虫草菌粉对日本沼虾免疫功能的影响

在饵料中添加0.5%的虫草菌粉,以口服形式对日本沼虾进行免疫。日本沼虾血淋巴吞噬活性,血清抗菌、溶菌活力及酚氧化酶活力均显著提高。经嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后,试验组的免疫保护率也明显提高。因此,投喂虫草菌粉,能够明显地增强日本沼虾的免疫抵抗能力。     

复方中草药制剂对罗氏沼虾生长和非特异性免疫功能的影响

在基础饲料中添加0.5%、1.0%和2.0%的复方中草药制剂,连续投喂56 d后,通过测定供试罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)的生长性能、血细胞的吞噬活性、血清酶活性、酚氧化酶活性,比较了复合中草药制剂对罗氏沼虾促生长及非特异性免疫功能的影响。结果显示:饲料中添加0.5%的复方中草药制剂对罗氏沼虾的生长影响显著(P<0.05),添加1%和2%的中草药制剂对罗氏沼虾的血细胞的吞噬活性、溶菌酶活力、酚氧化酶活力影响极显著(P<0.01)。用嗜水气单胞菌攻毒7 d显示试验组免疫保护率高达44.7%~59.8%。因此,从促生长、提高免疫力和经济角度3方面考虑,建议添加剂量为1.0%为宜。     

左旋咪唑对罗氏沼虾免疫功能及抗病力的影响

以0(对照)、50、100和150 mg/kg饲料的剂量将左旋咪唑(LMS)添加于基础饲料中制成颗粒饲料投喂罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)14 d,采样测定了罗氏沼虾血细胞吞噬活性、血清酚氧化酶(PO)、溶菌酶(LSZ)及超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性,并以6×105cells/mL浓度的致病性嗜水气单胞菌(Aerom onas hydrophila)对罗氏沼虾进行肌肉注射(20μL/尾),记录接种7 d后罗氏沼虾的累积死亡率。结果表明,3个LMS处理组的罗氏沼虾血细胞吞噬百分比和吞噬指数、血清PO、LSZ及SOD活性均显著地高于对照组(P<0.05);LMS处理组的罗氏沼虾对嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗力明显增强。因此,饲喂适量的LMS能促进罗氏沼虾的免疫力和抗病力;在本试验条件下,100 mg/kg饲料的剂量为最适添加剂量。     

咪唑类物质KK-42对日本沼虾α2-巨球蛋白基因表达的影响

为探讨KK-42提高感染嗜水气单孢菌的日本沼虾幼虾成活率的机制,实验首次克隆了α2M部分序列,研究了α2M基因的时空表达以及KK-42对其表达和活力的影响。将体长3.5~5.0 cm的日本沼虾幼虾随机分为2组,分别用1.95×10-4mol/L的KK-42溶液和不含KK-42的溶液浸泡处理1 min,12 h后,每组再分为2个亚组,分别向虾腹部注射嗜水气单胞菌菌悬液(菌攻毒实验组和菌攻毒对照组)或生理盐水(实验组-1和对照组-1),于不同时间点测定幼虾的成活率、α2M基因表达水平和活力的变化。结果显示,KK-42预处理可显著提高感染嗜水气单胞菌的日本沼虾幼虾成活率。经BLAST比对,克隆的α2M部分mRNA序列与罗氏沼虾α2M具有90%以上同源性。实时荧光定量PCR实验显示,α2M基因表达水平在血细胞中最高,且以蜕皮前期最为显著。KK-42处理的幼虾血细胞α2M基因的表达无显著性差异;嗜水气单胞菌刺激使血细胞α2M mRNA水平在3 h比0 h提高了580%,其活力在24 h增幅为47.5%;而菌攻毒实验组mRNA水平在6~48 h明显高于菌攻毒对照组,尤其在12 h,增幅为511%,其活力水平也呈同样的变化趋势。研究表明,KK-42预处理能上调感染嗜水气单胞菌的幼虾血细胞α2M基因的转录水平,诱导α2M活力增强,这可能增强了幼虾的免疫水平,从而提高成活率。     

罗氏沼虾胞质锰超氧化物歧化酶的功能

为了解超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)分子生物学特性和免疫功能，实验克隆了罗氏沼虾胞质锰SOD基因 (MrcMnSOD)，制备多克隆抗体，并分析在嗜水气单胞菌感染下该基因的表达模式。结果显示，嗜水气单胞菌感染可显著诱导MrcMnSOD在转录水平和蛋白质水平进行高表达。为探究MrcMnSOD参与免疫应答的机制，进一步的抑菌实验表明，该蛋白质可显著抑制3种革兰氏阴性细菌 (大肠杆菌、副溶血性弧菌、嗜水气单胞菌)和2种革兰氏阳性细菌 (无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌)的生长，且抑制作用与蛋白质浓度的关系不显著。研究表明，MrcMnSOD可能作为一种免疫相关分子参与免疫应答反应。本研究初步探讨了MrcMnSOD的免疫生物学功能，旨在为深入研究罗氏沼虾SOD的功能奠定相关基础。     

罗氏沼虾几种病原菌防治药物的筛选

从患病罗氏沼虾的肝、肠、鳃等组织中分离到3株菌株，应用AP120E检测试剂条进行鉴定，为嗜水气单胞菌、类志贺邻单胞菌、普通变形杆菌。药敏试验结果表明，庆大霉素、丁胺卡那、卡那霉素、四环素、复合磺胺等5种药物对罗氏沼虾病原菌具有普遍的杀灭效果。     

咪唑类物质KK-42对日本沼虾免疫功能的影响

为评估咪唑类物质KK-42对日本沼虾免疫相关基因表达及抗菌机能的影响,将处于蜕皮间期的日本沼虾分别用1.95×10~(-4) mol/L的KK-42溶液或不含KK-42的溶液浸泡1min,测定处理后3、6、12、24h和48h细胞质锰超氧化物歧化酶、线粒体锰超氧化物歧化酶和血蓝蛋白基因的表达以及相应酶活力的变化;KK-42处理12h后,腹部注射嗜水气单胞菌,测定感染后日本沼虾的死亡率。结果显示,KK-42处理后3、6、12h,细胞质锰超氧化物歧化酶、线粒体锰超氧化物歧化酶和血蓝蛋白基因表达明显提高,超氧化物歧化酶活力和血蓝蛋白含量也于6~48h持续升高,在24h达到最高值。KK-42预处理可以降低感染嗜水气单胞菌后日本沼虾的死亡率。试验结果表明,KK-42可诱导日本沼虾免疫相关基因的表达,并能提高日本沼虾的抗菌能力。     

日本沼虾血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)基因的克隆及其免疫功能

为探索血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)在日本沼虾免疫防御系统中的作用,实验利用RACE方法克隆了日本沼虾SAA(MnSAA)基因cDNA全长序列,采用实时荧光定量PCR(QPCR)分析其在日本沼虾不同组织、不同发育时期的表达情况,以及溶壁微球菌、嗜水气单胞菌和白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)感染后MnSAA在血淋巴细胞和肝胰腺中的表达情况,同时还利用RNA干扰(RNAi)技术检测了MnSAA基因沉默后,日本沼虾再感染嗜水气单胞菌后其肝胰腺中激活子蛋白-1(AP-1)和B类清道夫受体(CD36)基因表达变化及虾的累积死亡率变化。结果显示,M n S A A基因c D N A全长649 b p(G e n B a n k登录号:MK292888),包含21 bp 5′非编码区,232 bp 3′非编码区,369 bp开放读码框,编码131个氨基酸残基;氨基酸序列比对及系统进化分析结果显示,MnSAA蛋白属于急性期血清淀粉样蛋白A蛋白(A-SAA),在进化上与无脊椎动物香港牡蛎的亲缘关系最近;mRNA表达分析显示,MnSAA基因在日本沼虾的各组织和各生长阶段均有表达,分别在肝胰腺和成虾阶段中的表达量最高;病原体感染实验表明,在日本沼虾感染溶壁微球菌、嗜水气单胞菌和白斑综合征病毒后12~72 h,其血淋巴和肝胰腺中的MnSAA基因表达量与对照组相比均显著升高;RNAi实验显示,MnSAA基因沉默后,日本沼虾肝胰腺中AP-1和CD36基因分别在其感染嗜水气单胞菌后12~72 h和6~72 h与对照组相比显著下降,日本沼虾累积死亡率在感染嗜水气单胞菌后与对照组相比明显升高。研究表明,MnSAA参与日本沼虾的抗病原体感染的反应,在日本沼虾的免疫防御体系中具有重要的作用。     

复方中草药对青虾免疫功能的影响

将大黄、黄芩、党参、板蓝根等十余味中草药粉碎过筛后制成复方添加剂按1%、2%、3%的比例添加于基础饲料中制成颗粒药饵投喂青虾,测定青虾相关免疫指标的变化。结果表明,青虾血细胞吞噬百分比和吞噬指数、血清溶菌酶活力均显著提高。经嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后,各试验组的免疫保护率也明显提高。在各试验组中以2%的添加量的效果最好。试验证明,该添加剂可显著地提高青虾的免疫功能,能有效地预防嗜水气单胞菌的感染。     

嗜水气单胞菌灭活疫苗对虹鳟免疫力和抗病力的影响

为研究嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)灭活疫苗对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)(250 g±12 g)免疫力和抗病力的影响,给试验鱼腹腔注射0.2 mL的灭活嗜水气单胞菌悬液(1.0×108cfu/mL)。分别在注射前(0 d)和注射后7、14、21、28、35、42 d取样,测定血液白细胞吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶(LZM)活力、补体C3含量以及头肾和脾脏中IgM、IgT基因表达情况。结果表明:注射嗜水气单胞菌疫苗能显著提高白细胞吞噬率(PP)和吞噬指数(PI)、LZM活力和补体C3含量,注射后21 d达峰值,PI、LZM和补体C3在42 d仍显著高于对照组。免疫后21 d头肾和脾脏中IgM基因上调表达,35 d达峰值(分别上升24倍和26倍),42 d下降但仍极显著高于对照组。头肾和脾脏中IgT的上调表达比IgM弱得多,头肾35 d达峰值(上升6.2倍),脾脏28 d达峰值(上升6.1倍)。免疫42 d后嗜水气单胞菌攻毒结果表明,嗜水气单胞菌灭活疫苗对虹鳟有较高的免疫保护作用,免疫保护率达到71.43%。     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

头足类耳石微化学研究进展

耳石是位于平衡囊内起平衡作用的一对钙化组织,它是头足类的加速度感应器,记录其生命周期内的生物和生态信息。随着鱼类耳石微化学研究及应用的日趋成熟与完善,头足类耳石的相应研究也逐渐兴起。目前头足类耳石微化学的研究内容主要包括无机和有机大分子、微量元素、同位素、微化学标记等方面,其中微量元素是应用研究的重点,在头足类种群识别、生活史分析及栖息环境重建等方面发挥了重要作用。分析认为,头足类微量元素在与栖息环境尤其水温关系的研究中取得了很好的结果,被认为是测定头足类生活水温的温度计。然而,涉及种群识别、生活史分析以及与盐度和食物关系的研究还不够充分,且多集中于Sr/Ca的研究。因此,建议在今后的研究中要综合多种研究方法按时间和空间序列从日轮水平分析多种微量元素的含量与变化。     

不同品系盐生杜氏藻培养技术的研究

4种不同品系盐生杜氏藻培养结果表明：常温下,A33是最适宜培养的藻种,经4天培养,藻细胞密度可达到114×104cell／ml,细胞生长率达到0．369;其次是A23、A140、A5藻种,细胞生长率分别为0．317、0．314、0．234。控温条件下,4种品系杜氏藻细胞生长速度明显增高,是常温条件下的1．2倍。     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

浅谈船舶干舷的作用

近几年．在唐山沿海发生的渔船海难、海损事故经统计表明呈增多趋势。这与出海作业渔民的安全意识不强有很大关系．渔民为了挣取更多的效益，在海上，超抗风浪等级作业且人为地增加船的不规范载荷．造成船的储备浮力损失，酿成恶果。笔者认为．在渔船设计建造中，留取的干舷对渔船作业的安全性起相当重要的作用，必不可少。 一、储备浮力的重要性 所谓储备浮力就是自船舶设计水线至水密甲板的水密部分体积，其大小与干舷相关．于舷大则储备浮力大，干舷的重要性就在于能够使船在海中保持正常的浮性和安全。再者，在设计建造渔船时，为了改善…