饲料蛋白水平对史氏鲟幼体消化率的影响

本实验研究了饲料蛋白水平对史氏鲟 (Acipenserschrenki)幼体消化率的影响。试验设计了四个饲料蛋白水平 ,分别为 :2 8%、 32 %、 36 %、 41 %。结果表明饲料的蛋白质含量对史氏鲟幼体总消化率 (干物质消化率 )影响不显著 ,但对饲料中各主要营养成分的消化率有明显作用。饲料蛋白质含量对鲟鱼幼体的蛋白消化率影响极显著 ,二者呈三次曲线关系 :y=0 92 +0 0 0 0 5 (x - 36) 2 +4 44(x - 36) 3,饲料蛋白含量 36 %的试验组幼鲟对蛋白质的消化率最高 ,达到 93 % ;鲟鱼对饲料粗脂肪的消化率也受到饲料蛋白水平的显著影响 ,蛋白含量为 32 %和 36 %的两个试验组对脂肪的消化率显著高于其他两组 ;幼鲟对糖类的消化率同饲料蛋白水平间呈显著的对数曲线关系 :y=1 90 3 - 84 2lgx。综合分析认为 ,当饲料中的蛋白含量在 36 %时 ,幼鲟对饲料各营养物质的消化率最高 ,所以幼鲟饲料的蛋白含量控制在 36 %左右比较适宜     

饲料蛋白质水平对俄罗斯鲟幼鲟生长的影响

设计 5种不同粗蛋白质水平的饲料 ,分别投喂平均体重约为 4 2 9g的俄罗斯鲟幼鲟 ,试验时间 4 0天。结果表明 ,幼鲟对饲料中粗蛋白质的最适需要量为 4 2 %。当饲料粗蛋白质水平低于 4 2 %时 ,随着饲料中粗蛋白质水平的增加 ,幼鲟的生长速度和饲料转换率都显著增加。当饲料中粗蛋白质水平达到和超过 4 2 %时 ,随着饲料粗蛋白质水平的增加 ,幼鲟的生长速度和饲料转换率没有明显变化。     

中华鲟幼鲟的适宜投喂率研究

通过４周的生长试验来确定中华鲟幼鲟的适宜投喂率。试验饲料是一种半湿性的配合饲料,日投喂率分别为鱼体重的２％,４％,６％,８％,根据最大增重率和最小饲料系数这一标准,在水温１４℃的条件下,中华鲟幼鲟的适宜投率应是体重的２％。     

中华鲟幼鱼饲料营养素适宜含量的研究

用蛋白质梯度饲养法测定蛋白质适宜含量范围,以增重率为指标,采用直线和抛物线回归,计算得出幼鲟饲料蛋白质适宜需要量为３５ ．４１ ％ ～４９ ．０９ ％ ;用正交试验法,以生长比速、蛋白质效率和饲料系数为评价指标,筛选幼鲟最适生长的饲料营养素含量为：蛋白质４０ ．４１ ％ ,脂肪９ ．０６ ％ ,糖２５ ．５６ ％ ,纤维素４ ．０８ ％ 。各营养素对幼鲟的生长及蛋白质效率的影响大小为：蛋白质＞ 脂肪＞ 糖＞ 纤维素,其中蛋白质为影响生长和鱼体成份变化的主要因素（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ;用脂肪梯度饲养法对正交试验结果进一步重复和验证,结果吻合。     

人工养殖环境下中华鲟野生幼鲟的生长特征

暂养2006年5月渔民在崇明东滩误捕受伤的中华鲟野生幼鲟,分析研究了其6—8月的生长特点。结果显示,抢救存活的中华鲟幼鲟在人工环境下,体长和体重分别从(15.40±0.64)cm和(26.00±1.34)g增加到(29.20±0.75)cm和(108.00±3.87)g,日均增长1.54 mm,日平均增重0.90 g。拟合中华鲟幼鲟体长与体重的关系为:W=0.121 5 L2.031 3(R2=0.945 7),其中b小于3,为异速生长,说明其体长增长快于体重增长。与同期野生环境下的中华鲟幼鲟比较,幂指数系数b人工=2.0313相似文献   

稚鳖饲料适宜蛋白含量的研究

用蛋白质梯度法,以白鱼粉为蛋白源,对稚鳖蛋白质需求进行测定。试验期间水温28 3℃,420只稚鳖平均体重(11 23±0 93)g,分成7个组,每组3个重复,饲养60d。结果表明,蛋白质质量分数50 91%、54 81%生长较好,稚鳖饲料粗蛋白适宜质量分数应为49 52%。     

史氏鲟幼鲟对饲料中磷的需要量

通过生长饲养试验研究史氏鲟幼鲟对饲料中磷的需要量.以Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O为磷源,配制含磷水平分别为0.18%(对照组),0.40%,0.71%,0.98%,1.38%和1.66%的6组等能等氮纯化饲料,每组饲料饲喂3个重复,每个重复饲养20尾初体质量约为4.7 g的幼鲟.经过8周的饲养后,对生长、饲料效率、成活率、幼鲟肌肉常规组成及脊椎骨灰分和钙磷含量进行分析.结果表明,随饲料中磷含量的升高,鱼体增重率、饲料效率和特定生长率显著增加(P<0.05),直至0.98%组达最大,然后随着饲料磷含量的增加,这些指标显著降低(P<0.05);试验各添加组的成活率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但各添加组间没有显著差异(P>0.05);饲料添加磷对鱼体肌肉水分、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量无显著影响(P>0.05);当饲料磷含量在0.71%～1.66%之间时,脊椎骨中灰分、钙和磷含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于对照组和0.40%试验组(P<0.05).经过折线回归分析得出,为维持史氏鲟幼鲟最佳生长和骨骼磷水平,饲料中磷的需要量为0.88%～1.00%(占干饲料).     

长江江苏溆浦段2015 年发现中华鲟野生幼鱼的形态和分子鉴定

在葛洲坝下中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)产卵场连续两年未监测到自然繁殖的情况下,2015年6月在江苏溆浦段发现15尾疑似中华鲟幼鱼。本研究通过形态学和分子生物学方法对该15尾幼鲟进行鉴定。形态学度量结果显示,除1尾个体外,新发现的14尾幼鲟与历史记载的中华鲟野生幼鱼生物学性状完全一致,但其体长和体重低于历史同期出现在该区域的中华鲟。同时采用11个多态微卫星位点,对15尾幼鲟样本和分布于我国的3种鲟鱼,包括30尾中华鲟(A.sinensis)、39尾达氏鲟(A.dabryanus)和33尾施氏鲟(A.dabryanus)进行遗传分析,发现这15尾幼鲟与中华鲟的遗传距离最近(F_(st)=0.039,P0.05),其次为达氏鲟(F_(st)=0.108,P0.05),最远为施氏鲟(F_(st)=0.209,P0.05),从遗传和进化的角度判定该批幼鱼为中华鲟,该结果暗示中华鲟在葛洲坝下游极有可能找到了新的产卵场,为中华鲟的繁殖群体和幼鱼的种群监测提供了依据。遗传多样性分析显示,该批鱼的遗传多样性(SW=1.998)略低于野生中华鲟(SW=1.886),暗示中华鲟幼鱼遗传多样性水平降低,野生亲本的数量仍不容乐观。     

饲料蛋白质水平对克氏原螯虾生长性能的影响

为探索饲料蛋白质水平对克氏原螯虾生长性能的影响,选用体质健壮、规格一致的克氏原螯虾[初始体质量为(9.45±1.33) g]225尾随机分成5组,每组设3个重复,每个重复15尾虾,分别饲喂5种不同蛋白质水平(质量分数为25%、30%、35%、40%、45%)的饲料,试验期为60 d。试验结果显示:当饲料中蛋白质质量分数由25%提高至45%时,试验虾的体质量增长率(WGR)先升高后降低,而饲料系数(FCR)呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势;当饲料蛋白质质量分数为30%时,克氏原螯虾的WGR和特定生长率(SGR)均达到最大值,显著高于除饲料蛋白质质量分数为35%外的其他各组(P0.05); FCR在饲料蛋白质质量分数为30%时最低,显著低于除35%和40%组外的其他各组(P0.05)。通过二次曲线方程回归分析,当饲料蛋白质质量分数分别为31.66%、31.37%和32.20%时克氏原螯虾的WGR、SGR和FCR达到最优。结果表明,在该试验条件下,克氏原螯虾饲料中适宜的蛋白质质量分数为31.37%～32.20%。     

鲟鱼营养研究进展(二)

<正>三、蛋白质(一)最佳饲料蛋白质关于最佳饲料蛋白含量已有的报道如下:高首鲟(初重145g)为40.5%(Mooreet al.,1988),西伯利亚鲟(初重20g～40g)40%(Medale etal.,1995),中华鲟(初重8g～34g)40%～45%(Xiao et     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.