饲料中菜粕和棉粕的不同配比对异育银鲫生长性能、血浆生化指标和棉酚残留的影响

为考察不同菜粕和棉粕的水平组合对异育银鲫生长、饲料利用、血浆指标和棉酚残留的影响,配制了菜粕∶棉粕(菜粕与棉粕之和为60%)分别为5∶0、4∶1、3∶2、2∶3、1∶4和0∶5的6组试验饲料,投喂平均体重为5.6 g的异育银鲫8周。结果表明,随着饲料中棉粕含量升高和菜粕含量减少,异育银鲫的增重率、饲料效率、特定生长率呈现先上升后下降趋势,其中菜粕∶棉粕为3∶2组的鱼生长最佳,增重率和饲料系数分别为505.6%和1.33,具有最高的肥满度和最低肝体比;菜粕∶棉粕为5∶0组的鱼生长最差,增重率和饲料系数分别为430.1%和1.52,具有最低的肥满度和最高的肝体比。各组成活率,肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量没有显著差异(P＞0.05)。菜粕∶棉粕为5∶0组鱼的血浆谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活力相对于菜粕∶棉粕分别为3∶2和2∶3组显著增加(P＜0.05);菜粕∶棉粕为3∶2组鱼的血浆碱性磷酸酶活力在各组中最高(P＜0.05);血浆中总蛋白在各组间差异不明显(P＞0.05)。对异育银鲫肌肉和肝脏分析发现,游离棉酚含量随着饲料中棉粕含量的升高而升高(P＜0.05)。本研究表明,在配方中菜粕和棉粕总量为60%的情况下,菜粕∶棉粕为3∶2时异育银鲫的生长性能最佳,具有最高的增重率和最低的饲料系数,过高的菜粕或棉粕均会降低鱼体的生长性能,使鱼体血浆ALT和AST活力升高。     

不同饲料能量源及其水平对凡纳滨对虾生长、抗氧化能力及蛋白质利用的影响

为探究不同饲料能量源及其水平对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能的影响, 以饲料蛋白质含量为 37%, 蛋白能量比为 20.23 mg/kJ 的饲料作为对照组饲料(C), 在此基础上分别通过提高饲料碳水化合物、脂肪含量调节饲料能量水平, 制作饲料蛋白能量比分别为 19.51 mg/kJ (中碳水化合物组, MC)、18.85 mg/kJ (高碳水化合物组, HC)、19.45 mg/kJ (中脂肪组, ML)和 18.54 mg/kJ (高脂肪组, HL)的 4 组实验饲料, 在淡水养殖条件下投喂初始体重为(0.6±0.02) g 的凡纳滨对虾幼虾 56 d。结果表明, 与对照组相比, 提升饲料脂肪水平能显著提高凡纳滨对虾的生长性能和蛋白质沉积率(P＜0.05), HL 组凡纳滨对虾获得最大特定生长率及蛋白质沉积率; 增加饲料碳水化合物水平对凡纳滨对虾的生长性能及蛋白质沉积率无显著影响(P＞0.05)。与对照组相比, ML 组、MC 组、HC 组对虾肌肉粗蛋白含量显著提高(P＜0.05), HL 组对虾肌肉粗蛋白含量较对照组有所提高, 但差异不显著(P＞0.05), 对虾肌肉总脂肪含量则随着饲料能量水平提高均显著增高(P＞0.05)。ML 组、HL 组、MC 组、HC 组对虾肝胰腺蛋白酶、 脂肪酶活性较对照组均显著增高(P＜0.05)。MC 组与 HC 组对虾肝胰腺淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P＞0.05), ML 组与 HL 组对虾肝胰腺淀粉酶活性较照组无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。与对照组相比, 在同一蛋白水平下提高饲料脂肪水平会导致对虾血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性及甘油三酯(TG)含量显著提升(P＜0.05), 同时 HL 组对虾血清谷草转氨酶 (GOT)活性较对照组显著增高(P＜0.05), 提高饲料碳水化合物水平同样会提升对虾血清 GPT 活性与 TG 含量 (P＜0.05), 但对血清 GOT 活性无显著性影响(P＞0.05)。相同蛋白水平下, ML 组与 HL 组对虾血清及肝胰腺丙二醛 (MDA)含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05), MC 组与 HC 组对虾血清及肝胰腺 MDA 含量较对照组显著增高(P＜0.05), HC 组与 HL 组对虾血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05); 与对照组相比, 提高饲料脂肪水平能显著提升对虾血清及肝胰腺的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC), 而随着饲料碳水化合物水平提升, 对虾血清 T-AOC 得到提升, 肝胰腺 T-AOC 呈现先升后降的趋势(P＜0.05), 过氧化氢酶(CAT)呈现先降后升的趋势(P＜0.05)。结果表明, 本研究条件下饲料脂肪含量为 9.59%, 蛋白能量比为 18.54 mg/kJ 组凡纳滨对虾表现出最佳生长性能, 相比碳水化合物, 脂肪更适于作为凡纳滨对虾的饲料能量物质。     

三种糖代谢调控剂对异育银鲫生长、血液生化指标和糖原代谢的影响

在高糖基础日粮中分别添加10 mg/kg罗格列酮、10 mg/kg格列本脲、4 g/kg 1,6-二磷酸果糖,饲喂初始重量为(4.87±0.12)g的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio),对照组喂基础日粮,饲喂56 d后测定了这三种糖代谢调控剂对异育银鲫生长、血液生化指标和糖原代谢的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,饲料中添加罗格列酮后饵料系数显著降低(P<0.05),添加罗格列酮和格列本脲后,肝体比显著增大(P<0.01);与对照组相比,罗格列酮能提高血清总蛋白含量(P<0.05)、球蛋白含量(P<0.01),降低血糖的浓度(P<0.01);1,6-二磷酸果糖能提高血清谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性(P<0.05),提高血清总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白的含量(P<0.01);格列本脲能提高血清谷丙转氨酶活性(P<0.05),提高总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白的含量(P<0.01)、降低血糖的浓度(P<0.01);③与对照组相比,罗格列酮能提高肌糖原的含量(P<0.05),格列本脲组肌糖原也有提高的趋势。     

高碳水化合物日粮对异育银鲫血浆皮质醇含量和HSP70基因mRNA表达的影响

为了探讨高碳水化合物饲料是否会引起异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)的应激反应,选用体质量为(35.60±1.11)g的异育银168尾,随机分成2组,一组设为对照组(NS),投喂碳水化合物水平为35％的日粮；另一组设为高碳水化合物实验组(HS),投喂碳水化合物水平为50％的日粮,每组3个重复.在控温的循环水系统中饲养35 d和70 d后,测定异育银鲫血浆皮质醇激素含量及其肝、心脏、脾、肾中HSP70基因mRNA的表达量.结果显示,高碳水化合物实验组35 d时血浆皮质醇激素与对照组相比较显著升高(P＜0.05),肝和心脏HSP70基因mRNA表达较对照组明显增强(P＜0.05)； 70 d时血浆皮质醇激素含量升高,且70 d时高碳水化合物组肝、心脏、脾和肾HSP70基因mRNA表达与对照组相比全部增强.各组饲养70 d后,饥饿24 h后重新投喂的0h、6h、12h、24 h、48 h,高碳水化合物实验组(HS)皮质醇含量在6h、48 h显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),在6h、12h、48 h肝HSP70基因mRNA表达与对照组相比均增强(P＜0.05),说明异育银鲫对50％碳水化合物含量的饲料的耐受性比较差,鱼体产生了应激反应.结果说明,当异育银鲫血清皮质醇激素含量升高时,其肝中HSP70基因mRNA的表达量却降低,反之亦然.本研究旨在为水生动物营养应激及营养免疫的相关研究提供新的思路,为开辟鱼类应激的营养调节提供科学依据.     

短期高脂应激对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、肝脏健康和脂代谢基因的影响

本研究旨在探讨短期饲喂高脂饲料对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) 生长性能和抗氧化能力所产生的影响, 以便于预估高脂饲料对石斑鱼生长可能产生的负面影响。在粗蛋白水平为 48%的基础上分别配制脂肪水平为 8% (EE8)、10% (EE10)、12% (EE12)、14% (EE14)、16% (EE16)、18% (EE18) 和 20% (EE20)的 7 组等氮饲料, 饲喂初均重为(13.70±0.01) g 的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼 4 周。实验结果表明, 随着饲料粗脂肪水平的提升, 增重率(WGR)和存活率(SR)无显著性变化(P＞0.05), EE14~EE20 组饲料系数(FCR)显著降低(P＜0.05), 而脏体比(VSI)显著增大(P＜0.05), 饲料粗脂肪超过 16%后蛋白质效率(PER)显著上升(P＜0.05)。EE14~EE20 组腹肌粗脂肪(AMEEC)显著升高(P＜0.05), EE16~EE20 组的肝体比(HSI)显著增大(P＜0.05)。与 EE12 组相比, EE8、EE10、 EE18 和 EE20 组的总胆固醇(T-CHO)显著升高(P＜0.05), EE16~EE20 组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性显著下降 (P＜0.05), EE20 组丙二醛(MDA)含量显著上升(P＜0.05), EE8、EE16~EE20 组的肝脏细胞空泡化面积和脂滴量显著增加(P＜0.05)。脂肪合成基因 g6pd、6gpd 和 me 的相对表达量在 EE20 组显著上升(P＜0.05), 脂肪分解基因 cpt-1、pparα 相对表达量在 EE16~EE20 组显著上升(P＜0.05)。研究结果表明, 饲料粗脂肪超过 16.77%时, 会造成珍珠龙胆鱼肝脏脂肪沉积, 降低肝脏抗氧化能力, 使肝脏健康受损。     

高脂日粮添加胆汁酸对大口黑鲈生长性能、脂代谢和胆汁酸代谢的调节作用

为探究胆汁酸对高脂饲料饲喂下大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)生长生理、脂代谢和胆汁酸代谢的影响, 配制基础饲料(脂肪含量 10.6%, 对照组 C)、高脂饲料(脂肪含量 17.5%, 高脂组 HF)、高脂饲料+300 mg/kg 胆汁酸 (HFB1)、高脂饲料+600 mg/kg 胆汁酸(HFB2)、高脂饲料+900 mg/kg 胆汁酸(HFB3) 5 种试验饲料。将 750 尾大口黑鲈随机分为 5 组, 每个组设置 3 个平行缸, 每缸 50 尾, 进行 7 周养殖实验。结果表明: 高脂饲料显著降低大口黑鲈生长性能, 而添加胆汁酸后可改善高脂饲料对大口黑鲈生长的不利影响。饲喂高脂饲料组血浆和肝脏中甘油三酯 (TG)含量显著升高(P＜0.05)。添加胆汁酸后, 肝脏中 TG 含量显著降低(P＜0.05), 而血浆中 TG 含量在胆汁酸添加量为 900 mg/kg 时显著下降(P＜0.05)。肝脏和血浆中总胆酸(TBA)含量随着胆汁酸添加量的升高而显著增加(P＜0.05)。 胆汁酸添加量为 600 mg/kg 时, 肝脏中法尼醇 X 受体基因(fxr)表达量上调(P＜0.05), 胆汁酸合成和转运相关基因 (cyp7a1、bsep、asbt)均显著上调(P＜0.05)。同时对脂代谢相关基因表达进行检测, 发现 fxr 诱导 shp 的表达, 抑制肝脏中 srebp1 及脂肪合成相关基因(fas、acc2)的表达。此外, 胆汁酸增加肝脏中脂肪分解和 β 氧化相关基因(lpl、 hl、hsl、cpt1、acox1)的表达水平。综上所述, 高脂饲料中添加胆汁酸可改善大口黑鲈生长性能, 通过 FXR/SHP/ SREBP1 信号通路调节脂质代谢, 并促进胆汁酸合成和循环, 本研究为进一步研究胆汁酸在鱼类中的营养调控作用奠定了基础。     

光强和光谱对鳜摄食、生长及相关基因表达的影响

为了探讨光强和光谱对鳜(Sinioerca chautsi)行为、摄食和生长性能的影响, 对不同光强和光谱条件下养殖 8 周的鳜的摄食、生长进行观测，并检测相关基因的表达情况。对鳜摄食的影响研究发现, 光强在 10、25 和 50 lx 下时鳜的摄食比例较高, 显著高于 5、300 和 500 lx 组(P＜0.05); 不同光谱下, 在绿光条件下摄食比例最高(P＜0.05)。 光强和光谱条件对鳜生长的影响结果显示, 10 lx 的光强可以极大地改善鳜的生长, 该组中增重率、特定生长率都显著高于其他组(P＜0.05), 同时饲料系数显著降低(P＜0.05); 200 和 500 lx 条件下生长性能提升不显著(P＞0.05)。另外, 10 lx 光强下生长相关基因 igf1 在肌肉中的表达量显著高于其他组, 同时促食欲基因 npy 和 agrp 显著上调(P＜0.05), 抑食欲基因 cart 和 pomc 下调; 而在 200 和 500 lx 条件下, npy 和 agrp 表达水平与对照组相比不显著(P＞0.05), 500 lx 条件下 pomc 表达显著高于 10 和 200 lx 组(P＜0.05)。绿光组的增重率和特定生长率显著升高(P＜0.05), 观察到生长性能的改善。在红光条件下观察到了相反的结果, 增重率和特定生长率显著低于其他组(P＜0.05), 肝体比显著大于其他各组(P＜0.05)。此外, 红光和绿光组 igf1 在肝脏中的表达量显著高于蓝光组(P＜0.05)。促食欲基因 npy 表达在绿光组中显著升高(P＜0.05), agrp 在红光、绿光和蓝光组中的表达量均显著低于白光组(P＜0.05)。综上所述, 鳜更加偏好低光强和短波长的光, 并且在这种光照条件下摄食行为更加活跃且具有较好的生长性能。     

饲料中添加核苷酸对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长、组织生化组成及非特异性免疫功能的影响

选用960尾初始体重为(0.43?0.01) g 的凡纳滨对虾,随机分为8组,分别投喂基础饲料和7种添加核苷酸混合物(mix-NT)的试验饲料,5种核苷酸(5′-腺苷酸∶5′-胞苷酸∶5′-尿苷酸二钠∶5′-肌苷酸二钠∶5′-鸟苷酸二钠)按照质量比为1∶1∶1∶1∶1(W/W)混合,添加量分别为0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0和1.2 g/kg 饲料,试验周期为5周。结果显示,当mixNT添加量为0.4 g/kg饲料时,凡纳滨对虾的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和摄食量(FI)显著高于对照组(P<0.05),饲料系数(FCR)比对照组降低5.5%(P>0.05)。0.6和1.0 g/kg mix-NT添加组的蛋白质沉积率(PDR)显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组对虾存活率(SR)和肝胰指数(HSI)均不同程度的高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中添加mix-NT对全虾粗脂肪、灰分含量的影响显著(P<0.05),各mix-NT添加组的全虾干物质和粗蛋白含量均高于对照组,但差异未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。肝胰腺RNA含量和总蛋白(TP)含量均随饲料中mix-NT添加量的增加而升高,其中0.2~1.0 g/kg组的肝胰腺RNA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),TP含量差异未达到显著水平(P>0.05);各mixNT添加组的肠道TP含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),0.4和0.6 g/kg组的肠道RNA量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。外源mix-NT显著降低血清尿酸(UA)含量(P<0.05),但对TP、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。当mix-NT添加量为1.2 g/kg 饲料时,血清中谷草转氨酶(GOt)活性显著性升高(P<0.05)。鳃和肌肉酚氧化酶(PO)活性均在0.4 g/kg组达到最大,其中0.1～0.6 g/kg 组的鳃PO活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而各组肌肉PO活性无显著差异(P>0.05)。凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺和血清中溶菌酶(LZM)活性随饲料中mix-NT添加量的增加而显著升高(P<0.05)。结果表明,饲料中添加一定量的5种核苷酸混合物能显著提高凡纳滨对虾幼虾的增重率、特定生长率、摄食量、蛋白质沉积率、全虾粗脂肪和灰分含量,一定程度提高全虾粗蛋白和肝胰腺总蛋白含量,显著增加肝胰腺RNA、肠道总蛋白和RNA含量,提高对虾的非特异性免疫功能。     

不同饲料对银鲳幼鱼增重率、肝脏脂酶及抗氧化酶活性的影响

利用营养学与生物化学的方法,研究分析了不同饲料对银鲳幼鱼增重率、饲料系数、肝脏脂酶及抗氧化酶活性的影响。试验共设4组不同饲料,依次为饲料1(新鲜鱼肉糜)、饲料2(新鲜鱼肉糜+饲料)、饲料3(新鲜鱼肉糜+饲料+蛏子肉糜)和饲料4(新鲜鱼肉糜+饲料+蛏子肉糜+桡足类)。试验用银鲳幼鱼的平均体重为(4.80±0.11)g,每组饲料设3重复,试验周期为9周。研究结果显示,不同饲料可显著影响银鲳的增重率,各饲料组中以饲料1组的增重率最低,并显著低于其它各饲料组;饲料4组的增重率最高,并显著高于饲料2、3组的增重率(P<0.05)。饲料系数以饲料1组最高,且显著高于其它3组饲料组;饲料2、3、4组饲料系数间并无显著性差异(P>0.05)。饲料1组肝脂酶与总脂酶活性均显著低于其它3组饲料组(P<0.05),但饲料2、3、4组间肝脏脂蛋白脂酶、肝脂酶和总脂酶活性均未有显著性差异(P>0.05)。各组间肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性均未有显著性差异(P>0.05),但均以饲料1组最低、饲料4组最高;饲料1、2、3组间肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性未有显著性差异(P>0.05),但饲料4组CAT活性显著高于饲料1组的CAT活性(P<0.05)。分析结果表明,单纯利用鱼肉糜作为饲料不利于银鲳的生长;饲料中添加桡足类不但有助于促进银鲳的生长,也可提高其抗氧化能力。     

饲料碳水化合物水平对鳡幼鱼生长和体成分的影响

以白鱼粉、酪蛋白、鱼油和α-淀粉分别作为蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物原料,配制等蛋白质(45%)、等脂肪(8%)、碳水化合物水平分别为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%的6组饲料。饲养鳡幼鱼8周后测定其生长、体成分及肝糖原含量,初步探讨鳡对碳水化合物的利用能力。结果表明,20%组鱼体的增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率最高(P<0.05)。高碳水化合物组表现较高的摄食率、脏体比、肝体比和肠脂比(P<0.05)。饲料碳水化合物水平的升高,增加了全鱼体干物质和粗脂肪的累积(P<0.05)。随着饲料碳水化合物水平的增加,鱼体的肝糖原储存量先增加、后降低,20%组达到最高(P<0.05)。综合试验结果分析,鳡可以在一定程度上利用淀粉类碳水化合物,但在饲料中添加量不宜超过20%,否则不利于鱼的健康生长。     

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m³ for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m³) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d^–1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g^–1 day^–1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH₄-N and increase inNO₂-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO₃-N, TN, TPand PO₄-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.     

Effects of daphnia (Moina micrura) plus chlorella (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) or microparticle diets on growth and survival of larval loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

Culture performance beyond metamorphosis of larval loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) was examined in a feeding experiment of the early development stage (20 days after hatch; DAH). Total length, dry weight, length- and weight-specific growth rate (SGR) and survival were monitored in different diet regimes. During 20 days, diet treatments included: microparticle diets (A); live daphnia (Moina micrura) (B); live daphnia plus live chlorella (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) (C); and live daphnia plus microparticle diets (D). Fish survival rates during 20 days were 21.23 ± 4.2% (A), 73.19 ± 2.8% (B), 90.76 ± 3% (C) and 91.46 ± 3.1% (D), respectively. Length- and weight-specific growth rate after 20 DAH (final mean SGR; % day⁻¹) were 5.36 ± 0.44 and 15.75 ± 1.52 (A), 9.29 ± 1.25 and 23.47 ± 2.23 (B), 9.42 ± 1.55 and 24.88 ± 2.9 (C) and 9.55 ± 1.23 and 24.40 ± 2.75 (D), respectively. Fish in treatments B, C and D displayed higher growth rates and were significantly longer and heavier than fish in treatment A by the end of the experiment (Ρ < 0.05). Fish in treatment A had highly significant greater (Ρ < 0.001) mortalities than in treatments B, C and D. There were no significant differences in any growth parameter between fish in treatments B, C and D, but the survivals in treatments C and D (90.76% and 91.46%) were significantly higher than in treatment B (73.19%, Ρ < 0.05). The results demonstrated that enriched prey and co-feeding may serve as a potential feeding strategy for loach larvae, and the form of co-feeding reduces the costs and dependence on live foods to a certain extent. We concluded that larval loach should be reared over metamorphosis using either of the following methods: feed with live daphnia supplemented with microparticle diets or with live chlorella. However, a prolonged rearing period of loach larvae is needed to detect nutritional problems and observe remote effects of co-feeding on weaning in the future.     

鲢鳙混养对三角帆蚌生长和养殖水质影响的围隔实验

2008年4月23日—9月21日通过围隔实验,研究了不同鲢鳙混养比例对三角帆蚌生长及水化学指标的影响。实验中鲢鳙混养比例设置了6个水平,分别为0/0(对照组),100/0,70/30,50/50,30/70和0/100。实验开始和结束时测量三角帆蚌湿重,壳长和壳宽。每个月上下旬测量围隔水化学指标包括NO3N、NO2N、NH3N、TN、TP、PO4P和COD。实验结果表明,鲢鳙混养比例100/0的围隔蚌壳长相对生长率显著低于混养比例0/0,50/50和0/100的围隔(P<0.05),而不同混养比例下蚌的成活率、蚌壳宽及蚌重增长均无显著差异(P>0.05)。从水质来看,混养比例30/70围隔TP显著低于100/0(P<0.05),COD显著低于100/0及70/30(P<0.05),NH3N显著低于100/0(P<0.05)以及PO4P显著低于70/30(P<0.05)。因此,综合蚌生长及水质指标,混养比例30/70围隔对三角帆蚌养殖最有利。     

仿刺参与虾夷马粪海胆和菲律宾蛤仔混养效果的初步研究

水温13.8～20.0℃下,在容积50 L的塑料水槽中,放养体质量为(1.4±0.6)g的虾夷马粪海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)11个,过量投喂海带(Laminaria japonica),再分别混养体质量为(3.4±0.6)g的仿刺参(Apostichopusjaponicus)0(A组)、3(B组)、5(C组)和10个(D组),体质量为(12.4±1.7)g的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippim2rum)6个,排出水培养底栖硅藻和石纯(Ulva lactuca),用底栖硅藻饲喂仿刺参.77 d的饲养表明,仿刺参和海胆的成活率差异不显著(P>0.05),但混养组海胆的特定生长率(SGR)显著高于单养组(P<0.05),B、C和D组海胆的SGR分别比单养高9.12%、7.24%和10.06%,各混养组间差异不显著(P>0.05);混养海胆的饲料系数(7.28～7.70)分别显著低于单养(9.12)(P<0.05)组20.2%、15.5%和18.0%.将刺参的产量计算在内,B、C和D组海胆的饲料系数分别比对照组降低31.5%、26.8%和16.0%,但混养组间差异不显著(P>0.05).海胆和仿刺参的适宜混养比例为11:3.蛤仔和石纯生长慢,死亡率高.养殖排水培养的底栖硅藻以菱形藻(Nitzschia sp.)和卵形藻(Cocameissp.)为主,少量舟形藻(Navicula sp.).混养海胆性腺中亚麻酸、EPA DHA含量和n-3/n-6比值显著大于单养组(P<0.05),混养池水中氨氮含量低而稳,溶氧量高.     

Effects of experimental infection by Caligus rogercresseyi (Copepoda: Caligidae) on the common jollytail, Galaxias maculatus (Osmeriforme: Galaxiidae) (Jenyns, 1842) in Chile

Galaxias maculatus, the common jollytail, is a native smelt fish with a lacustrine or diadromous life cycle. In Chile, the rearing cycle of this fish includes a freshwater and a marine phase. Several diseases and parasites reported for the freshwater phase could be avoided by rearing the fish in salty or brackish water. Nonetheless, this alternative could result in Caligus rogercresseyi infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate experimentally the capacity of C. rogercresseyi to infect the common jollytail and the effects this parasite may cause to the fish. Prevalence and intensity of experimental C. rogercresseyi infections on G. maculatus were estimated and the effects of this parasitosis on the fish were evaluated on fish survival, weight loss, swimming behavior, and skin damage. Two experiments were carried out with adult fish taken from the Maullín Estuary. Fish were acclimatized to a salinity of 32 ppt and divided into two groups of 20 fish each. The experimental group was infected with copepodid stages of C. rogercresseyi and the other was used as a control. The fish were kept in individual tanks until observing ovigerous female copepods. C. rogercresseyi recognizes G. maculatus as a host under experimental conditions and optimal salinity for the parasite. Results show that under experimental condition copepodid stage can successfully infect the fish, developing to the adult stage, mating, and producing eggs (females). C. rogercresseyi caused alterations in fish behavior, superficial body damage, weight loss, and mortality. Rearing the common jollytail in salty water should take into consideration measures to control these infections as they can damage fish and affect surrounding wild fish populations. There are no records of this parasite in natural common jollytail populations; however, our understanding of the ecological role played by the common jollytail in C. rogercresseyi transmissions among sympatric host species could be greatly improved through further research related to host preferences and epidemiological data for different sympatric host species.     

Carbohydrate Metabolism of Vitellogenic Follicles and Eggs of Serranus cabrilla (Serranidae) and Mullus barbatus (Mullidae) and of Embryos of Sparus aurata (Sparidae)

The present study compared the carbohydrate metabolism of pelagic eggs of three marine species, Serranus cabrilla (Serranidae), Mullus barbatus (Mullidae) and Sparus aurata (Sparidae). In particular, in Serranus cabrilla and Mullus barbatus the changes in carbohydrate metabolism from the vitellogenic follicle stage to the ovulated egg stage (final maturation of the egg) were investigated, and in Sparus aurata the changes from the unfertilized egg stage to the late-embryo stage just before hatching were observed. In mature, unfertilized eggs of these three species the qualitative and quantitative composition of carbohydrates, enzymes and metabolites were similar, indicating no differences in carbohydrate metabolism. Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway occurred in the follicles and eggs. From the vitellogenic follicle stage to the mature egg stage glycolytic activity was constant in S. cabrilla and M. barbatus, while the activity of the pentose phosphate pathway and of gluconeogenesis decreased. Quantitative carbohydrate composition changed as the levels of hexose, ketose, 6-deoxyhexose, uronic acid and fructose-6-phosphate increased from the vitellogenic follicle stage to the mature egg stage, while the levels of D-glycerate-2-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate decreased. In S. aurata, the investigated parameters of carbohydrate metabolism were similar between unfertilized eggs and eggs in the first cleavage stage. From the first cleavage stage to the late embryo stage the levels of hexose, 2-deoxyhexose, ketose, ribose, uronic acid and phosphoenolpyruvate increased, while the levels of D-glycerate-2-phosphate decreased.     

甘草次酸对斑点叉尾（鱼回）免疫应激下血浆抗氧化酶和免疫指标的影响

为探讨斑点叉尾(鮰)免疫应激状态下血浆抗氧化酶和免疫指标的变化,并研究甘草次酸对斑点叉尾(鮰)免疫应激的调控机制,实验设计两组,每组6个重复:1)对照组,饲喂基础饲料;2)GA组,饲喂含0.15 g/kg甘草次酸饲料,养殖8周后,腹腔注射大肠杆菌脂多糖(LPS),分别在注射后0、3、6、12、24、48 h采集血液和肝脏组织,进行红细胞、白细胞计数,分离血浆后检测血浆皮质醇、溶菌酶、ACH50、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶活性,肝脏匀浆液检测SOD、MDA和CAT抗氧化酶活性.结果显示,在腹腔注射LPS后,血浆溶菌酶、皮质醇、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、ACH50、SOD均呈现先升高后下降的趋势,白细胞计数、血浆CAT呈现先下降后升高的趋势;饲料中添加0.15 g/kg甘草次酸显著抑制了各指标变化,缩短了由LPS诱导产生各指标变化的恢复时间.研究表明,腹腔注射LPS使斑点叉尾(鮰)产生免疫应激,并在注射后6～12h达到顶峰;饲料中添加0.15 g/kg甘草次酸可以有效抑制由LPS诱导的免疫应激反应.     

Influence of nutrition on the lipid quality of pond fish: common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tench (Tinca tinca)

Like marine fish freshwater fish are an important source of essential fatty acids for human nutrition. However, the fatty acid composition of pond fish can vary considerably and strongly depends on that of the ingested food. Investigations on the fatty acid composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tench (Tinca tinca) have shown that different methods of rearing and feeding cause substantial variations in the proportions of the n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of these fish species. Carp reared on the basis of natural food in ponds exhibit high contents of n-6 as well as n-3 fatty acids in their muscle triacylglycerols. On the other hand carp fed supplementary wheat in ponds resulted in somewhat lower levels of these essential fatty acids. High amounts of n-3 fatty acids can be found in carp fed high-energy diets containing high levels of fish oil. Analogous results were obtained in experiments with tench reared under different nutritional conditions. While rearing on the basis of only natural food in ponds as well as feeding supplementary wheat yielded in similar levels of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, higher contents of n-3 fatty acids were recorded in tench fed pellets. High levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in foodstuffs have positive effects on human health. Experiments with different cultured fish species proved that the fatty acid composition of the edible parts can be influenced by the diet. Therefore, a finishing diet with a suitable fatty acid profile can be used to improve the nutritional quality of fish products of farmed origin.     

加工方式对刀额新对虾主要过敏原免疫原性的影响

选取冻干、烘干、虾丸化以及油炸4种加工方式处理刀额新对虾,通过检测可溶性蛋白、主要过敏原含量和免疫活性的变化以及体外模拟胃液消化实验,分析加工方式对虾类过敏原免疫活性及抗酶解能力的影响。结果表明经过不同的加工处理后,分子量为35 ku左右的主要过敏原蛋白仍然存在,免疫印迹显示其免疫活性有不同程度的下降,其中虾丸化处理对免疫活性的降低程度最大,达87%,冻干处理的影响最小,仅达6.8%;而主要过敏原蛋白抗酶解能力变化不明显。结论:不同的加工方式对虾过敏原活性的降低有比较大的差异,但对于抗酶解能力影响不大。     

Molecular evidence for the lack of transmission of the monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii (Monogenea, Polyopisthocotylea) and isopod Ceratothoa oestroides (Crustacea, Cymothoidae) between wild bogue (Boops boops) and cage-reared sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

In the Mediterranean area, wild fish have often been suggested as either the reservoirs of the causative agents or at least the carriers of the pathogens responsible for disease outbreaks in cultured fish. However, no epidemiological investigations on actual pathogen/disease interactions between farmed and wild fish have been conducted even for the most important fish pathogens. Only sporadic isolations and identifications of various pathogens in wild fish have been done and real associations with the pathological conditions that exist within the farm environment and vice versa have not been established. Monogenean ectoparasite Sparicotyle chrysophrii and isopod Ceratothoa oestroides are commonly found in the Mediterranean cage-reared sea bream and sea bass and in the surrounding wild fish population. Both species were recognized as pathogens that seasonally inflict serious losses in fingerlings and juveniles of sea bream and sea bass, being potentially propagated and exchanged during wild and caged fish interaction. In order to evaluate the degree of pathogens transfer between wild and farmed fish, we investigated genetic population structures of these two important parasitic pathogens inferred by mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I locus. Parasites isolated from wild and farmed fish on the two most productive Adriatic fish farms showed genetic heterogeneity, contradicting widely accepted hypothesis of cross-contamination, at least in case of S. chrysophrii and C. oestroides. As far as we know, this is the first report that in a study of pathogen transfer molecular evidence was employed to asses the genetic population structure of shared parasites.