斜带石斑鱼仔鱼的摄食节律及日摄食量

鱼类的日摄食节律分为白天摄食、晚上摄食、晨昏摄食和无明显节律四种类型。为了解斜带石斑鱼早期发育阶段的日摄食量及昼夜摄食规律,对孵化15天的仔鱼(全长4.86±0.38mm)在不同昼夜节律下的日摄食量和摄食节律进行了研究。结果如下:实验包括自然昼夜组(对照组)、持续光照组和持续黑暗组,各组对轮虫的日摄食量分别为142个/尾、156个/尾和47个/尾;白天摄食量比例分别为总摄食量的91.3%,80.5%和71.7%。对照组在正午(14:00)出现一个明显的摄食高峰;持续光照组在下午(16:00～18:00)出现明显的摄食小高峰;黑暗组则未出现明显的摄食峰。持续光照组在夜间的群摄食率明显高于对照组;黑暗组在白天的群摄食率明显低于对照组。持续光照组摄食强度小幅度增加,日摄食量为对照组的109.9%;而黑暗组摄食强度则明显下降,日摄食量为对照组的33.1%。综上所述,斜带石斑仔鱼摄食节律明显,属于典型的白天摄食类型;仔鱼的摄食与光照有着紧密的关系。     

不同光周期下红螯螯虾幼虾摄食节律的研究

在不同光周期下对红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)幼虾的摄食节律进行了研究。结果显示:红螯螯虾具有明显的日摄食节律,24 L(持续光照)、12 L∶12 D(12 h光照:12 h黑暗)和24 D(持续黑暗)光周期下,其摄食率、摄食量和摄食发生率均在19∶00-21∶00和5∶00-7∶00出现峰值,分别为:13.01%和15.58%、20.82%和14.75%、12.77%和16.89%,属晨昏型摄食。光周期和不同时段对红鳌幼虾摄食无显著的交互作用(P>0.05)。     

合浦珠母贝和大珠母贝稚贝摄食率及摄食节律的比较研究

采用静水清滤法,对合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)稚贝和大珠母贝(P.maxima)稚贝的摄食节律进行研究,旨在为珍珠贝岸基养殖时的科学投喂和管理提供参考。试验所用合浦珠母贝稚贝壳长(2.49±0.11)cm,大珠母贝稚贝壳长(2.14±0.16)cm。试验所用海水pH 7.79、盐度33.1、水温24～26 ℃,饵料为扁藻。通过测定0:00、3:00、6:00、9:00、12:00、15:00、18:00、21:00这8个时间点的摄食率,得到昼夜摄食节律。结果表明:除6:00~9:00时间段合浦珠母贝比大珠母贝摄食多外,其余时间段大珠母贝的摄食率均大于合浦珠母贝；大珠母贝一天的摄食总量显著高于合浦珠母贝的摄食总量。合浦珠母贝稚贝与大珠母贝稚贝的昼夜摄食节律相似,在0:00时摄食率最高,在6:00时摄食率最低,没有明显的昼夜摄食节律。     

牙鲆早期发育阶段的摄食规律研究

对人工饲养条件下牙鲆(Paralichthysolivaceus)早期发育阶段摄食节律进行实验研究。在水温15.0~17.5℃条件下,初孵仔鱼约经5~6d开口摄食,开口饵料为经120目筛网过滤的褶皱臂尾轮虫,17~20d投喂卤虫无节幼体,21d后开始投喂桡足类直至幼鱼阶段,通过对1090尾仔、稚、幼鱼的测定,统计结果得出:饵料充足时饱食个体占65.8%,日间摄食率达93.7%,10日龄后[全长大于(5.20±0.24)mm]牙鲆日间的摄食率达100%,空胃个体主要出现在10日龄前。仔、稚鱼在早晨8:00和下午16:00出现两个摄食高峰,夜间基本不摄食。幼鱼夜间摄食则比较活跃,摄食量与仔、稚鱼相比明显增加,下午16:00仍为幼鱼摄食高峰,实验结果表明,牙鲆仔、稚、幼鱼具有明显的摄食节律,呈现白天摄食为主,清晨和黄昏双高峰的特点。     

池养条件下瓦氏黄颡鱼仔稚鱼摄食节律和日摄食率研究

对池养条件下瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)早期发育阶段的摄食节律进行了研究。结果表明:每日5:00~9:00及17:00~21:00瓦氏黄颡鱼的饱满指数相对较高,15:00~17:00最低,表明瓦氏黄颡鱼属于晨昏摄食型;在仔鱼出膜后的第5、10、15、20、25和30天瓦氏黄颡鱼的日摄食率分别为44.79%、33.72%、23.21%、19.92%、16.58%和10.27%,呈逐渐下降趋势。     

黑鲪早期发育与摄食的初步观察

对黑鲪Sebastes schlegelii早期发育及摄食进行了研究。结果表明,在水温15.4～16.0℃、盐度30～32、pH8.4的培养条件下,黑鲪初产仔鱼全长为6.07±0.25mm,腹部有残存的卵黄囊;1日龄仔鱼全长为6.21±0.31mm,大部分仔鱼进入摄食期,开口饵料为经小球藻强化过的褶皱臂尾轮虫;20日龄仔鱼全长为8.81±0.40mm,开始增投经营养强化的卤虫无节幼体,仔鱼进入快速生长期。依照TL=aD3+bD2+cD+d方程式,对仔鱼个体的全长与日龄进行回归,得到其生长模型为:TL(mm)=0.0096D2-0.0415D+6.7503(R2=0.9877)。仔鱼耐受饥饿的时间临界点(PNR)发生在产出后第4天(3日龄),不可逆转饥饿期的时间为2d。黑鲪仔稚鱼在24h内均有不同程度的摄食。1日龄仔鱼的摄食高峰出现在8:00,5日龄仔鱼摄食高峰则出现在16:00,12日龄仔鱼的摄食强度在12:00达到最大,相应的摄食率高峰出现在16:00,19日龄仔鱼在12:00～0:00出现摄食率高峰,24日龄稚鱼的摄食强度在12:00达到最大,30日龄稚鱼的摄食高峰出现在12:00～16:00,且16:00的峰值明显高于12:00,24h内摄食率达到100%。结果表明,黑鲪仔稚鱼无明显的摄食节律,属于全天摄食型,摄食高峰出现在白天。     

鲢、鳙、草鱼摄食节律和日摄食率的初步研究

本文报道了鲢、鳙和草鱼的昼夜摄食节律和日摄食率，并对影响摄食节律和摄食强度的环境因子进行了初步探讨。试验的结果表明，这三种鱼都有明显的摄食节律。鲢、鳙鱼的饱满指数在每天4时最低，天亮前后开始升高，8时起明显升高，12时至20时是一天中的最高阶段，20时以后逐渐下降，午夜24时后，大约有6小时停食。草鱼的饱满指数也是以每天4时最低，12时和20时分别出现两个摄食高峰，两个高峰之间，即16时左右摄食强度有一个低落的阶段。试验也揭示了这三种鱼的日摄食率，即每天按单位体重的进食量。按日平均饱满指数法测计，鲢鱼日摄食率的最低值为5．6％，最高值为16．8％，平均为11．4％；鳙鱼的日摄食率最低值为2．5％，最高值为16．4％，平均值为6．7％；草鱼的日摄食率的最低值为26．3％，最高值为49．9％，平均值为38．6％。在全年中三种鱼的日摄食率都以在7、8月份为最高，这就是鲢、鳙、草鱼一年中摄食的最旺盛期。     

黄颡鱼早期发育阶段的摄食节律及日摄食率

研究了黄颡鱼早期发育阶段摄食的昼夜节律性及日摄食率。结果如下：黄颡鱼仔稚鱼摄食具有明显的昼夜节律性。胃平均饱满指数在仔鱼前期、仔鱼后期和稚鱼期分别于21：00、3：00、6：00达最高峰，均于15：00达最低值。不同发育阶段的日摄食率分别为：仔鱼前期69.96%，仔鱼后期28.84%，稚鱼期10.00%。     

克氏原螯虾摄食节律的研究

研究了在<100 lx的弱光条件下雌、雄克氏原螯虾的摄食节律。克氏原螯虾具有明显的摄食节律(P<0.01),并且不受性别的影响(P>0.05)。克氏原螯虾在18:00-19:00时摄食量最高(P<0.05);其次为19:00-20:00和14:00-15:00时(P<0.05);克氏原螯虾在其他时段摄食较少。但克氏原螯虾摄食无明显的昼夜节律,与鱼类不同。这些研究结果将为克氏原螯虾的投喂管理、鱼虾混养和水质调控等提供定量依据。     

学生宿舍之我的观赏鱼

暗纹东方鲀仔鱼存在明显的摄食节律,经过一系列实验,得出结论为:10:00～18:00摄食旺盛,14:00达摄食高峰,全黑暗不摄食,最适摄食光照强度范围为350～500 Lx,仔鱼摄食时的消化速度为3h,日摄食率为14.0%.     

长毛对虾日周摄饵量变化的观察

长毛对虾一天中摄饵量的变化很大。从夜间20:00起到翌晨6:00为全天摄饵最旺盛之时,此段时间的摄饵量占全天的60％以上。其摄饵高峰在夜间24:00到凌晨2:00。8:00及14:00以后摄食量减少,以后又逐渐增多。因此,一天的投饵以4—5次为佳,傍晚到凌晨至少3次,上午近午时1次,午后少投或不投。     

Effects of Feeding Time on Growth,Survival, and Food Conversion Ratio of Huso huso Fingerlings

This study was carried out to determine the effect of feeding time on growth parameters, food conversion ratio, and survival rate of Huso huso fingerlings (2.11 ± 0.03 g) over a period of five weeks. Fish in triplicate tanks were fed a commercial pelleted diet four times every 24 h on one of four schedules: at 08:00, 11:00, 14:00, and 17:00 h (day feeding); at 08:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 22:00 h (day/night feeding); at 18:00, 21:00, 24:00, and 06:00 h (night feeding); or at 08:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 22:00 h (full dark feeding). At the end of the experimental period, fish in the day-fed group had significantly (P < 0.05) better final weight, daily growth rate, specific growth rate, survival, condition factor, and food conversion ratio than day/night and night-fed groups. Performance of fish fed under full dark conditions was intermediate between day-fed and the other groups. In terms of rearing costs, daytime feeding of Huso huso is the most efficient.     

Effects of feeding frequency on food intake,growth and body composition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

The effects of feeding frequency on food intake, weight change and relative proportions of the major body components were investigated at 10°C in a strain of hatchery-reared rainbow trout. Feeding frequencies were from one meal every second day to six meals per day, within the range common to current piscicultural techniques. Fish were fed a dry, pelleted diet either to satiation at each meal, or in restricted total daily amounts based on a percentage of their wet body weight. All fish were forced to swim at a constant speed of approximately one body length per second to minimize variability in growth and body composition.Maximum daily food intake occurred with just two feedings to satiation per day. Growth closely paralleled food intake. Neither specific growth rate nor whole body levels of moisture, lipid or protein were affected significantly by differences in feeding frequency. A trend towards increased body fat with more frequent feeding was observed among fish fed to satiation at each meal; this was believed to be the result of a somewhat higher total food intake than among less frequently fed fish. Fish fed a restricted daily ration divided into a number of meals exhibited smaller differences in lipid content.The general lack of response to feeding frequency was attributed primarily to the low metabolic rate of trout and to the characteristically slow rate of food passage in the digestive tract.     

Effects of feeding frequency on the growth of young estuary grouper, Epinephelus tauvina (Forskål), cultured in floating net-cages

Studies on the effects of feeding frequency on the growth of young estuary groupers (Epinephelus tauvina) with initial size ranging from 16.2 to 16.9 cm in total length were conducted in floating net-cages. Seven feeding frequencies in the order of one feeding in 5 days, 4 days, 3 days, 2 days, 1 day, two feedings daily and three feedings daily were studied. Optimal growth and good food conversion ratio as well as higher survival rate were obtained in groups fed to satiation with one feeding in 2 days. Weight gains were substantially reduced in groups fed to satiation with one feeding in 5, 4 or 3 days and were not enhanced when the feeding frequencies were increased to two or three feedings daily. The fact that food conversion ratios were similar in fish fed to satiation with one feeding in 5, 4, 3 and 2 days suggests food intake to be important as a growth limiting factor. Total food intake per feeding was appreciably higher in fish fed once in 2 days. The intake of food was found to be closely related to the amount of food remaining in the stomach, intake being maximal when the stomach was empty. The food deprivation time in estuary groupers was found to be about 36 hours at which over 95% of the food was digested and less than 0.5% body weight of food remained in the stomach. Hence, feeding the fish at 48-hour intervals, i.e. once in 2 days, greatly enhanced maximum intake and efficient utilization of the food.     

不同饲喂次数对猪生产性能的影响

本试验研究不同饲喂次数对育肥猪生长性能的影响。采用单因子实验设计,将24头长大二元生长肥育母猪(平均初始体重60kg),分为3个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复2头猪。3个处理分别为:(1)分别在7∶00和15∶30各投料一次;(2)分别在7∶00、11∶30和17∶00投料;(3)在7∶00、11∶30、15∶30和20∶00投料。每次投料后,各栏猪几乎不再采食时分别将剩余饲料收回。试验期为2个月,期间以周为单位记录增重和采食量,在试验开始、中期和结束时各进行一次背膘厚度测定和血样采集。结果表明:(1)饲喂4次的生长肥育猪在采食量和日增重上均高于饲喂3次和2次的处理组,但差异不显著,这种增重作用在第1、2周较为明显(P<0.05);但料重比又均低于其他两处理组;(2)在背膘厚度上随着饲喂顿次的增加有逐渐上升的趋势,Leptin浓度随着饲喂顿次的增加也呈上升趋势,日饲喂4次比日饲喂2次和3次分别提高21.71%(P<0.05)、27.51%(P<0.05),背膘厚度与Leptin浓度呈正相关。综合以上结果,本试验认为,生长肥育母猪(平均初始体重60kg)日饲喂2次较为合理。     

Growth and nutrient utilisation of blackspot seabream (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pagellus bogaraveo</Emphasis>) under different feeding regimes

The growth and nutrient utilization of blackspot seabream was studied under self-feeding or hand feeding for 90 days. Groups of 31 fish with an initial body weight of 24 g were fed either by hand two times a day (09:00, and 18:00 h) to apparent satiety or by self-feeders. The 90 days of the feeding trial included two periods: an adaptation period (30 days) required to achieve a constant number of feed demands per day and a subsequent experimental period (60 days). Final body weight and daily growth index were unaffected by the feeding regimes. However, the marked reduction in voluntary feed intake associated with similar nutrient gain on the self-fed group resulted in improved nutrient efficiency and in subsequent increased protein, lipid and energy retentions compared to fish hand-fed at set hours. The self-fed group displayed depressed malic (<62%) and fatty acid synthetase (<35%) activities as well as reduced triacylglycerol plasma levels, which correlated positively with feed intake and, at some extent, with fish lipid content. These results indicate the ability of blackspot seabream to adjust their lipid metabolism according to fish feeding rhythm. No effect of feeding method was however observed on glycolytic hepatic activities or on glucose, cholesterol and insulin plasma levels. Self-feeders led to similar growth (DGI, 1.4–1.5) but better efficiency (FCR, 1.0 vs. 1.5), and hence, can be regarded as a helpful tool to optimize feed distribution according to this species natural rhythm. The maximal number of demands occurring between 20:00 and 21:00 h (dusk/sunset), together with the fact that 61% of the feed demands took place during the night, reveals a preferential crepuscular/nocturnal feeding pattern of this species.     

黄颡鱼早期发育阶段摄食的研究

本实验采用实验生态学的方法，分别对池养9、13、17、23日龄黄颡鱼的食物组成，选食行为和昼夜摄食节律进行了研究。结果表明，黄颡鱼早期发育阶段主要摄食浮游动物，其食物组成随仔稚鱼的生长而变化。摄食初期（黄颡鱼9日龄时）主要食物为枝角类和轮虫，其中枝角类数量和重量百分比分别为86.71%和89.65%，占绝对优势。之后，黄颡鱼的摄食范围进一步扩大，从23日龄开始，由主要选食枝角类转为主要选食桡足类，桡足类所占数量百分比也从初期的3.29%上升到23日龄时的26.68%；而且，从13日龄开始，摇蚊幼虫等底栖动物所占比重呈上升趋势，从初期的54.84%到23日龄的69.52%，始终在食物组成中占主要优势。黄颡鱼摄食具有明显的昼夜节律性，9日龄时摄食高峰值出现在20:00（897.7），低峰值出现在19:00（161.8）；13、17、23日龄仔稚鱼胃平均饱满指数均于4:00达最高峰（914.1、1113.1和199.7），于19:00、19:00和16:00达最低值，分别为50.9、60.9和76.6，夜间时段摄食水平显著高于白天时段，黄颡鱼仔稚鱼明显表现为晚上摄食类型。     

不同投饵率对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长的影响

比较投饵率水平分别为3%、4%、5%、6%时,对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长、饲料效率的影响,以确定暗纹东方鲀幼鱼阶段的适宜投饵率。在23℃下,对规格为3.45～3.56g的暗纹东方鲀幼鱼进行30d的生长实验,结果表明:不同投饵率对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的特定生长率、质量相对增加率、饲料效率、存活率均有显著影响(p<0.05);暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的适宜投饵率为4%,在投饵率为4℅时,质量相对增加率为116.04±0.04%,饲料效率达83.70±0.02%,特定生长率为111.49±0.03%/d,存活率为84.44±0.02%。     

中华绒螯蟹的摄食节律

为了探究中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)最适宜的投喂时间,本实验将120只初重约68 g的幼蟹随机分养在24个塑料缸(70 cm×40 cm×50 cm)中。采用一次饱食投喂(将昼夜分为8个时间点:10:00、13:00、16:00、19:00、22:00、01:00、04:00、07:00,每个时间段作为1个处理组,每天每个处理组饱食投喂1次)的方法研究中华绒螯蟹的昼夜摄食节律。结果显示,幼蟹在不同投喂时间点表现出24 h周期性的摄食节律,且总摄食高峰期在22:00。从其中6d的平均摄食量可以看出,河蟹主要在19:00~22:00时间段摄食;在肝胰腺酶活性方面,淀粉酶活性在19:00~22:00内高于其他各组,且在22:00获得最高值;脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和钠钾ATP酶酶活性有相似的变化趋势,在13:00~22:00时间段这些酶的酶活呈现上升的趋势,且最高值均在22:00获得。在相关摄食基因表达方面,肝胰腺中Leptin基因的相对表达量在22:00点显著低于13:00和16:00,与其他各组相比差异不显著(P0.05);肠道中胆囊收缩素(CCK)基因的相对表达量在22:00点显示出最低值,与10:00、13:00、04:00和07:00点相比差异显著(P0.05)。综上所述,中华绒螯蟹存在明显的摄食节律,这可能与光照紧密相关,最适宜的投喂时间为22:00。