栉孔扇贝大规模死亡致病病原的研究

对2000-2002年山东沿海6个疫区患病栉孔扇贝进行电镜观察，在消化腺、外套膜、肾和肠的结缔组织细胞和间质细胞中发现一种球形病毒．并引起相直的病理学变化。该病毒具囊膜，直径为130～170nm，核衣壳直径为90～140nm。病毒分离纯化后．观察到的病毒囊膜表面覆有长20nm的纤突。病毒在细胞质中的囊泡样结构内完成装配，其内未发现包涵体存在。从发病疫区栉孔扇贝组织中分离出病毒毒种对键康扇贝进行人工感染。结果显示，各感染实验组发病扇贝表现出与自然海区发病扇贝相同的临床症状。病毒注射组死r二率为?5％，病毒浸浴组死亡率为68．7％．灭活病毒注射组和空白对照组死亡率皆为12．5％。病毒注射、浸浴组与灭活病毒注射组、空白对照组死亡率差异显著。电镜复检结果显示，各感染实验组发病扇贝组织中分布有大量病毒粒子，与自然海区发病扇贝组织所观察到的病毒粒子在形态特征和病理学特征上完全一致。以上结果证明，病毒是导致栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的直接病原。     

栉孔扇贝病原感染与病害发生关系探讨

利用电镜负染技术检测自然海区养殖和人工感染试验的栉孔扇贝组织提取液,分别发现病毒和类立克次氏体(RLO)两种病原体。动态检测两类病原体感染状况与整个养殖期间栉孔扇贝发病死亡情况,结果表明,养殖期间病毒感染率在80％—100％之间,最大感染强度出现在栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的7、8月份。人工感染病毒的栉孔扇贝,其病毒感染率和感染强度与养殖栉孔扇贝大规模死亡时期相当。而两种情况下栉孔扇贝类立克次氏体的感染率和感染强度均未见明显变化。综合分析表明,病毒可能是造成栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的直接病原体。     

两种扇贝病害的ELISA分析

运用ELISA分析技术,对烟台海区不同时期的栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝体内感染的病毒粒子的季节性变化进行了研究。结果表明一龄栉孔扇贝体内病毒粒子的含量在8月份最高,其P/N值和OD值分别为0.8305和2.23,与栉孔扇贝大规模死亡时期相一致。一龄海湾扇贝的OD值在8月份的检测中大于1,即表示海湾扇贝中可能存在栉孔扇贝病毒粒子。其他月份的检测结果均为完全阴性,即没有检测到栉孔扇贝病毒粒子。     

ELISA分析技术在华贵栉孔扇贝与墨西哥湾扇贝病毒检测的应用

运用ELISA分析技术,对湛江地区不同时期的华贵栉孔扇贝和墨西哥湾扇贝体内感染的病毒粒子的季节性变化进行了研究。结果表明1龄华贵栉孔扇贝体内病毒粒子的含量在11月份最高,其P/N值和OD值分别为0.8558和2.51,相比华贵栉孔扇贝大规模死亡提前10-20d。1龄墨西哥湾扇贝的OD值在10、11月份的检测中大于1,即表示墨西哥湾扇贝中可能存在华贵栉孔扇贝病毒粒子,其他月份的检测结果均为完全阴性,即没有检测到华贵栉孔扇贝病毒粒子。     

两个海区栉孔扇贝感染AVNV的比较分析

急性病毒性坏死病毒(acute viral necrosis virus,AVNV)是一种能导致栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的DNA病毒,研究通过检测不同养殖模式和不同苗种来源的栉孔扇贝样本携带AVNV的情况,以寻找合理的养殖模式和苗种,降低疾病的发生。以扇贝单一养殖的青岛流清河海区和贝藻间养的荣成桑沟湾海区为采样点,每月(2010年3月—2011年4月)定期采集2个海区野生苗养殖和人工苗养殖的栉孔扇贝样品各10只,共得到扇贝样本480只。取扇贝外套膜组织,提取DNA,采用巢式PCR检测扇贝感染AVNV的情况,并对2个海区2类栉孔扇贝AVNV感染率进行比较。结果显示,在2个海区的2类栉孔扇贝体内均检测到AVNV,流清河海区野生苗和人工苗养殖栉孔扇贝AVNV感染率分别为21.1%和18.9%,桑沟湾海区2类扇贝AVNV感染率分别为11.1%和5.6%;2个海区AVNV感染扇贝均集中在7、8月份,其中,流清河海区最高可达80%,桑沟湾海区最高仅40%。研究表明,贝藻间养和选用人工苗能有效减少AVNV对养殖扇贝的感染,是控制养殖扇贝发病死亡的有效措施。     

扇贝血细胞胞内酶活性的细胞学观察

分别对海湾扇贝、虾夷扇贝、栉孔扇贝的3种血细胞胞内酶：碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、过氧化物酶(POD)、酚氧化酶(PO)进行了免疫细胞化学研究，并对血细胞酶反应阳性率作了统计。结果表明，3种扇贝血细胞ALP阳性率相差不大，海湾扇贝为46．6％，虾夷扇贝为42．4％，栉孔扇贝为36．8％；3种扇贝血细胞POD阳性率相差较大，栉孔扇贝阳性率高达50．2％，海湾扇贝为44．2％，虾夷扇贝仅为17．2％。3种扇贝血细胞PO孵育反应后，由于海湾扇贝、虾夷扇贝PO反应活性很低，瑞氏染液复染后，无法区分阴性、阳性细胞。实验中仅对栉孔扇贝PO阳性率进行了统计，栉孔扇贝血细胞PO阳性率为39．3％。     

间接免疫荧光法检测栉孔扇贝急性病毒性坏死症病毒

用纯化栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farrei)急性病毒性坏死症病毒(AVNV)免疫兔子,以兔抗血清为一抗,荧光标记的羊抗兔抗体为二抗,采用冰冻切片技术,建立了栉孔扇贝AVNV的间接免疫荧光检测方法。用该方法分析栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)体内AVNV感染强度,并对感染率进行统计。结果表明,栉孔扇贝的肾脏、肝胰腺中,AVNV阳性信号最强,呈现中度到重度感染,其AVNV感染率100％。鳃丝、性腺及闭壳肌中未检测到阳性信号。在海湾扇贝的肝胰腺及肾中AVNV的感染率也较高。提示AVNV感染扇贝的靶器官主要是肾脏、肝胰腺。对与栉孔扇贝同一海区养殖的海湾扇贝在栉孔扇贝发病期间存活率较高的原因进行了讨论。     

栉孔扇贝类立克次体自然感染调查及人工感染试验

从 1999年 10月至 2 0 0 1年 3月对导致栉孔扇贝 (Chlamysfarreri)大规模死亡的可疑病原进行了系统调查 ,在栉孔扇贝体内发现 1种细胞内寄生原核生物。根据该原核生物超微形态结构及所形成的包涵体形态特征及染色性质分析 ,初步确定为类立克次体 (Rickettsia likeorganisms ,RLO)。该RLO大小为 (3.6 2 3± 1.4 35 ) μm× (1.343± 0 .32 6 ) μm (n =4 5 ) ,主要寄生在栉孔扇贝的鳃、消化腺的上皮组织中。其感染率和感染强度与水温及栉孔扇贝死亡率呈负相关关系。人工感染试验证明 ,RLO可引起栉孔扇贝感染 ,但不形成大面积明显的组织病理变化。本研究表明 ,RLO对栉孔扇贝不具明显的致病性 ,不是导致栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的主要原因。     

胶州湾栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的流行病学调查

2 0 0 0年 1月 - 12月 ,跟踪调查了胶州湾养殖栉孔扇贝大规模死亡情况 ,对养殖海域环境因子进行了测定 ,并对大规模死亡期间发病栉孔扇贝进行了病理学观察。调查结果显示 ,胶州湾养殖栉孔扇贝大规模死亡呈暴发性并集中在 7月下旬的高水温期。发病高峰期在 7月 2 1日至 7月 2 7日 ,最高时点患病率达 14 .5 % ,7月份的月死亡率为 5 8.0 %。至 8月 3日累积死亡率达 90 .0 % ,患病贝死亡率接近 10 0 %。发病期扇贝壳高平均为 5 .0± 0 .9cm。,养殖栉孔扇贝半数死亡时间在 7月 2 3日。通过对水环境因子、病原性生物因子的调查分析及病理学观察表明 ,栉孔扇贝的大规模死亡可能是由生物性因子 (病毒 )所致 ,而与环境中理化因子可能无直接的相关关系     

浒苔多糖对扇贝SOD酶和溶菌酶活力的影响

华贵栉孔扇贝体内注射了体积分数0．1％、0．25％的浒苔多糖后，在第24、48、72小时分别测定了扇贝血淋巴中SOD酶和溶菌酶活力。实验组扇贝血清中SOD酶活力在不同测定时间都显著地高于对照组，而血细胞中SOD酶活力在注射24h后和48h后显著地高于对照组；实验组扇贝血淋巴中溶菌酶在注射24h后和48h后显著高于对照组。说明浒苔多糖具有增强华贵栉孔扇贝免疫活性的作用。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.