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1.
目前氟喹诺酮类药物已经成为水产养殖中普遍使用的高效抗感染药物之一,被广泛应用于各种水产动物疾病的预防和治疗.概述了国内外对环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星等氟喹诺酮类药物在水产动物体内的应用和研究现状,包括检测方法、模型研究、药物动力学(吸收、分布和消除)、生物利用度和残留消除规律等的研究情况,并总结分析了生理差异、药理、环境等各种因素对其在水产动物体内的药物动力学和残留消除规律的影响.  相似文献   

2.
诺氟沙星在水产动物体内的药物动力学及残留研究   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
概述诺氟沙星在水产动物体内的药物动力学及残留研究现状,阐明诺氟沙星的药代学参数、残留规律、其影响因素以及我国氟喹诺酮类药物的应用前景。  相似文献   

3.
近年来,因违规用药导致药物残留、进而引发的水产品质量安全问题引起人们的普遍关注。喹诺酮类药物因其抗菌谱广、抗菌力强、易吸收和半衰期长等特点广泛被应用于水产养殖病害防治。本文综述了喹诺酮类药物的理化性质、化学构效和不同最大残留量下的休药期等方面的研究进展,重点阐述了其药代动力学各过程中主要参数的意义及影响因素,其中涉及的参数包括达峰时间、峰浓度、表观分布容积、消除半衰期和清除率等,并提出了加强水产品中喹诺酮类药物残留的检测方法研究、建立水产动物生理药动学模型等建议,以期为喹诺酮类药物在水产养殖业上的科学使用和监管提供参考。  相似文献   

4.
水产养殖中药物残留的危害与控制(下)   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
耿毅 《科学养鱼》2003,(9):42-42
2.水产养殖中药物残留的控制措施 (1)根据药物在水产动物体内的药代动力学规律合理用药 药代动力学是利用动力学的原理,研究药物及其代谢产物在体内的动态变化规律的一门学科,并以数学作为手段分析药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄等过程的量变规律。研究药动学的意义在于通过对药物的吸收、分布、代谢和消除的研究,发现药物在体内的转变规律,弄清药物的疗效、毒性与药物浓度的关系,药物在体内的蓄积部位及蓄积程度,从而  相似文献   

5.
动物性食品中喹诺酮类药物残留检测技术研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
喹诺酮类药物是一类广谱高效的抗菌药物,目前广泛应用于畜禽、水产养殖中.喹诺酮类药物在动物性产品中的残留可直接对人体健康造成危害,低浓度的残留药物还可能诱导对喹诺酮类药物敏感的致病菌产生耐药性,间接危害人类健康.目前,用于动物源食品中喹诺酮类药物残留检测的方法,有微生物法、高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱法、免疫分析法等.本文将国内外有关喹诺酮类药物残留的检测技术及研究进展做一简单综述.  相似文献   

6.
药物代谢动力学是应用动力学原理研究药物在动物体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程规律的一门学科。水产动物药物代谢残留研究是制定最大残留限量(maximum residue limit,MRL)和休药期(withdrawal time,WDT)的基础。中国现已开展了不少水产动物药物代谢残留研究,但创新发展方向尚不够明确。本文阐明药物残留超标是中国水产品质量安全的主要问题之一,介绍并说明了现有药物残留监管体系的不足及原因,概述了生理药动学模型的起源及其在药物残留规律外推和预测上的功能、优势及发展历程,综述了其在畜牧和水产领域的研究现状,在此基础上,立足于中国水产养殖产业现状、质量安全现状和监管需求,从药物残留预测角度,指出并构想未来中国水产动物药物代谢残留研究与创新发展的方向:研究建立基于PBPK模型的水产动物药物代谢残留预测方法和技术。  相似文献   

7.
通过研究恩诺沙星与环丙沙星在泥鳅体内的残留和消除规律,为水产养殖业提供合理的给药方案和休药期。试验前,从养殖场购买的泥鳅在试验水质条件下暂养7 d后,分成3组投放入不同水温的养殖系统中。以恩诺沙星与环丙沙星作为目标化合物,以拌料给药的方式,按20 mg/kg鱼体重的剂量每天投喂1次,连续投喂7 d后,对15、20、25℃ 3种水温条件下,目标化合物在泥鳅体内的残留和消除规律进行了研究。试验结果显示,恩诺沙星与环丙沙星均按一级动力学过程从泥鳅体内消除,且水温对喹诺酮类药物的代谢衰减消除速率有很大影响,在25、20、15℃水温条件下,泥鳅体内的恩诺沙星代谢至10.0 μg/kg以下分别需要25、32、50 d,环丙沙星则分别需要27、31、33 d。由于徐州及周边地区的泥鳅主要输往韩国,其对喹诺酮类药物的限量要求是不超过10 μg/kg,因此,在本试验条件下,建议合理的休药期应不少于32 d。  相似文献   

8.
喹诺酮类药物在鱼体内的药动学及残留研究概况   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
王绍云  李雪梅 《水利渔业》2006,26(5):110-113
研究药物在鱼体内的动力学及残留是优化给药方案,确定起捕前的正确休药期,提高水产品质量,促进水产品出口等的理论基础。综述了喹诺酮类药物在鱼体内的动力学及残留研究概况,动力学中各个相关过程(包括吸收、分布、代谢和排泄)及其影响因素等。国内学者在该领域做了一些工作,但与国外相比仍处于起步阶段。  相似文献   

9.
氟苯尼考具有很强的抗菌活性,对大多数革兰氏阳性菌及阴性菌都有作用,在水产养殖上有广泛应用。本文综述了氟苯尼考在水产动物中的药效学、药物动力学及残留消除规律的研究进展,以期为氟苯尼考在水产病害防治中的科学性和规范性应用提供思路,促进我国水产品的安全与水产养殖的可持续发展。  相似文献   

10.
1 水产动物药物残留的成因 1.1 药物防治理念和方法是导致水产动物药物残留的根本原因 药物防治的理念和方法长期在水产动物病害控制中根深蒂固,即使在当前相当多的药物被列为严禁使用的"违禁药物"之后,人们的注意力仍然停留在寻找新的"替代药物"的阶段,并热衷于寻找新的药物(如中草药)来替代现有的药物,而未能把控制水产动物药物残留的重点放在控制其源头病原菌上.一种药物被禁用,就找另一种未被"禁用"的药物取代,这是导致水产品药物残留事件层出不穷、新的违禁药物不断增加的根本因素.可以预见,如果目前水产病害药物防治的理念和方法得不到根本改变,在孔雀石绿、硝基呋喃和氯霉素等药物被查禁以后,像喹诺酮类药物(各种"沙星"类药物)等新型广谱抗菌药将会是接踵而来的被查禁药物.  相似文献   

11.
12.
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.  相似文献   

13.
Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.  相似文献   

14.
The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.  相似文献   

15.
Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.  相似文献   

16.
The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg–1 fish·h–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g–1·ml–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min–1·g–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min–1·g–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.  相似文献   

17.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.  相似文献   

18.
19.
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).  相似文献   

20.
In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.  相似文献   

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