珠江三角洲基塘氮磷的含量分布及与水质关系初步探讨

采集珠江三角洲顺德基塘水和底泥样,测定NH4+-N、NO3-N、NO2——N以及水体中的TOC、DO、BOD,研究基塘水体中氮的形态分布及其水化学影响因素.测定结果表明,氮几种形态在水体中的垂直分布变化不明显,但在水体和底泥中的分布差别很大.水体中的硝酸盐氮含量比亚硝酸盐氮含量高,底泥中硝酸盐氮含量大幅度降低,亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮含量升高,表明底泥对硝酸盐氮释放通量较大.氮和水化学指标之间的关系:DO与硝酸盐氮呈负相关;TOC与总氮呈负相关,与亚硝酸盐氮呈正相关,总有机碳与氮相关性显著;回归方程显示水体环境中的氮主要和BOD关系密切.总氮与硝酸盐氮呈正相关,与亚硝酸盐氮呈负相关;基塘水体有效态无机氮的变化主要是由硝酸盐氮决定.磷和水化学因子之间的关系:DO与正磷酸盐呈正相关,BOD与正磷酸盐呈负相关;COD与总磷呈正相关.     

象山港不同温度区围隔浮游生态系统营养盐迁移—转化的模拟对比

为评估象山港海域电厂温排水对水体富营养化影响,以生态系统中氮、磷营养盐循环为主线,建立了适用于海洋围隔浮游生态系统的多变量的营养盐迁移—转化动力学模型。该模型包括浮游植物、浮游动物、溶解无机态营养盐、溶解有机态营养盐和生物碎屑5 个模块,涉及溶解无机氮、磷酸盐、溶解有机氮、溶解有机磷、浮游植物、浮游动物和生物碎屑7 个状态变量。利用2010年10月象山港其中一个温度区的围隔生态实验数据成功地进行了模型的验证,确定了相关参数的量值,并用该参数同时模拟3个不同温度区围隔氮、磷营养盐生物化学迁移—转化过程,进而得出温度对围隔浮游生态系统氮、磷营养盐迁移—转化影响的结论。结果表明,象山港电厂温排水加剧了受纳水体的富营养化程度。     

长江口水域氮、磷的变化及其影响↑（*）

１９９６～１９９７年对长江口水域进行调查,结果表明,其水体中氮、磷的含量为：硝酸盐,未检出～１．６１ｍｇ／Ｌ;亚硝酸盐,未检出～０．０３５ｍｇ／Ｌ;氨氮,未检出～０．２６７ｍｇ／Ｌ;磷酸盐,未检出～０．０８１ｍｇ／Ｌ。氮、磷的平面分布由河口内向外呈逐渐降低趋势。该水域氮、磷含量历年来有升高趋势,１９９７年硝酸盐最高含量比１９６３年最高值高７．２倍;磷酸盐也有升高趋势,１９９７年最高值比１９５９年高２．９倍。长江口水域中氮、磷含量已超过海水评价标准,并导致了长江口水体的富营养化,这是引发该水域赤潮的重要因素之一。     

辽东湾海域典型营养盐指标分布规律的统计与评价

在详细了解辽东湾海域自然地理和水动力分布状况的基础上,对实际采样测站的营养盐检测资料进行统计,分析了辽东湾海域的水体环境质量状况,并利用单因子标准指数法评价了辽东湾海域的污染现状。通过利用各监测站位的铵盐、硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐(无机氮)和磷酸盐的采样检测结果值,给出各典型营养盐指标的浓度分布趋势图,可见,辽东湾海域海水中无机氮和活性磷酸盐分布有明显的季节性,各个季节表现出不同的特点;而且辽东湾海域的无机氮超标四季均比较明显,活性磷酸盐污染除冬季较重外,其他季节较轻。     

天津周边海域表层水体理化要素分布特征和水质评价

通过对天津周边海域表层水体的一些理化要素进行调查,得到化学需氧量(CODMn)、活性磷酸盐(PO34--P)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)及硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)含量从离岸近的海域向外海方向递减。水温、pH值、盐度的变化趋势则正好相反;在此次调查期间,天津周边海域海水中无机氮的主要存在形式为NO3--N和NO2--N;相关性分析表明,盐度与化学需氧量、活性磷酸盐、无机氮、亚硝酸盐氮在p=0.01水平上均呈极显著负相关;活性磷酸盐与无机氮、NO2--N和NH4+-N含量均在p=0.01水平上呈极显著正相关;由N/P比和E值的平面分布图可以得到,沿岸N/P比最低,离岸越远的地方N/P比越高。E值的平面分布恰恰相反。北塘附近海域依然是富营养化最严重的区域;本调查海域主要是磷限制,无机氮仍然是此海域的首要污染因子,其次是化学需氧量。     

三峡水库小江库湾水体混合过程中营养盐的行为研究

为研究三峡水库支流回水区营养盐的行为,2007年4月在小江库湾开展了现场调查,分层测定了水体中各形态营养盐、叶绿素 a 以及常量离子的含量.结果表明:干流和支流库湾总氮、总磷的主要组成部分是溶解无机氮、磷,干、支流氮、磷营养盐组成存在一定的差异,库湾内溶解有机氮、溶解有机磷浓度相对较高.干、支流水体的混合是控制库湾营养盐分布的主要原因,而生物活动的影响较小.     

烟台四十里湾海域养马岛贝类养殖区水质监测与评价

于2017—2019年的5月至11月对烟台养马岛贝类养殖区进行水质监测,分析了该贝类养殖区近三年来的营养盐含量变化,并对该海域的有机污染状况进行评价,探讨其营养盐的潜在富营养化水平。结果表明,调查期间养马岛贝类养殖海域的溶解氧、化学需氧量、无机氮和活性磷酸盐均符合国家一类海水水质标准;该海域为氮限制的贫营养化水平;有机污染指数评价分析显示该海域水质状况以良好和较好为主;硝酸盐与铵盐呈显著的正相关;水温分别与溶解氧、亚硝酸盐呈显著负相关。总体而言,养马岛贝类养殖区符合国家养殖区水质标准,营养盐含量基本正常,适合贝类养殖。     

长江口及邻近水域渔业环境质量的现状及变化趋势研究

本文根据2000～2002年6个航次的调查资料，对长江口及邻近水域的渔业环境质量进行全面研究及变动趋势分析。研究结果表明，长江口及邻近水域营养盐含量十分丰富，约90％无机氮是以硝酸盐形态存在。该水域主要受营养盐、重金属及有机物的污染。其中杭州湾水域受污染程度最为严重。长江口及邻近水域浮游植物初级生产主要受磷营养盐的限制。总的来说，长江口及邻近水域渔业环境质量正呈逐步下降趋势。     

对虾养殖废水对周边海域水体中营养盐含量的影响

为评估对虾养殖对周边海域水体环境的影响,对海南一对虾养殖场分布海域的水体水质进行了调查。在对虾养殖期间,连续4个月测定了养殖废水排污口附近(参照点)及距离参照点不同距离海域水体中的氨氮、磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的浓度。结果显示,参照点水体中的氨氮、磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐分别为(0.121±0.001)mg/L,(0.058±0.002)mg/L,(0.039±0.003)mg/L和(4.753±0.015)mg/L。在距离参照点1.5 km处海域水体中的氨氮、磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐分别为(0.109±0.001)mg/L,(0.045±0.001)mg/L,(0.002±0.002)mg/L和(4.552±0.003)mg/L。从参照点由近及远,水体中的上述测定指标含量均呈降低趋势。其中,各采样点中亚硝酸盐的含量均显著低于参照点水体(P0.01),采样点2和采样点3处的磷酸盐的含量显著低于参照点水体(P0.05)。氨氮和硝酸盐的含量和参照点水体无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究结果表明对虾养殖废水的排放对周围海域水体中氨氮和硝酸盐影响较大,对亚硝酸盐和磷酸盐含量影响相对较小。     

胶州湾湿地海水中营养盐的时空分布与富营养化

依据2009年2、5、7、8、9、11月海洋环境调查资料,对胶州湾湿地海域营养盐的时空分布和富营养化水平进行了分析研究.结果表明,(1)胶州湾湿地海水中无机氮和活性磷酸盐高含量区基本位于大沽河入海口及其邻近海域,其含量和分布主要由大沽河入海径流所控制；(2)胶州湾湿地海水中无机氮和活性磷酸盐的月际变化明显,其含量基本与大沽河入海径流量呈正相关,即丰水期营养盐含量高,枯水期营养盐含量低；(3)胶州湾湿地海水富营养化水平较高,属磷中等限制潜在性富营养；(4)胶州湾湿地海水的有机污染较为严重,属中度污染；(5)大沽河入海径流是胶州湾湿地海水氮、磷等营养物质的主要来源,海水中氮、磷含量过高导致海水富营养化,应采取有效措施解决这一突出环境问题.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).