which none was systematically discarded. The two fishing techniques that raise major environmental concerns are spear fishing (very selective in terms of species and/or sizes and high intrinsic vulnerability of catches) and trammel netting (highest number of species discarded and highest number of species endangered). Important challenges from the social standpoint were found that need to be taken into account in the management of coastal fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea including: progressive disappearance of the artisanal fisheries, ageing of the artisanal fisher populations and decline in the number of fishing gears used by artisanal fishers.