梭鲈的新陈代谢率预测值

为了确定梭鲈具有最大代谢范围(MS)时的温度,目前的研究在13～28℃范围内的6个温度下测定了梭鲈的最大代谢率和呼吸频率。在13～25℃之间变化时,SMR随温度上升而增大,而在此温度范围内的最大代谢率(MMR)没有显著的变化。超过25℃时,标准代谢率(SMR)显著增加,而MMR则下降,结果导致MS的减小。当前研究中,在18.8℃时发现了最大代谢范围(MSMAX)。将     

摄食水平对岩原鲤幼鱼摄食代谢和力竭运动后代谢特征的影响

为考察摄食水平对岩原鲤幼鱼摄食代谢和力竭运动后代谢特征的影响, 在(25±0.5) ℃条件下, 将实验鱼[体质量(13.05±0.17) g]轻度麻醉后灌喂不同摄食水平(通威鲤鱼种饲料, 饵料分别为体质量的0 %、0.5 %、1 %和2 %)的混合饵料, 随后在不同时间点测量其耗氧率并计算相关参数。结果显示, 各个摄食处理组和对照组的静止代谢(RMR)无显著性差异; 摄食后, 各摄食水平组岩原鲤代谢率均呈现先上升后下降的整体变化趋势; 0.5%和1 %摄食水平的SDA耗能和峰值时间无显著性差异, 但都显著低于2%摄食水平组(P< 0.05)。摄食水平从0.5%上升到2%, 摄食代谢峰值(PMR)和SDA系数无显著性变化; 摄食组运动前代谢率显著高于禁食组(P< 0.05), 但摄食组的运动代谢峰值、代谢率增量和过量耗氧(EPOC)与禁食组无显著性差异; 岩原鲤幼鱼的最大代谢率MMR和MMR/RMR 显著大于其PMR和PMR/RMR(P < 0.05)。研究表明, 随着摄食水平的上升, 岩原鲤幼鱼主要通过SDA时间的延长来满足SDA耗能增加的需求; 摄食对岩原鲤力竭运动后代谢恢复过程无显著性影响。     

鲢幼鱼的标准代谢和日常代谢率研究

标准代谢率(Standard metabolic rate,SMR)通常被作为鱼类维持基础代谢的指标,日常代谢率(Routine metabolic rate,RMR)则反映了鱼类在日常自发游泳非受限制状态下的代谢水平,两者大量被用于衡量鱼类种内个体差异研究。以鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)幼鱼为研究对象,在环形水槽(微流速)及矩形呼吸室(静水)中测定了水温20℃条件下的耗氧率,分别作为RMR和SMR1的指标,并用递增流速法得到耗氧率随流速变化的曲线,将不同流速下的耗氧率变化拟合得到指数曲线(y=a10b U)并将曲线外推至U=0与Y轴相交,截距可认为是速度为0时的耗氧率,即为标准代谢率SMR2,比较3种方法得到的耗氧率。结果表明:(1)自然水温条件下,SMR1为(401±55.59)mg/(h·kg),变化范围为325~484 mg/(h·kg),个体差异近0.7倍;而RMR为(594.17±126.21)mg/(h·kg),变化范围434~770 mg/(h·kg),个体差异近0.6倍。实验鱼的SMR1与RMR呈显著正相关,随着SMR1的增大,RMR逐渐升高,RMR约为SMR1的1.5倍;(2)静水中得到的SMR1为(401±55.59)mg/(h·kg)和利用活动代谢率外推得到的SMR2为(418±66.24)mg/(h·kg),2种不同方法得到的SMR大致为1∶1,相差不显著,且2种方法得到的SMR值均显著小于RMR的值(P0.05)。研究有助于探究鲢幼鱼SMR和RMR之间的关系及不同测试方法对SMR的影响,对水生态保护及水产养殖具有指导意义。     

南方鲇幼鱼标准代谢的昼夜节律

为了考察南方鲇标准代谢的昼夜节律,在光照周期13 L∶11 D、水温25℃的条件下,于14:00、16:00、18:00、20:00、22:00、00:00、2:00、4:00、6:00、8:00、10:00、12:00分别测定南方鲇幼鱼[(17.36±0.46)g,n=12]的标准代谢率。试验结果表明:南方鲇幼鱼标准代谢的峰值[(109.86±5.02)mgO2/(kg.h)]和最小值[(86.6±5.42)mg O2/(kg.h)]分别出现在22:00、12:00;标准代谢率的日平均、夜间平均、白昼平均值分别为(95.88±2.02)、(101.78±6.44)、(91.67±3.49)mg O2/(kg.h);夜间与白昼的平均标准代谢率差异显著(P<0.05)。南方鲇的夜间标准代谢显著高于白昼;在近自然光照周期条件下日平均标准代谢率低于相关文献报道的在全光照条件下的研究结果。     

温度对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、成活率和体内蛋白酶活性的影响

通过温度的变化研究不同温度对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、成活率和消化器官内蛋白酶活性的影响,结果表明,A在温度达到0℃时,幼鱼成活率为30%;4℃以上至20℃时成活率为100%,22~24℃为80%;26℃为40%;当水温达到28℃时,幼鱼成活率为0(20d)。养殖水温在8℃以下时,幼鱼基本不摄食,体重没有增长。12~16℃时,其生长速度随温度的升高而加快,当养殖水温达到20℃时,其生长速度与16℃条件下的生长速度相比较开始下降,达到24℃时,幼鱼生长速度已经明显下降,与12℃条件下的体重增长速度相接近。在8℃之前,幼鱼胃、肠和肝脏等消化器官中的蛋白酶活力单位含量较低。随温度的增加,酶活力单位显著增加,其中胃中的消化酶活力增加最快。     

干露胁迫对刺参体壁非特异性免疫的影响

研究了不同温度(4、8、12、16、20、24℃和温度突变)下干露对刺参体壁非特异性免疫的影响。结果表明,在温度20和24℃条件下干露24h后,刺参全部死亡,其余处理组刺参成活率为100%。刺参体壁水解酶类和抗氧化指标对于不同温度下干露胁迫具有不同的响应:(1)在本研究的温度范围内,刺参体壁酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性总体随温度升高而增高,随干露时间的延长而逐渐下降;(2)刺参体壁中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和总抗氧化(T-AOC)活性等抗氧化指标呈现随温度的升高先增强,再逐渐下降的趋势,以16℃为最高。对于干露胁迫时间的响应,抗氧化酶活性等则在低温时(4~16℃)呈现先升高,然后逐渐下降的趋势,在高温(20和24℃)干露胁迫下,则呈现持续下降的趋势。(3)而模拟干法运输的刺参非特异性免疫指标的响应,总体上与12~16℃下干露胁迫相当,而且4~24h之内,其AKP、SOD活性和T-AOC和MDA数值基本保持稳定。本研究结果表明,刺参干法运输中保持适当的低温可有效降低刺参的胁迫反应,提高刺参运输的成活率。     

不同温度下重复疲劳运动对鲢幼鱼游泳能力及代谢率的影响

在自行设计的鱼类游泳能力测定装置中,采用流速递增法,测定了不同温度(10、15、20、25℃)条件下鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)幼鱼2次疲劳运动过程中临界游泳速度和耗氧率的变化,探究重复疲劳运动对鲢幼鱼游泳能力和活动代谢率的影响。结果表明,在10~25℃温度范围内,鲢幼鱼临界游泳速度随温度升高而呈线性增加(U_(crit,1)=3.52+0.14T,R~2=0.98,P0.05;U_(crit,2)=3.33+0.09T,R~2=0.97,P0.05),重复运动后的临界游泳速度明显小于第1次。运动最大耗氧量(MMR)和标准代谢率(SMR)均随温度升高而增加,且第1次测试的耗氧率显著高于第2次;运动后过量耗氧率(Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption,EPOC)随着温度升高而增加,与温度相关性显著(P=0.024);第2次测试疲劳后EPOC较第1次低,疲劳运动对EPOC影响不显著(P=0.36);表明适宜温度范围内,温度对游泳能力和活动代谢具有促进作用,疲劳运动对鱼类游泳能力和活动代谢不利,有一定的抑制作用。     

星洲红鱼对温度适应性的研究

本文以20℃为试验起始温度,分别对星洲红鱼进行温度渐变(每天升温或降温1℃/d,速度控制在每12 h升或降0.5℃)和突然升高(2℃、4℃、6℃、8℃、10℃、12℃、14℃、16℃、18℃、20℃)以及突然下降2℃、4℃、6℃、8℃、10℃、12℃、14℃)实验,逐渐升温和降温实验表明:星洲红鱼对温度的适应范围8～40℃,生存温度14～36℃,临界死亡低温为(7.82±0.21)℃,致死低温为(5.67±0.16)℃,临界死亡高温为(38.36±0.21)℃,致死高温为(39.83±0.15)℃。突然升温和降温实验表明星洲红鱼对高温的适应性强,可适应突然上升16℃的升幅(20℃→36℃),对突然下降仅能适应8℃的降幅(20℃→12℃)。     

体重和温度对大眼鳜静止代谢的影响

采用流水式呼吸仪,测定了97尾大眼鳜(Siniperca kneri Garman)在不同温度条件下的静止代谢率(M),以检验温度与体重对该种鱼代谢水平的影响。结果表明,在15、20、25及30℃条件下大眼鳜的特定体重代谢率(M')分别为(74.06±6.24)、(135.24±18.27)、(186.19±29.03)、(196.78±34.31)mgO2/(kg.h)。在各温度条件下,大眼鳜的静止代谢率均与体重呈显著的双对数直线相关(P<0.01)。协方差分析表明,各回归方程的斜率(体重指数b)之间差异显著(P<0.01),且b值随温度的升高呈下降的趋势,提示体重和温度对大眼鳜静止代谢的影响存在交互作用。特定体重代谢率与体重(W,kg)和温度(T,℃)的复相关关系为M'=3.79T0.902W(0.345-0.202ln T)或者M'=3.79W0.345T(0.902-0.202ln W)(P<0.001),其中,-0.202为体重和温度影响特定体重代谢率的交互作用指数。通过与其它底栖肉食性鱼类的比较发现,大眼鳜具有较高的特定体重代谢率,这可能与其喜溶氧丰富的流水环境、捕食行为耗能较高等特殊的生态特征有关。     

亚硝酸盐胁迫下异育银鲫呼吸代谢生理响应

高浓度亚硝酸盐会影响鱼类的健康甚至生存,为深入了解亚硝酸盐胁迫下异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)呼吸代谢生理响应,采用急性胁迫方法,将异育银鲫幼鱼置于亚硝酸盐浓度为0.5、1、1.5、2、3mg·L~(-1)的水环境中胁迫96 h并监测标准代谢率(SMR)、最大代谢率(MMR)、有氧代谢范围(AS)及高铁血红蛋白比例(MHb/Hb)的变化规律。结果显示:随水环境亚硝酸盐浓度的升高,异育银鲫SMR显著升高(P0.05),MMR显著降低(P0.05),AS显著降低(P0.05),MHb/Hb显著升高(P0.05)。异育银鲫的SMR、MMR、AS与水环境亚硝酸盐浓度均呈二次方回归关系,血液中MHb/Hb与水环境亚硝酸盐浓度呈三次方回归关系。结果表明:异育银鲫SMR与水环境亚硝酸盐浓度呈正相关,MMR及AS与之呈负相关。在高浓度亚硝酸盐水环境中,鱼体升高SMR用于修复自身机能并维持基本生理功能;MHb/Hb显著升高,导致载氧能力下降,可供给鱼体的氧气量减少,MMR显著降低,游泳速度下降,捕食及逃逸等活动受到限制;AS显著降低,不能满足鱼类摄食生长等能量需求,易造成能量需求冲突,不利于鱼类的健康生长。     

Metabolic actions of glucagon-family hormones in liver

This review addresses direct and indirect metabolic actions of hormones co-encoded in the preproglucagon gene of fishes. Emphasis is placed on a critical analysis of the effects of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide (GLP) and the current knowledge of the respective modes of action is reviewed. In mammals GLPs exert no direct metabolic actions. In fish liver, GLP and glucagon act on similar targets of intermediary metabolism by enhancing flux through glycogenolysis, lipolysis and gluconeogenesis. Increases in substrate oxidation are not uniform. Hormonal activation of glycogen phosphorylase and triglyceride lipase and inhibition of pyruvate kinase are implicated in these actions. Hormone-dependent hyperglycemia, depletion of hepatic glycogen and increases in free fatty acids are noticeablein vivo. Glucagon also activates hepatic amino acid uptake and ammonia excretion. Glucagon actions are accompanied by large increases in hepatic cAMP and increased phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase. Metabolic effects measured after GLP administration are associated with minor, if any, increases in cAMP and effects on pyruvate kinase are variable. We hypothesize that different hepatic receptors with differing modes of intracellular message transduction are involved in glucagon and GLP actions while targetting identical metabolic routes. Responses of different species of fish cover a wide spectrum, and variation of response with the circannual cycle of experimental animals makes comparisons of results, even within one species, difficult.     

氮杂螺环酸毒素在栉孔扇贝体内的代谢规律

氮杂螺环酸毒素(azaspiracids,AZAs)隶属八大类海洋贝类毒素,为一类含氮且具独特螺环结构的聚醚类毒素。采用液相色谱-三重四级杆复合离子阱质谱,研究了分离自中国近海的1株氮杂螺环酸产毒藻腹孔环胺藻(Azadinium poporum,AZDY06)所产氮杂螺环酸毒素在栉孔扇贝体内的蓄积、分布和生物转化机制。通过将栉孔扇贝暴露产毒藻的方式,分析扇贝内脏团、裙边、闭壳肌和其他可食组织4个组织部位的AZAs及其代谢产物分布,研究栉孔扇贝对毒素的代谢机理。结果表明,AZDY06主要产生AZA2毒素,单细胞产毒能力最高为(7.05±0.52)fg/cell;扇贝12 h内摄食5×10~7个产毒藻细胞后,体内AZAs毒素含量已超欧盟安全限量,达165.3μg AZA1eq/kg,蓄积效率为78.2%。AZAs毒素在扇贝各组织间分布存在显著差异:内脏团其他可食组织外套膜闭壳肌。AZA2在扇贝中潜在转化方式为羟基化、去羧基化和氧化,共生成4种代谢产物:AZA6、AZA12、AZA19和AZA23,其中AZA19为最主要代谢产物,约占总毒素40%,其他代谢产物含量较低。本研究证明中国近海分布氮杂螺环酸产毒藻毒性危害较强,建议有关部门加快制定AZAs限量标准。     

Metabolic adjustments of Dentex dentex to prolonged starvation and refeeding

The particular metabolic strategies of the common dentex (Dentex dentex) to face a period of prolonged starvation and subsequent refeeding were assessed. Plasma metabolites, endogenous reserves, and the activity of key enzymes of intermediary metabolism in liver, white muscle, and heart were evaluated. Plasma glucose, total lipid, triglycerides, total-, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, and protein levels, liver, and white muscle glycogen, and perivisceral, and muscle fat were significantly reduced by starvation, whereas liver lipid content was surprisingly increased. Those enzymes involved in phosphorylation and oxidation of glucose and lipid synthesis, as well as alanine aminotransferase activity, were significantly depressed in liver of starved fish. The increase in β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) indicated an enhanced fatty acid oxidation during starvation. Part of the acetyl-CoA generated by β-oxidation was oxidized in the hepatic Krebs cycle, as reflected the increased citrate synthase (CS) activity. The oxaloacetate required for the reaction catalized by CS activity would be supplied by aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) activity whose activity was also enhanced. Glutamate dehydrogenase also increased to deaminate the glutamate produced by transaminases, especially by the increased ASAT activity. Liver gluconeogenesis of starved fish was maintained at the same rate that in controls, with glycerol playing an important role as glucogenic substrate. The increased hepatic β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (β-OHBDH) activity indicates that part of the acetyl-CoA arriving from β-oxidation was being diverted for ketone bodies production with dentex liver playing an important role in providing ketone bodies as fuels for other tissues under such circumstances. Most enzyme activities in white muscle of starved dentex were significantly depressed. In heart, starvation induced an important inhibition of those enzymes involved in glucose and protein metabolism, whereas CS, HOAD, and β-OHBDH activities were maintained at control levels. Although several biomarkers assayed returned to control values after refeeding, many others did not, which indicate that after 3 weeks of refeeding, pre-starved dentex is still experiencing a transient period of metabolic adjustments directed toward the restoration of body mass.     

麻痹性贝类毒素在栉孔扇贝体内的代谢轮廓

将栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)直接暴露于产毒藻,通过比较各组织器官中毒素的蓄积及代谢转化特征,研究麻痹性贝类毒素(Paralytic Shellfish Toxins,PSTs)在栉孔扇贝体内危害形成的过程。结果显示,分布于中国的一株塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense,AT5-3株),其生长及产毒性状稳定,产毒能力强,主要成分为Gonyautoxins-1-4(GTX14),单细胞产毒能力为7.95 fmol/cell;栉孔扇贝对该产毒藻具有较强摄食能力及PSTs蓄积能力,总体蓄积效率达到84.4%,最高蓄积浓度为1903μg STX eq./kg,不同组织蓄积能力由高到低依次为内脏团、性腺、外套膜、闭壳肌;内脏团对PSTs的代谢能力也最强,是该毒素在栉孔扇贝体内蓄积代谢的靶器官;此外,栉孔扇贝对PSTs表现出较强的生物转化能力,主要转化途径为:N-磺酰胺甲酰基类毒素(N-Sulfocarbamoylgonyautoxin-2,C1)→膝沟藻毒素(Gonyautxins-2,GTX2)/脱氨甲酰基类毒素(Decarbamoylgonyautoxins-2,dc GTX2),N-磺酰胺甲酰基类毒素(N-Sulfocarbamoylgonyautoxin-3,C2)→膝沟藻毒素(Gonyautxins-3,GTX3)。本研究中,栉孔扇贝对PSTs总体呈现出迅速蓄积和缓慢代谢的特点,同时,GTX14和NEO等高毒成分所占比例较高,造成扇贝中PSTs毒性和风险性均显著升高。本研究有助于科学评估PSTs危害的形成机制,为系统监控我国PSTs风险性提供科学支撑。     

Metabolic function of hepatic hexokinase in perch, Perca fluviatilis

Feeding previously fasted perch with a carbohydrate‐rich pelleted diet resulted in a rapid transient insulin response followed by a transient increase in the activity of the hepatic low‐affinity hexokinase (glucokinase, GK). The activity of the high‐affinity hexokinase (hexokinase, HK) increased more slowly and steadily to about seven times the fasting value on the 10th day after start of feeding, in parallel with an increase in the hepatic glycogen content. An insulin response was also observed when fasted perch were fed a diet consisting of boiled fillet of cod (a high‐protein, very low‐fat and practically carbohydrate‐free diet). In this case no GK activity was observed, whereas the glycogen content increased steadily from the start of feeding to about the same level as when fish were given the carbohydrate‐rich diet. There was a delayed increase in the activity of HK, starting on about the sixth day (after the glycogen stores were filled), concomitant with increased activities of lipogenic enzymes (glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, ATP citrate lyase and malic enzyme). The results are in line with the hypothesis that the mitochondria‐bound hepatic HK has a particular anabolic function in glycogen and fat synthesis.     

Metabolic differentiation of diploid and triploid European sea bass juveniles

International Aquatic Research - The effects of triploidy were studied on indices of growth and metabolism in juvenile European sea bass. Ploidy affected flesh quality of Dicentrachus labrax, as...     

Metabolic profiling of mussel larvae: effect of handling and culture conditions

Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy was applied to characterize the metabolic profiles of hatchery-reared mussel (Perna canaliculus) larvae before and after a prolonged handling and water exchange process, and to investigate the effect of culture conditions. A decrease in succinate and an increase in alanine were observed after the water exchange, which indicated alterations in energy production and osmotic balance. However, these variations were subtle and it is unlikely that the water exchange practice had any lasting negative effects on larval physiology and performance. Multivariate pattern recognition tools (hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis and projection to latent squares discriminant analysis) were used to assess metabolite variations in larvae reared in low-density static and high-density flow through systems and to construct a culture condition classification model. Twelve metabolites contributed most towards the model, which indicated differences in energy, protein and lipid metabolism. The clear group separations were not represented by observable variations in morphological traits. This suggests that growth performance is metabolically buffered through an adaptive physiological mechanism to provide similar developmental characteristics under these conditions.     

添加松针粉对肉鸡营养物质代谢率的影响

选用18日龄肉鸡80羽,随机分为4组,分别为组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ、组Ⅳ,其中组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ为试验组,组Ⅳ为对照组。每组5个重复,每个重复4羽(♀)。采用单因子随机分组设计,共设4个处理,组Ⅰ为基础饲料+1%松针粉,组Ⅱ为基础饲料+3%松针粉,组Ⅲ为基础饲料+5%松针粉,对照组为基础饲料+抗生素。研究结果表明,干物质表观代谢率组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ与对照组之间无显著性显著(P>0.05),但组Ⅲ干物质表观代谢率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),5%松针粉组干物质代谢率比对照组低5.46%,其余各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05);粗蛋白质日摄入量及日排出量各组间均无显著性差异(P>0.05);粗蛋白质表观代谢率组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ显著高于对照组(P<0.05),组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ分别比对照组提高了18.34%、23.44%、27.13%;粗脂肪日摄入量组Ⅲ显著高于组Ⅰ和对照组(P<0.05),试验组之间无显著性差异(P<0.05);粗脂肪日排出量组Ⅲ显著高于组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ及对照组(P<0.05),其余各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05);粗脂肪的表观代谢率组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其余各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),粗脂肪的表观代谢率组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ分别比对照组提高了6.86%、9.43%、5.05%;磷的日摄入量、日排出量、表观代谢率各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。