鲢鱼加工废弃物的酶法水解

鲢鱼加工鱼糜的废弃物中，鱼头及残渣（鱼皮，鱼骨的混合物）的蛋白质含量丰富，分别为１２．３％和１８．２％，钙含量高，分别为３．２％和１．５％，其蛋白质的氨基酸组成较平衡，在食品中加工中有较高的利用价值。实验采用中性蛋白酶对鲢鱼加工废弃物进行水解，并用正交试验Ｌ９（４＾３）法对酶水解条件进行了研究。结果表明，酶水解度的最适条件为ｐＨ７，酶量１ｇ／１００ｇ原料，时间１￣１．５小时，温度４０￣５０℃，产物     

配饵中能量蛋白比与中华绒螫蟹生长之间的关系

在水簇箱中，用体重１９￣２５ｇ的中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）对配饵中蛋白质的能蛋比与蟹生长之间的关系进行了研究，蛋白质设定为３６％、４０％和４４％３个水平，能蛋比设定了４０、４５和５０ｋＪ／ｋｇ３个水平，每个水平各有６个重复。结果表明，配饵中的粗蛋白含量和能量蛋白比与蟹体生长、蛋白增加量和饲料系数存在着显著的相关关系（Ｐ〈０．０５），蟹体的生长，ＳＧＲ和ＰＥＲ随饲料中蛋白质含     

鲤鱼营养需要的研究

用正交设计法测试鲤鱼饲料中蛋白质、糖类、脂肪、混合无机盐的需要量。结果表明,其适宜需要量为：蛋白质３５ ％ ,脂肪１２ ％ ,糖类２５ ％ ,混合无机盐８ ％ ,纤维素１１ ％ 。分析了鲤鱼肌肉的氨基酸含量。计算出饲料中蛋白质含量为３５ ％ 时必需氨基酸的需要量（ ％ ） ：苏氨酸３－２５４ ,缬氨酸３－５５０ ,蛋氨酸２－３８０ ,异亮氨酸３－０６９ ,亮氨酸５－５９０ ,苯丙氨酸３－２１６ ,赖氨酸６－２１２ ,组氨酸１－７９７ ,精氨酸３－９５９ 。饲料的最适钙磷比为１∶２ ,每１００ ｇ 饲料中,钙的适宜含量为８３９ ～１ １８９ ｍｇ ,磷为１ ６７８ ～２ ３７０ ｍｇ,钙磷总量为２ ５１７ ～３ ６００ｍｇ     

水库网箱养殖罗非鱼及其生态经济效益研究

在水库中连续３年设置网箱养殖罗非鱼，按４．５￣６ｋｇ／ｍ＾３放养量投放鱼种（平均规格６３￣９５ｇ／尾），饲养１００天左右，平均规格达到３７４￣４３８．８ｇ尾产量达２７．０￣３２．６ｋｇ／ｍ＾２，饲料系数１．３￣１．７５，利润率达５６．９％￣７５．２％，网箱养鱼能量转移率１７．９％￣２３．９６％。     

稚鳖的营养素需要量及饲料最适能量蛋白比

应用正交设计法(L_9(3~4))配制九种试验饲料,对稚鳖配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪、无机盐和总能的需要量作饲养试验。对增重率、饲料系数、日生长率、蛋白质效率等项指标进行综合分析。结果表明,在本试验条件下,影响生长的主要因素是蛋白质和总能。较优饲料的总能为320～340千卡/百克饲料,蛋白质为46.6％,脂肪为3～5％,无机盐为2～3％,总糖为21～28％。每百克稚鳖日需蛋白质0.648克,总能4.5～4.7千卡,脂肪 0.042～0.070克,糖 0.32～0.43克,无机盐2～3％,纤维素 20～22％。稚鳖饲料的最适能量蛋白比(C/P值)在7.0～7.55之间。     

鲤鱼饲料添加剂的研究

根据鲤鱼的基本营养需求，确定基础饲料（蛋白质，脂肪，碳水化合物）配方后，对１２种无机盐和１２种维生素用数理统计正交试验，设计三个水平Ｌ２７（３＾１３），求出它们的电佳添加量，从而得出符合鲤鱼生理需求的无机盐，维生素综合配方－ＧＳ８９１添加剂。该添加剂经生产规模试验（池塘养鲤，水库网箱养鲤）证实，具有明显的促生长和节约饲料的功效。同期对比，增重率提高３０％以上，饲料系数降低７．９％以上。     

鱼类优质饲料黄粉虫

被专家称为优质饲料的黄粉虫（又称“面包虫”）是一种仓库粮食害虫，为多汁软体动物。据专家测定，黄粉虫含蛋白质５０％～６０％，赖氨酸５．７％，蛋氨酸０．５３％，脂肪３０％，钙１．０２％，磷１．１１％，碳水化合物７．４％。另外，还含有多种维生素及酶类物质，是一种优质动物性饲料。黄粉虫是饲养牛蛙、罗非鱼、娃娃鱼、鳗鱼、黄鳝、泥鳅、龟等特种经济动物的优质饲料。用６％～８％的活虫体掺入饲料中喂养牛蛙、鳗鱼、黄鳝、甲鱼、泥鳅等，生长快，肉质鲜美。据测，黄粉虫的营养价值是鱼粉的２倍，是植物性蛋白的１０倍，而成本…     

不同营养水平对膨泽鲫春片鱼种生长影响的研究

采用Ｌ９（３＾４）正交设计法,配制九种不同能量、蛋白质、有效磷水平的配合饲料喂养彭泽鲫春片鱼种,测定鱼体的增重、试验结果为：第１－９组的日增重分别为２．４９、２．２８、１．８３、２．１４、２．１９、１．８７、３．１１、３．１０和２．６７ｇ,日增重率分别为０．７６％、０．７０％￣０．５６％、０．６７％、０．６５％、０．５６％、０．９１％、０．９１％和０．８６％,相地增重率分别为３３．６３％、３０．７     

甲鱼配合饲料中蛋白质,脂肪以及醣类适宜含量初探

改变饲料中蛋白质，脂肪以及醣类的含量，设计一个三因素三水平的正交试验，初步探讨二龄甲鱼配合饲料中这三种成分的适宜含量，试验结果，配合饲料中蛋白质，脂肪和可消化醣类的适宜含量分别为４５％－４８．３％、４．２％－６．７％和２０％－２５％。     

生态因子对条斑紫菜自由丝状体生长的影响

报道了生态因子对条斑紫菜自由丝状体生长的影响,结果表明,条斑紫菜自由丝状体生长的最适宜盐度范围为２０￣３０,低于１０的盐度不能生长,最适宜温度范围为１５℃￣２５℃,高限为３０℃,适宜光辐射照度１５μＥｍ％－２Ｓ＾－１￣６０μＥｍ＾２Ｓ＾－１,添加的适宜Ｎ浓度２０ｇ／ｍ＾３￣６０ｇ／ｍ＾３,Ｐ为１．５ｇ／ｍ＾３￣５ｇ／ｍ＾３。     

不同饵料比对黄鳝生长及生理生化指标的影响

以冰鲜鱼与配合饲料5个不同比例饵料饲养黄鳝(Monopterus albus)14周,设定配合饲料所占比例分别为0％、25％、50％、75％、90％,研究不同饵料比处理对黄鳝生长、体成分及部分血清生理生化指标的影响.结果显示,各处理组黄鳝增重率、成活率均无显著差异(P＞0.05)；粗蛋白及粗脂肪含量随饵料中配合饲料比例增大呈先升高、后降低的趋势,且均以90％配合饲料组最低；而各组体灰分和水分差异不显著(P＞0.05)；各处理组黄鳝的血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、甘油三酯、总胆固醇及血糖有显著差异(P＜0.05)；与完全投喂冰鲜鱼(0％组)相比,其它各处理组血清GOT和GPT显著降低；75％配合饲料组血清GOT、GPT(50％组除外)、总胆固醇均为所有处理组最低；表明黄鳝投喂以25％冰鲜鱼和75％配合饲料的混合饵料为宜.     

黄鳝微卫星引物筛选及其在保护遗传学上的应用

研究了远缘种鲤的微卫星引物对黄鳝的适用性。结果显示，31对鲤微卫星引物中有11对引物能对黄鳝DNA模饭扩增出特异性带谱。每对引物扩增的等位基因数在3～13个，平均每个位点有5．6个等位基因，显示了较高的多态性。其中引物P1最理想，其PCR扩增产物能区分来自湖南、广东和孟加拉3个不同地域的黄鳝种群。应用微卫星技术对3个不同地域的黄鳝基因组DNA多态性分析结果显示，湖南、广东和孟加拉黄鳝群体内平均相似率依次为95．5％，95.8％和93．5％，平均变异度依次为0．045，0．042，0．063。群体间的相似率及变异度分析显示：湖南黄鳝和广东黄鳝群体间平均相似率为91．0％，变异度为0．045；湖南黄鳝和孟加拉黄鳝群体间平均相似率和变异度分别为55．7％和0．443；广东黄鳝和孟加拉黄鳝群体间平均相似率和变异度分别为58．6％和0．414。综合微卫星分析结果、黄鳝的外形特征及地理位置，可以推测，广东黄鳝与湖南黄鳝为同一个生物种的不同地理种群，而孟加拉黄鳝为同属中另一个种。     

不同饵料比对黄鳝生长及生理生化指标的影响

以冰鲜鱼与配合饲料5个不同比例饵料饲养黄鳝（Monopterus albus）14周,设定配合饲料所占比例分别为0%、25%、50%、75%、90%,研究不同饵料比处理对黄鳝生长、体成分及部分血清生理生化指标的影响。结果显示,各处理组黄鳝增重率、成活率均无显著差异（P〉0.05）;粗蛋白及粗脂肪含量随饵料中配合饲料比例增大呈先升高、后降低的趋势,且均以90%配合饲料组最低;而各组体灰分和水分差异不显著（P〉0.05）;各处理组黄鳝的血清谷草转氨酶（GOT）、谷丙转氨酶（GPT）、甘油三酯、总胆固醇及血糖有显著差异（P〈0.05）;与完全投喂冰鲜鱼（0%组）相比,其它各处理组血清GOT和GPT显著降低;75%配合饲料组血清GOT、GPT（50%组除外）、总胆固醇均为所有处理组最低;表明黄鳝投喂以25%冰鲜鱼和75%配合饲料的混合饵料为宜。     

Optimum Dietary Protein Level and Protein‐to‐energy Ratio for Growth of Juvenile Parrot Fish,Oplegnathus fasciatus

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary protein level and protein‐to‐energy (P/E) ratio in juvenile parrot fish, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Eight experimental diets were formulated with two energy levels and four protein levels for each energy level. Diets containing crude protein (CP) at 35, 40, 45, and 50% had either 12.5 or 14.6 kJ/g of energy. Fish averaging 7.1 ± 0.06 g (mean ± SD) were fed one of the experimental diets for 8 wk. At the end of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG) of fish fed 45 and 50% CP in the 12.5 kJ/g diet was significantly higher than fish fed the 35% CP diet (P < 0.05). WG of the fish fed 45 and 50% CP in the 14.6 kJ/g diet was significantly higher than fish fed the 35 and 40% CP diets (P < 0.05). Fish fed the 14.6 kJ/g diet had a higher WG compared with fish fed the 12.5 kJ/g diet at all CP levels. Feed efficiency (FE) and specific growth rate (SGR) showed a similar trend to the WG. WG, FE, and SGR improved with increasing dietary protein levels up to 45% and remained constant at 50% CP for both energy levels. However, protein efficiency ratio was negatively related to dietary protein levels. The results suggested that the optimum level of protein and the optimum P/E ratio for juvenile parrot fish should be 45% and 31.1 mg protein/kJ, respectively, in a diet containing 14.6 kJ/g energy.     

Optimum Dietary Protein Level and Protein-to-Energy Ratio for Growth of Juvenile Korean Rockfish Sebastes schlegeli

An 8-wk feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary protein level and protein-to-energy (P/E) ratio in juvenile Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. Twenty experimental diets were formulated with four energy levels and five protein levels at each energy level. Four gross energy levels of 14.2, 16.5, 18.6, and 20.9 kJ/g diet were included at various crude protein (CP) levels. Diets containing CP at 30, 40, 45, 50, and 55% had either 14.2 or 16.5 kJ/g energy; those with CP levels of 35, 40, 45, 50, and 60% had either 18.6 or 20.9 kJ/ g energy. After 2 wk of conditioning, fish initially averaging 7.3 ± 0.04 g (means ± SD) were randomly distributed into net cages as groups of 20 fish. Each diet was fed to fish in three randomly selected net cages for 8 wk. After 8 wk of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG) of fish fed 50% and 55% CP with 14.2 kJ/g diet was significantly higher than those of fish fed 30% and 40% CP diets (P 0.05). WG of fish fed 45, 50, and 55% CP with 16.5 kJ/g diet was significantly higher than those of fish fed 30% and 40% CP diets (P < 0.05). WG of fish fed 60% CP with 18.6 kJ/g diet was significantly higher than those of fish fed 35, 40, and 45% CP diets. WG of fish fed 45% CP with 20.9 kJ/g diet was significantly higher than those of fish fed 35, 40, and 60% CP diets. Generally, feed efficiency (FE) and specific growth rate (SGR) showed a similar trend as WG. However, protein efficiency ratio (PER) was negatively related to dietary protein levels. WG of fish did not always increase with increasing dietary protein and energy levels. Comprehensive comparison among diets containing 40, 45, and 50% CP with different energy levels indicated that the increase in protein from 40 to 45% significantly increased WG (P < 0.05), but such effect was not significant when protein increased from 45 to 50% at all energy levels. Increasing dietary energy significantly increased WG of fish fed 40% and 45% CP at each energy level; however, there was no difference in WG of fish fed 50% CP with energy levels of 18.6 and 2.9 kJ/g diet. There was no significant difference in WG of fish fed 50% CP with 18.6 kJ/g or 45 and 50% CP with 20.9 kJ/g diet. Broken-line analysis of weight gain indicated that the optimum dietary protein level was 50.9 ± 1.1% and PIE ratio was 35.4 ± 0.8 mg/kJ with 14.2 kJ/g diet; the optimum dietary protein level was 49.3 ± 5.0% and P/E ratio was 30.2 ± 1.0 mg/kJ with 16.5 kJ/g diet; the optimum dietary protein level was 46.2 ± 9.2% and P/E ratio was 24.7 ± 4.9 mg/kJ with 18.6 kJ/g diet; and the optimum dietary protein level was 45.1 ± 1.8% and P/E ratio was 21.5 ±0.7 with 20.9 kJ/g diet. Therefore, these data indicated that the concept of P/E ratio must be restricted to diets containing adequate protein and energy levels. Based on WG, the optimum P/E ratio was between 21.5 and 35.4 mg protein/kJ gross energy in juvenile Korean rockfish when gross energy ranged from 14.2 to 20.9 kJ/g diet.     

饲料蛋白能量比对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、蛋白利用和体成分的影响

以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源,鱼油和豆油等比例混合油为脂肪源,采用4×4因子实验来确定草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼饲料中的合适蛋白能量比(P/E),其中饲料蛋白水平分别为20%、25%、30%、35%,能量水平为12.5、13.7、15、16.2 k J/g,饲料蛋白能量比的范围为12.1~27.3 mg/k J,共16组饲料,每组设3个重复,连续投喂初体质量(16.85±0.29)g的草鱼幼鱼10周,研究饲料蛋白能量比对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、蛋白利用和体成分的影响。结果表明:(1)最高末体质量和特定生长率出现在P/E为18.3 mg/k J组,而P/E为16.0 mg/k J组的饲料系数最高,蛋白质效率和蛋白沉积率最高组分别为P/E 12.10 mg/k J组和15.20 mg/k J组。(2)P/E为27.30 mg/k J组的能量沉积率和总氮排泄率最大。(3)在同一饲料蛋白水平下,鱼体的脂肪含量随饲料能量水平升高而升高;在同一饲料能量水平下,鱼体的蛋白含量随饲料蛋白含量升高而升高。对生长、蛋白利用、体成分的实验结果进行综合分析,草鱼幼鱼饲料的最适蛋白含量为30%,最适P/E为19.5 mg/k J。     

Effect of dietary protein-energy levels and fish initial sizes on growth rate, development and production of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L.

The effects of dietary protein‐energy levels on the growth rate, proximate composition and production were examined in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, at two starting weights (22.9 and 39.8 g) reared in concrete ponds for 180 days. The highest weight gain (183.1 g) was obtained with fish fed a 30% protein and 10.5 kJ g^?1 diet for the small initial size and 180.2 g for a diet containing 25% protein and 12.6 kJ g^?1 for the large initial size. Dressed yields (edible mass) and fillets increased to 56.9% and 52.5% in fish fed diet with 25% protein and 10.5 kJ g^?1 at the initial size of 22.9 g, while fish started at 39.8 g exhibited the best values (56.5% and 52.1%) when fed the 30% protein and 10.5 kJ g^?1 diet. Proximate composition of soft tissue (wet weight basis) in small fish was significantly influenced by dietary protein‐energy levels. Protein was 26.1±0.3% in fish fed the high protein (30%) and low energy (10.5 kJ g^?1 diet), while lipid content was 6.4±0.3% at diet containing 20% protein and 14.7 kJ g^?1 diet. Large initial size fish fed the diet with 25% protein and 14.7 kJ g^?1 had the highest body protein (32.0±0.4%) and lowest lipid content (2.2±0.3%). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio varied with different dietary protein‐energy levels and initial fish sizes. Feed conversion ratio increased with increasing protein and decreasing energy level in the diet, and values in small fish were higher than values in large fish. Protein efficiency ratio decreased with increasing dietary protein level and decreasing energy level. The maximum total production (7.6 tons feddan^?1) was with dietary high protein (30%) and low energy (10.5 kJ g^?1) for small‐sized fish, while large initial fish had the highest production (3.7 tons feddan^?1) when fed the 25% protein and 12.6 kJ g^?1 diet energy. Starting with 22.9 g fish was more advantageous than the initial size of 39.8 g for rearing Nile tilapia. Small fish required a high‐protein and low‐energy diet, whereas large fish required a low‐protein and high‐energy diet to achieve highest production.     

Partial and complete replacement of fish meal by broad bean meal in feeds for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, L., fry

A 16‐week feeding experiment was conducted to study the feasibility of using broad bean meal (BBM) as a replacement for fish meal (FM) for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fry, initial average weight 1.9±0.18 g. FM (50% of the diet) was used as sole sources of animal protein in the control diet 1. The replacement levels of BBM in diets (2–5) were 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the FM. Methionine (1%) and lysine (0.5%) were added to each diet except the control diet. Three groups of fish were fed each of five isonitrogenous (31.2% CP) and isocaloric (20.1 kJ g^?1), and performance was compared against a nutritionally balanced control diet at the end of the experiment. Nile tilapia fed the diet containing 50% BBM exhibited comparable growth with those fed the FM‐based control diet. Digestibility of protein, energy and lipid decreased with increasing levels of BBM above 50% of total replacement FM into the diet. Incorporation of BBM in the diets significantly affected the moisture, fat and energy of whole fish body. These results suggest that BBM can replace 50% of the FM in diet for Nile tilapia fry, without adverse effects on fish performance.     

Influence of dietary fat and carbohydrate levels on growth and body composition of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss under self-feeding conditions

SUMMARY: An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to examine the influence of fat and carbohydrate levels in a 40% protein level diet on growth and body composition of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss under self-feeding conditions. Five fish meal-based diets were prepared to include gelatinized potato starch at four levels (9, 18, 27, and 36%) and dextrin (34%). Dietary fat levels were isoenergetically reduced from 18 to 7% by the digestible carbohydrates. Each diet was fed to four replicate groups (28 g/fish, 20–23 fish/group) using self-feeders. Specific growth rate, percentage weight gain and percentage protein retention did not differ between the treatments. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratios were higher in the 18% starch (s18) and s27 diet groups, and decreased in higher fat or carbohydrate diet groups. Although gross energy intake (kJ/kg BW per day) decreased as the starch level increased, levels of digestible energy intake did not differ between the treatments. Fat levels in the carcass, viscera and liver decreased as dietary carbohydrate level increased. These results suggest that a 40% protein diet with either 15% fat and 18% starch or 11% fat and 27% starch is appropriate for juvenile rainbow trout under self-feeding conditions.     

Evaluation of optimum dietary protein-to-energy ratio in juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary protein to energy (P/E) ratio in juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Eight experimental diets were formulated with two energy levels and four protein levels at each energy level. Two energy levels of 12.5 and 16.7 kJ g^?1 diets were included at crude protein (CP) levels of 25%, 30%, 35% and 45% with 12.5 kJ g^?1, and CP levels of 35%, 45%, 50% and 60% with 16.7 kJ g^?1. After 1 week of the conditioning period, fish initially averaging 8.1±0.08 g (mean±SD) were randomly distributed into the aquarium as groups of 15 fish. Each diet was fed on a dry‐matter basis to fish in three randomly selected aquariums at a rate of 3–5% of total wet body weight per day for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG), feed efficiency ratio and specific growth rate of fish fed 45% CP with 16.7 kJ g^?1 energy diet were significantly higher than those from the other dietary treatments (P<0.05). WG of fish fed 12.5 kJ g^?1 energy diets increased with the increase of dietary protein levels. However, WG of fish fed 16.7 kJ g^?1 energy diets increased with the increase of dietary protein levels up to 45% CP and then decreased when fish fed 50% and 60% CP diets. Both dietary protein and energy affected protein retention efficiency and energy retention efficiency. Haemoglobin (Hb) of fish fed 35% and 45% CP diets with 12.5 kJ g^?1 energy were significantly high and not different from Hb of fish fed 45% and 50% CP diets with 16.7 kJ g^?1 energy. Haematocrit of fish fed 45% CP diet with 16.7 kJ g^?1 energy was significantly higher than those from fish fed 25% and 30% CP diets with 12.5 kJ g^?1 energy (P< 0.05). Based on the results of this experiment, we concluded that the optimum dietary P/E ratio was 27.5 mg protein kJ^?1 with diet containing 45% CP and 16.7 kJ g^?1 energy in juvenile olive flounder.