南四湖大鳞副泥鳅mtDNAD-loop区遗传多样性分析

根据线粒体D-loop序列研究了南四湖大鳞副泥鳅（Paramisgurnus dabryanus）群体（n=30）的遗传多样性。通过PCR技术对线粒体D-loop序列进行扩增,获得大小约1000 bp的扩增产物。PCR产物经纯化和测序后,得到了963 bp的核苷酸片段。用CLUSTALX软件进行排序比较,在30个个体中,共检测到33个变异位点,包括12个转换位点、21个颠换位点。运用MEGA5.0软件计算出不同个体间的遗传距离,并据此构建了UPGMA与NJ系统树。用DNASP软件计算出的单倍型个数（H）为15,单倍型多样性（h）为0.899,核苷酸多样性（pi）为0.008,平均核苷酸差异数（k）为7.79。结果表明,南四湖大鳞副泥鳅的mtDNA D-loop个体序列变异程度较大,遗传多样性较为丰富。     

利用mtDNA COI基因序列分析引进的澳洲虫纹鳕鲈群体遗传多样性

根据线粒体COI基因序列分析了虫纹鳕鲈(Maccullochella peelii)引进群体的遗传多样性。用PCR技术扩增了线粒体COI的序列,PCR产物经纯化、克隆和测序后得到了652bp的核苷酸片段。运用CLUSTAL X(1.83)软件比对了25个个体的序列,共检测到5个多态位点,其中4个为转换位点,1个为颠换位点;运用MEGA5.0软件构建了NJ系统树;用DNASP软件计算出的单倍型个数(H)为5,单倍型多样性(Hd)为0.300,核苷酸多样性(Pi)和平均核苷酸差异数(k)为分别为0.00073和0.473。结果表明,引进群体的虫纹鳕鲈mtDNA COI基因序列的变异程度较小,群体内遗传多样性较低。     

深圳海域斑节对虾野生种群线粒体控制区序列的多态性分析

采用聚合酶链式反应技术对深圳斑节对虾种群的20个个体进行了分析,通过对mtDNA的控制区基因序列进行扩增,获得了大小约为650bp的扩增产物。PCR产物经纯化后进行序列测定,得到了526bp的核苷酸序列。用Clustal_X排序软件对控制区序列进行了对位排列。通过Mega软件对所得线粒体控制区序列的片段进行比较,共检测出114个碱基存在变异,其中包括84个简约信息位点,5个碱基存在插入/缺失;并用Mega的“Pairwise distance”计算个体间的相对遗传距离。结果表明:其序列差异(转换 颠换)在0·010~0·154之间,得出20个个体有20种单倍型;并构建了UPGMA和NJ系统树。运用DNASP软件计算所得该群体核苷酸多样性(Pi)和平均核苷酸差异数(K)分别为0·05278和27·500。研究结果表明:深圳斑节对虾野生种群控制区序列个体变异程度很大,该种群的遗传多样性水平很高,适合于群体内及群体间不同个体的遗传多样性分析。     

利用mtDNACCOI基因序列分析引进的澳洲虫纹鳕鲈群体遗传多样性

根据线粒体COI基因序列分析了虫纹鳕鲈（MaccuUochellapeelii）引进群体的遗传多样性。用PCR技术扩增了线粒体C01的序列，PCR产物经纯化、克隆和测序后得到了652bp的核苷酸片段。运用CLUSTALX（1．83）软件比对了25个个体的序列，共检测到5个多态位点，其中4个为转换位点，1个为颠换位点；运用MEGA5．0软件构建了NJ系统树；用DNASP软件计算出的单倍型个数（H）为5，单倍型多样性（Hd）为0．300，核苷酸多样性（Pi）和平均核苷酸差异数（k）为分别为0．00073和0．473。结果表明，引进群体的虫纹鳕鲈mtDNAC01基因序列的变异程度较小，群体内遗传多样性较低。     

广西钦洲湾养殖牡蛎线粒体16S rRNA基因片段序列变异分析

采用PCR技术对广西钦洲湾水域的养殖牡蛎(传统上被认为是近江牡蛎Crassotea ariakensis Fujita)群体26个个体的线粒体DNA16SrRNA基因片段序列进行扩增，获得了大约500bp的扩增产物。PCR产物经纯化后进行序列测定，经同源排序，得到415bp可供分析的核苷酸片段。26个个体中共检测到18个变异位点，包括1个碱基插入／缺失、11个转换位点及6个颠换位点。共有6种单倍型，这6种单倍型又分为2大类单倍型。运用MEGA软件计算出不同个体间的遗传距离，并构建了UPGMA和NJ系统树。26个个体聚成明显的2支，一支有19个个体，占73．08％；另一支有7个个体，占26．92％；2支间序列差异为3．54％。据此得出结论：钦洲湾养殖牡蛎应存在两大种群或是2个亚种，其差异是否到了种间的分界限，还需进一步研究证实。     

基于线粒体COI序列的中国沿海蓝点马鲛遗传多样性

为了解中国沿海蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)的遗传背景以更好地保护和开发利用种质资源,对分布于渤海、黄海、东海和南海海域的6个群体76 ind蓝点马鲛线粒体COI基因712 bp序列进行了测定,并结合Gen Bank中下载的9条南海蓝点马鲛序列,分析其遗传多样性、种群结构和历史动态。共检测到21个变异位点,17个单倍型,总体呈现高单倍型多样性(Hd=0.702±0.044)和低核苷酸多样性(π=0.002 8±0.000 2)的特点,其中渤海、黄海和东海海域的蓝点马鲛群体遗传多样性指数相对较高(Hd:0.695~0.816,π:0.002 7~0.003 3),而南海群体明显偏低(Hd=0.442±0.145,π=0.001 7±0.000 6),推测是由于黄海和东海是中心分布区,而南海是边缘分布区的缘故。AMOVA分析结果显示,群体间(-6.27%~-1.52%)不存在变异,群体内个体间(101.52%~106.56%)的变异是变异的主要来源;群体间遗传分化系数Fst值为-0.138~0.040(P0.05),遗传距离N_m值为-81.145~-4.134、11.876~146.559,均大于4或小于0,表明群体间不存在遗传分化,不同海域群体间基因交流频繁,这可能与蓝点马鲛分布范围广、具长距离迁移能力、产卵和越冬时均可发生洄游以及鱼卵具漂浮性且为多次性产卵类型等原因有关。聚类分析的邻接树与单倍型网络图上出现的2个分支均在更新世晚期发生过种群快速扩张事件,但蓝点马鲛总体在数据上未呈现出种群扩张现象,可能是2个分支的叠加造成整体核苷酸不配对分析图呈现多峰分布。     

濒危鱼类稀有白甲鱼清水江种群mtDNA D-loop序列多态性

本文采用PCR、克隆结合DNA测序技术对分布于贵州清水江的30尾稀有白甲鱼mtDNA D-loop 3’端共计478bp的碱基序列进行了测定分析，首次进行了稀有白甲鱼mtDNA D-loop序列多态性研究。该序列共发现了25个多态位点，约占其核苷酸总数的5.23%。其中23个为转换位点(A-G，C-T)，2个为转换与颠换同时存在的位点。30个个体分属18种单倍型。稀有白甲鱼mtDNA核苷酸多样性（π）为0.0107，平均核苷酸差异数（K）为5.092。单倍型多样度（H）为0.940，单倍型间平均遗传距离（P）为0.014。用单倍型间遗传距离构建的NJ系统树由2个支系组成。稀有白甲鱼清水江种群mtDNA D-loop序列存在着丰富的多态性，该种群的遗传多样性丰富。保护稀有白甲鱼清水江种群对于保护和恢复稀有白甲鱼这一濒危经济鱼类具有重要的意义。     

海南三亚斑节对虾野生种群mtDNA 16S rRNA基因和控制区序列的多态性

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术对海南三亚野生斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)20个个体的mtDNA 16S rRNA基因和控制区序列进行扩增,PCR产物经纯化后进行测序,得到16S rRNA基因的495 bp的核苷酸序列和控制区序列470 bp的核苷酸片段。用Clustal X软件对16S rRNA和控制区序列进行了比对,通过ARLEQUIN 2000软件对所得线粒体16S rRNA基因片段和控制区序列进行了比较分析。16S rRNA序列检测出17个多态位点,8种单倍型；控制区序列检测出100个多态位点,17种单倍型。该种群16S rRNA序列基因多样度(H)和碱基多样度(π)分别为0．700和0．0045；控制区序列的H和π分别为0．984和0．0480。研究结果表明：16S rRNA序列不适应斑节对虾的种群遗传多样性分析；控制区序列适应斑节对虾种群遗传多样性研究。     

海南三亚斑节对虾野生种群mtDNA 16S rRNA基因和控制区序列的多态性

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术对海南三亚野生斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)20个个体的mtDNA 16S rRNA基因和控制区序列进行扩增,PCR产物经纯化后进行测序,得到16S rRNA基因的495 bp的核苷酸序列和控制区序列470 bp的核苷酸片段.用Clustal X软件对16S rRNA和控制区序列进行了比对,通过ARLEQUIN 2000软件对所得线粒体16S rRNA基因片段和控制区序列进行了比较分析.16S rRNA序列检测出17个多态位点,8种单倍型;控制区序列检测出100个多态位点,17种单倍型.该种群16S rRNA序列基因多样度(H)和碱基多样度(π)分别为0.700和0.0045;控制区序列的H和π分别为0.984和0.0480.研究结果表明16S rRNA序列不适应斑节对虾的种群遗传多样性分析;控制区序列适应斑节对虾种群遗传多样性研究.     

浙江三门湾日本蟳群体线粒体16Sr RNA基因序列多态性

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术对浙江三门野生日本蟳20个个体的mtDNA 16SrRNA基因进行扩增,PCR产物经纯化后进行测序,得到495 bp的核苷酸序列片段。测序结果经比对校正后,获得三群体16SrRNA基因一致序列,片断长为495 bp,其中变异位点15个,简约位点11个,总变异为3.03%。在测得的495 bp目的DNA片段中,碱基T、C、A、G平均组成分别为35.2%、17.9%、35.3%和11.6%,其A+T含量(70.5%)远高于G+C含量(29.5%)。在20个个体中共检测到7个单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.642,核苷酸多样性为0.448%。根据Kimura遗传距离的计算结果,各单倍型之间的遗传距离为0.2%~2.68%。16SrRNA构建的NJ系统发育树表明,梭子蟹属的远洋梭子蟹和青蟹属的拟穴青蟹亲缘关系较近,与蟳属的日本蟳亲缘关系较远,与形态和RAPD研究结果一致。     

南四湖大鳞副泥鳅mtDNAD-loop区遗传多样性分析

根据线粒体D-loop序列研究了南四湖大鳞副泥鳅（Paramisgurnus dabryanus）群体（n=30）的遗传多样性。通过PCR技术对线粒体D-loop序列进行扩增,获得大小约1000 bp的扩增产物。PCR产物经纯化和测序后,得到了963 bp的核苷酸片段。用CLUSTALX软件进行排序比较,在30个个体中...     

Mitochondrial DNA variation in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea populations of Japanese Spanish mackerel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scomberomorus niphonius</Emphasis>

Japanese Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius is a commercially important species in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea, but there is limited knowledge of its genetic population structure. In order to detect its genetic structure, sequence variation of the first hypervariable segment of the control region was analyzed among eight populations of S. niphonius from the East China Sea and Yellow Sea. A total of 119 polymorphic sites were detected in the 505-bp segment of the control region among 134 individuals of S. niphonius, defining 112 haplotypes. Mean haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity for the eight populations were 0.9963 ± 0.0017 and 0.0236 ± 0.0119, respectively. As expected, analysis of molecular variance detected no significant differences at all hierarchical levels, and most of the conventional population Φ_ST statistics were negative, indicating that no significant population genetic structure exists in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea. Moreover, the exact test of differentiation supported the null hypothesis that S. niphonius within the East China Sea and Yellow Sea constitutes a panmictic mtDNA gene pool. Neutrality tests and mismatch distribution revealed that S. niphonius underwent population expansion in the late Pleistocene. Strong dispersal capacity of larvae and adults, long-distance migrations, and ocean currents in the studied area could be the reasons for genetic homogeneity in this species in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea. Insufficient time to accumulate genetic variation might be another explanation for the lack of genetic structure in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea.     

东黄海沙海蜇群体线粒体COI基因序列多态性

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术对东黄海野生沙海蜇20个个体的mtDNA COI基因进行扩增,PCR产物经纯化后进行测序,结果经比对校正后,获得该群体COI基因片段序列,长度为473 bp;该序列中多态位点共6个,含简约信息位点1个,总变异为1.27%,碱基之间只存在转换,没有颠换、插入或缺失的位点;在测得的473 bp目的DNA片段中,碱基T、C、A、G平均组成分别为35.9%、19.0%、26.8%和18.2%,其A+T含量(62.8%)远高于G+C含量(37.2%)。在20个个体中共检测到6个单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.516,核苷酸多样性Pi为0.001 46。根据Kimura遗传距离的计算结果,各单倍型之间的遗传距离为0.002~0.006。利用COI基因序列构建的NJ系统发育树表明,东黄海野生沙海蜇与越前水母的亲缘关系较近,与海蜇的亲缘关系较远,进一步证明东黄海沙海蛰与越前水母应为同一物种;但在东黄海野生沙海蜇中检测到的6个单倍型中均为东黄海野生沙海蜇所特有,与日本越前水母单倍型不同,因此,两者可能仍属同一种的不同地理群体。     

Phylogenetic relationships of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scomberomorus commerson</Emphasis> using sequence analysis of the mtDNA D-loop region in the Persian Gulf,Oman Sea and Arabian Sea

Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus commerson, is an epipelagic and migratory species of family Scombridae which have a significant role in terms of ecology and fishery. 100 samples were collected from the Persian Gulf, Oman Sea and Arabian Sea. Part of their dorsal fins was snipped and transferred to micro-tubes containing ethanol; then, DNAs were extracted and HRM-Real Time PCR was performed to designate representative specimens for sequencing. Phylogenetic relationships of S. commerson from Persian Gulf, Oman Sea and Arabian Sea were investigated using sequence data of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. None clustered Neighbor Joining tree indicated the proximity amid S. commerson in four sites. As numbers demonstrated in sequence analyses of mitochondrial DNA D-Loop region a sublimely high degree of genetic similarity among S. commerson from the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea were perceived, thereafter, having one stock structure of S. commerson in four regions were proved, and this approximation can be merely justified by their migration process along the coasts of Oman Sea and Persian Gulf. Therefore, the assessment of distribution patterns of 20 haplotypes in the constructed phylogenetic tree using mtDNA D-Loop sequences ascertained that no significant clustering according to the sampling sites was concluded.     

Genetic population structure of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nibea albiflora</Emphasis> in Yellow Sea and East China Sea

ABSTRACT:   The population genetic structure and level of gene flow of Nibea albiflora from the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea were examined with a 479-bp segment of a mtDNA control region. In total, 65 samples were collected from three locations and 37 haplotypes were obtained. Mean haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity for the three populations ranged from 0.9130 ± 0.0308 (Zhoushan) to 0.9926 ± 0.0230 (Xiamen), and from 0.0073 ± 0.0043 (Qingdao) to 0.0099 ± 0.0057 (Xiamen). Analysis of molecular variance and pairwise F _ST revealed little genetic structure between the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in N. albiflora . But based on the exact test of differentiation, the null hypothesis that N. albiflora within the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea constitutes a panmictic mtDNA gene pool was rejected. This might be caused by the broad spawning areas but not by the Yangtze River outflow. Mismatch distribution revealed that N. albiflora has undergone population expansion, possibly before the last 85 000–170 000 years. The existence of high gene flow between stocks in the studied area was supported by our results. Annual migrations, larval drift in the ocean currents, and recent range expansion could be the reasons for little genetic structure in the studied area.     

中华鳖3个地理群体线粒体基因D-loop区遗传多样性分析

采用PCR结合DNA测序技术和SSCP技术,分析了中华鳖3个地理群体线粒体DNA(mtDNA)D-loop区部分序列的变异及遗传多样性。在25个个体中,其碱基组成为A+T的平均含量(65.4%)高于G+C(34.6%),共检测到变异位点7个(约占总位点数的5.7%),转换/颠换值为2.76。核苷酸多样性(π)为0.019 95,平均核苷酸差异数(K)为2.453。25个个体分属6个单倍型,单倍型多样度(Hd)为0.707,单倍型间的平均遗传距离(P)为0.027。6个单倍型构建的UPGMA系统树聚为3个分支。结果表明,中华鳖群体mtDNA D-loop区序列存在着较丰富的变异和遗传多样性,日本鳖的遗传多样性比黄河鳖和黄沙鳖丰富,黄沙鳖与日本鳖、黄河鳖的遗传距离较远。而且PCR-SSCP可以检测到两种类型的电泳图谱,其中Ⅱ型均为日本鳖,该技术可用于78位TT←→AA颠换变异位点的检测。     

用线粒体D-loop和Cyt b基因序列分析拉氏(鲮)3个群体的遗传结构和遗传分化

用线粒体DNA的D-loop和Cytb基因序列分析方法研究了吉林延吉、敦化和辽宁法台3个区域的29尾拉氏鱼岁Phoxinus lagowskii Dybowsky的遗传多样性.经PCR扩增和测序,获得了783～785bp D-loop和818bpCyt b的同源序列.两者多态性遗传参数统计显示,29尾个体分别存在47(D-loop)和89(Cyt b)个变异位点,分别检测出15 (D-loop)和1l(Cyt b)个单倍型,总群体单倍型(Hd)分别为0.8966 (D-loop)和0.8990(Cyt b),核苷酸多样性指数(Px)分别为0.0246(D-loop)和0.0498 (Cyt b),平均核苷酸差异数(K)分别为19.2857(D-loop)和40.7365(Cytb).分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明,79.02％(D-loop)和81.69％(Cyt b)变异来自群体间,20.98％(D-loop)和18.31％(Cyt b)来自群体内.单倍型呈明显的地理差异,分成2个分支,一个以延吉群体为主,一个以法台群体为主.拉氏(鲮)的遗传多样性水平较高,群体间遗传分化明显.该结果可为拉氏(鲮)的种质资源保护提供参考.