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水产动物在养殖过程中承受各种各样的应激:病原微生物、药物刺激、极端天气、恶化的水环境、机械损伤等都是应激的重要来源。气温过高可使水产动物产生应激。地处亚热带的华南地区,夏季天气炎热,水温可高达35℃。当温度升高,超过水产动物所能承受的上限温度时,鱼虾就会对热的刺激产生反应,动物对高温的这种不适反应称为热应激。 相似文献
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虾青素是一种具有多种生理功能的类胡萝卜素,在水产动物养殖中具有重要作用。本文就虾青素的理化性质和来源,对虾青素在水产动物养殖中的着色作用、抗氧化、抗应激和提高水产动物生长、繁殖和发育性能等方面进行了综述。 相似文献
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虾青素在鱼类饵料中的应用研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
虾青素是一种具有多种生理功能的类胡萝卜素,在水产动物养殖中具有重要作用。本文就虾青素的理化性质和来源,对虾青素在水产动物养殖中的着色作用、抗氧化、抗应激和提高水产动物生长、繁殖和发育性能等方面进行了综述。 相似文献
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随着集约化养殖程度的提高,养殖环境的恶化,水产动物正在面临着越来越多的应激因素,如饲养密度过大、水质污染、气候突变、药物刺激、长途运输、饲料营养不当等.轻度应激会对水产动物正常生长发育产生影响,严重的可导致其机体免疫力下降,诱发疾病甚至死亡.…… 相似文献
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柠檬酸作为饲料添加剂,不但可促进水产动物摄食,降低水产动物胃内pH值,提高胃蛋白酶的活性;增强营养素的消化吸收,促进加快水产动物生长,降低饵料系数;提高机体免疫力,抗应激;还可作为防霉剂和抗氧化剂保持饲料的品质。柠檬酸安全、无毒副作用,在水产养殖中已取得了良好效果,作为饲料添加剂有着较广泛的应用前号。 相似文献
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Peng Li Brian Ray Delbert M. Gatlin III Todd Sink Ruguang Chen Rebecca Lochmann 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2009,40(6):803-809
As the most popular baitfish in the USA, the golden shiner is subjected to frequent handling and transportation episodes prior to retail marketing and recreational use. Considerable mortality and economic loss can occur during handling and transportation. Limited information is available concerning stress responses, such as cortisol secretion, and mobilization of nutrients, such as zinc and ascorbic acid, during handling and transportation of this fish species. Therefore, two concurrent experiments were performed to characterize cortisol responses, as well as changes in whole‐body zinc and visceral ascorbic acid concentrations, after harvesting, grading, and transporting by ground or air. During ground transportation, fish were sampled immediately after being subjected to the following conditions: seined from a commercial pond in Lonoke, Arkansas (I), released into vats from the loading truck (II), graded by bar grader (III), loaded onto a hauling truck (IV) and after transport for 10 h to Brenham, Texas (V). Fish were also sampled before and after air freight shipment. Whole‐body cortisol appeared to be a reliable endocrine marker for stress response of golden shiner subjected to handling and transportation. Grading by bar grader was the most stressful event in the process of handling and transporting golden shiners, resulting in a significantly elevated whole‐body cortisol concentration of 107 ng/g tissue, compared to concentrations of 6.3, 32.3, 15.7, and 30.4 ng/g tissue, for stages I, II, IV, and V, respectively. A significant increase in whole‐body cortisol concentration was also observed after air transportation of 22 h duration. No significant reductions in whole‐body zinc or visceral ascorbic acid concentrations were observed. 相似文献
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Kenneth B. Davis Bill A. Simco Meng Li Edwin Robinson 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1998,29(3):319-324
Abstract— The influence of reduced amounts of supplemental vitamins on the stress response of channel catfish lctalurus punctatus was determined. Fish were fed diets with reduced levels of supplemental vitamin C, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine or thiamine, or with reduced amounts of the total vitamin supplement typically added to catfish feed. Fish were confined for 6 h and blood samples taken at 0, 1 and 6 h of confinement and 12 h after release. Plasma chloride and osmotic pressure were consistently stable throughout the experiment and were not influenced by the diet or the stress imposed. Cortisol concentrations were elevated at 1 and 6 h of confinement but recovered to preconfinement concentrations 12 h after release. The cortisol response varied in some of the groups; however, no consistent effects due to the vitamin concentrations were observed. The lack of supplemental vitamins in the food did not impair the ability of the fish to mount or maintain cortisol secretion. The feed ingredients may contain enough vitamins to support cortisol synthesis or the fish may be acquiring sufficient additional vitamins from the pond environment or from intestinal bacteria. 相似文献
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Cortisol and finfish welfare 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ellis T Yildiz HY López-Olmeda J Spedicato MT Tort L Øverli Ø Martins CI 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2012,38(1):163-188
Previous reviews of stress, and the stress hormone cortisol, in fish have focussed on physiology, due to interest in impacts
on aquaculture production. Here, we discuss cortisol in relation to fish welfare. Cortisol is a readily measured component
of the primary (neuroendocrine) stress response and is relevant to fish welfare as it affects physiological and brain functions
and modifies behaviour. However, we argue that cortisol has little value if welfare is viewed purely from a functional (or
behavioural) perspective—the cortisol response itself is a natural, adaptive response and is not predictive of coping as downstream
impacts on function and behaviour are dose-, time- and context-dependent and not predictable. Nevertheless, we argue that
welfare should be considered in terms of mental health and feelings, and that stress in relation to welfare should be viewed
as psychological, rather than physiological. We contend that cortisol can be used (with caution) as a tractable indicator
of how fish perceive (and feel about) their environment, psychological stress and feelings in fish. Cortisol responses are
directly triggered by the brain and fish studies do indicate cortisol responses to psychological stressors, i.e., those with
no direct physicochemical action. We discuss the practicalities of using cortisol to ask the fish themselves how they feel
about husbandry practices and the culture environment. Single time point measurements of cortisol are of little value in assessing
the stress level of fish as studies need to account for diurnal and seasonal variations, and environmental and genetic factors.
Areas in need of greater clarity for the use of cortisol as an indicator of fish feelings are the separation of (physiological)
stress from (psychological) distress, the separation of chronic stress from acclimation, and the interactions between feelings,
cortisol, mood and behaviour. 相似文献
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We studied the link between high zinc levels and the extreme stress tolerance of common carp. Fish under stress showed much
higher plasma cortisol levels than controls. Stress or cortisol injection induced large changes in zinc levels in the common
carp but not in grass carp, silver carp or tilapia. The effect of 5 days of anoxia and 4 subsequent days of recovery on cortisol
and zinc contents in the common carp was investigated. Elevated plasma cortisol resulting from anoxia was correlated with
decreased zinc in digestive tract tissue and increased zinc in the head kidney. Zinc was mobilized in the common carp while
under stress. Changes in cortisol and zinc contents were reversible during the subsequent recovery from anoxia. Under stress,
protein-bound zinc levels increased in the head kidney cell nuclei of common carp as cortisol increased. Zinc and cortisol
were bound to the same protein, which was bound to DNA. The protein is likely a glucocorticoid receptor. An increase in immature
red blood cells in stressed common carp was observed. Zinc was involved in the stress erythropoiesis response. Zinc may play
an important role in stress defense in the common carp via the glucocorticoid receptor. 相似文献
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促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素受体(corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor,CRHR)是鱼类下丘脑–垂体–头肾调控轴上的重要应激调节因子。本研究通过c DNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术成功克隆出团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)CRHR1 m RNA全长序列,应用生物信息学方法对其序列特征进行解析;同时采用荧光定量PCR技术分析了团头鲂CRHR1的组织分布图谱及外源性皮质醇注射模拟应激处理下团头鲂CRHR1 m RNA的表达变化。研究结果表明,CRHR1 m RNA序列开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)为1290 bp,编码429个氨基酸。团头鲂CRHR1氨基酸序列与鲤科鱼类的CRHR1氨基酸序列同源性最高;该受体具有7次横跨膜结构和氨基端激素受体结构域。CRHR1在垂体中表达量最高,其次为下丘脑,在心脏、肝、脾等组织中表达丰度较低。经外源性皮质醇注射后,实验组血糖和血清皮质醇显著高于对照组,在处理2 h后达到峰值;实验组血清ACTH水平与对照组差异总体不显著,但呈现先升高后下降。应激处理后,CRHR1转录水平在4种组织中的表达变化存在差异;垂体中CRHR1在早期出现明显的表达抑制,在下丘脑中则呈现先缓慢升高后缓慢下降的趋势,而心脏和头肾中CRHR1在早期则表现出表达迅速上调而后缓慢下降的趋势。本研究进一步丰富了CRHR在鱼类研究方面的基础资料,为鱼类应激调控提供了理论基础。 相似文献
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环境胁迫对鱼类免疫系统影响的研究概况 总被引:34,自引:6,他引:28
环境胁迫(environmental stress)是指环境对鱼类所处的生存状态产生的压力,可以分为急性环境胁迫和慢性环境胁迫。捉捞(handling)和干扰(disturbance)等引起急性环境胁迫,而水质逐渐恶化和高密度放养等造成慢性胁迫。随着世界人口的增长和消费水平的提高,世界渔业也得到了长足的发展。但与此同时,由于人类活动范围的扩大、程度的加深, 相似文献
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Paulo César Falanghe Carneiro Elaine Correa Swarofsky Daniana Pinotti E. Souza Thiago Mocelin Ramos César Bárbara Baglioli Bernardo Baldisserotto 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2009,40(6):810-817
Salt (NaCl) and gypsum (CaSO4) are used as water additives to mitigate fish stress and improve specimen survival. High stocking densities and the transportation of fish can increase aqueous ammonia, which can, in turn, alter fish cortisol secretion. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of salt, gypsum, and aqueous ammonia on some stress‐induced physiological responses of jundiá, Rhamdia quelen, juveniles induced by captivity and handling, and to determine the lethal ammonia concentration for this species. Jundiá juveniles were subjected to the following five treatments: water only, water + ammonia (0.4 mg/L), water + NH3 + NaCl (6 g/L), water + NH3 + gypsum (150 mg/L), and water + NH3 + NaCl + gypsum. Blood samples were taken after intervals of 1, 5, 24, and 96 h, and the concentrations of cortisol, glucose, chloride, ammonia, and hematocrit were determined. The NH3 LC50 value after 96 h of exposure (LC50?96h) was measured to be 1.9 mg/L NH3. Either salt or gypsum reduced both cortisol and glucose levels during most of the experimental period, but the combination of both reduced these levels even further. The combined use of NaCl and CaSO4 demonstrates a synergic effect on mitigating stress responses induced by handling and aqueous ammonia in jundiá juveniles. 相似文献
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Effect of some repetitive factors on turbot stress response 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Chantal Mugnier Alexis Fostier Sylvie Guezou Jean-Louis Gaignon Loic Quemener 《Aquaculture International》1998,6(1):33-45
The stress response of the turbot, Scopthalmus maximus (L.), to repetitive factors including netting, air exposure, blood sampling and hand-stripping, were tested using two different tank sizes as well as two blood sampling techniques. Exposure of juvenile fish to air for 1-4 min had no immediate effect on plasma cortisol concentrations or haematocrit values. Similarly, the serial netting of immature fish from tanks did not significantly modify plasma cortisol concentrations, haematocrit or osmolarity values. Hand-stripping of mature males was more disturbing than air exposure. The cumulative effect on plasma cortisol levels and osmolarity of stress factors such as netting, air exposure, blood sampling and stripping applied simultaneously to mature males in a 16 m3 tank and repeated twice daily for several days was recorded. The level of cortisol increased from 5 ng ml-1 to 300 ng ml-1 after 10 days of treatment, while an osmoregulatory imbalance and fish death were observed. Moreover, adaptation of fish to smaller tanks seemed to improve the increased plasma cortisol levels and death rate. Reduction in the number of stress factors applied greatly decreased both the range of physiological responses and the death rate. In order to avoid a cumulative stress response, handling of fish should therefore be reduced to a minimum. 相似文献
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Sissel Jentoft James A. Held Jeffrey A. Malison Terence P. Barry 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2002,26(4):371-378
The ontogeny of the cortisol stress response in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) was documented by measuring resting and stress-induced whole-body cortisol levels in fish at several early development stages.
In newly fertilized eggs resting cortisol levels averaged 41.0 ± 3.0 pg/embryo, and decreased to 8.0 ± 3.0 pg/embryo by day
6 where they remained constant until hatch on day 10. Acute stress challenge tests (30 sec cold shock) conducted on embryonic
(days 6 and 8 post-fertilization) and larval (hatch and 2 days post-hatch) yellow perch revealed no differences in whole-body
cortisol levels between stressed and unstressed individuals. In acute stress challenge tests (30 sec net confinement) conducted
on post-hatch yellow perch, differences in cortisol levels between stressed (30 min post-stress) and unstressed fish were
detected one week after hatching (12.3 ± 1.6 ng/g and 7.0 ± 1.3 ng/g, respectively). The magnitude of the stress response
was greater in 2- to 5-week-old fish than in one-week-old fish. Changes in post-stress cortisol levels were closely associated
with changes in interrenal morphology. Cumulatively, these results indicate that cortisol biosynthesis, integration and maturation
of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis can be observed in yellow perch as early as one week after hatching.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献