鞍带石斑鱼仔稚（幼）鱼的发育和生长研究

对鞍带石斑鱼的仔稚幼鱼形态发育的各个阶段进行了观察与研究,详细描述从初孵仔鱼到幼鱼各个发育时期的形态特征和发育时间。根据卵黄囊的变化,长鳍棘的长出与收缩,鳞片和体色斑纹的出现,鞍带石斑鱼胚后发育可以划分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期。仔鱼期又可分为卵黄囊期仔鱼和后期仔鱼。水温27～30℃,盐度27～31,pH值8.0～8.4的海水中培育,初孵仔鱼至孵化后2日龄为卵黄囊期仔鱼。2日龄仔鱼开口,3日龄至20日龄为后期仔鱼,22日龄至30日龄为稚鱼期,31日龄进入幼鱼期。鞍带石斑鱼胚后发育过程中最明显的变化是背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长和收缩,也是生产育苗当中比较关键的仔稚幼鱼变态过程。     

线纹尖塘鳢池塘规模化育苗技术研究

线纹尖塘鳢仔鱼期历时14~15 d,初孵仔鱼个体只有2.85 mm;混合营养期短,仅2~3 d,这对仔鱼的成活极为不利。仔幼鱼的摄饵大小L(mm)与口宽D(mm)呈正相关,关系式为D=2.0349L 0.2371,开口饵料大小为150~200μm轮虫。15日龄进入稚鱼期,历时29~30 d;27日龄后,全长约15 mm的稚鱼可以驯食人工混合饲料。45日龄后仔鱼发育成早期幼鱼,此时全长约27.2 mm。依仔幼鱼的食性与生长发育特性,2002~2005年间进行池塘规模化育苗,由前期仔鱼育成全长22.0~34.0 mm早期幼鱼523.7万尾,成活率20.3%~21.7%。     

人工育苗条件下银鲳仔稚幼鱼摄食与生长特性

在人工育苗条件下,对0～50d银鲳仔稚幼鱼的摄食行为和生长特性进行了研究。水温19.0～24.0℃时,初孵仔鱼～12d为仔鱼期,13～40d为稚鱼期,41d起转为幼鱼期。全长、肛前长和体高的特定生长率分别为5.489%、3.228%和5.371%。45d银鲳幼鱼全长、肛前长和体高的生长虽有差异,但不会造成相互间的残杀。鱼苗全长与日龄的关系式为y=4.6233-0.0352x-0.0088x2 0.0003x3,R2=0.996;全长与肛前长的关系式为y=1.6929 0.0927x 0.0018x2,R2=0.978;体高与日龄的关系式为y=0.8424 0.0168x 0.0053x2,R2=0.990。银鲳孵化后3d开始开口摄食,试验用饵料为轮虫、卤虫无节幼体、配合饵料。在仔鱼阶段其摄食率为25%～100%,饱食率为25%～80%;到稚幼鱼阶段摄食率均达到100%,饱食率60%～88%。银鲳消化时间随生长发育而延长。摄食高峰基本出现在白天,属白天摄食类型。     

人工养殖银鲳子代胚胎发育及仔稚幼鱼形态观察

采用人工培育的子代银鲳(Pampus argentus)为亲本,对银鲳的胚胎及胚后各发育阶段的形态特征进行观察测量,以期为今后苗种培育和繁殖生物学研究提供参考资料.银鲳成熟卵子为端黄卵,单个油球,卵径(1.417±0.063)mm,油球径(0.575±0.031)mm.在水温(20.0±0.5)℃、盐度24±1,pH8.0～8.5条件下,受精卵经36 h孵化出膜.初孵仔鱼在水温19.0～24.0℃、盐度 23±1,pH8.0～8.5、光照2 000～3 000 lx条件下,经60 d培育成幼鱼.银鲳早期发育分前期仔鱼、后期仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼,前期仔鱼以卵黄囊吸收消化为主要形态特征;后期仔鱼分化出侧囊、食道、胃、幽门育囊和肝脏等消化器官,外形特征是鱼体腹两侧星状黑色素及金黄色斑点明显,背鳍和臀鳍鳍条原基出现,13日龄仔鱼全长(5.586±0.479)mm,体高((1.068±0.087)mm;稚鱼期消化器官进一步完善,脊索末端向上曲屈,随后尾下骨出现并且尾下骨末端与体轴倾斜,至35日龄尾下骨与体轴垂直,45日龄体高明显增高,全长(25.560±3.870)mm,体高(11.157±1.266)mm.幼鱼期胸鳍前端呈尖形,尾鳍上下两侧生长加快形成深叉状,鳞片完全长成,60 d时全长为(引.000±3.300)mm,体高达(19.750±1.620)mm,此时体形与成鱼已无差别.此外,本研究还对仔稚幼鱼的划分、鲳属鱼类中主要品种胚胎与仔稚鱼发育的异同点以及育苗中容易出现死亡的关键时期进行了分析探讨.     

泥鳅仔鱼发育、摄食与不可逆点的确立

在水温21.4~24.8℃、pH6.98~7.54、DO 6~8 mg/L的人工培育条件下,对泥鳅早期发育阶段(0~20日龄)的形态特征和饥饿不可逆点进行了观察和研究。泥鳅仔鱼的发育阶段可依次分为:胚胎、前期仔鱼、仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼期。泥鳅初孵仔鱼全长为2.550±0.150 mm,其卵黄囊体积为0.320±0.070 mm3。3日龄,口完全裂开,口裂宽0.260±0.030 mm,仔鱼的外源性摄食关系初步建立;4日龄,仔鱼的巡游模式建立,进入摄食期;6日龄,仔鱼的卵黄完全被吸收,仅小部分个体腹部残留呈细线条状的卵黄;仔鱼耐受饥饿的时间临界点发生在孵化后第11天(即10日龄),不可逆转饥饿期的时间约3 d,不可逆点(PNR)期仔鱼没有出现胸角这一形态学特征。     

点带石斑鱼Epinephelelus malabaricus(Schneider)人工育苗技术的初步研究

通过对点带石斑鱼受精卵孵化、初孵仔鱼不同开口饵料的选择及后期仔鱼阶段在饵料、水质调控等方面的试验,探索了点带石斑鱼人工育苗技术。结果表明,采用牡蛎受精卵及担轮幼虫为初孵仔鱼的开口饵料比用BP、虾片作初孵仔鱼开口饵料的育苗成活率提高432.16%;后期仔鱼至稚、幼鱼阶段育苗池水质的优、劣,对育苗成活率关系密切;经过53d共培育出平均全长2.86cm的幼鱼4.91万尾,平均育苗成活率4.09%。     

黄鲷胚胎及卵黄囊仔鱼的形态发育

对人工暂养1周年的野生黄鲷[Dentex tumifrons(Temminck et Schlegel)]进行注射催产激素,成功完成黄鲷的人工繁殖、孵化并培育出黄鲷幼鱼。通过对人工催产所获得的黄鲷受精卵胚胎发育、卵黄囊仔鱼形态发育全过程进行观察,研究其胚胎发育特征。结果表明:(1)黄鲷受精卵和初孵仔鱼比其他鲷科鱼类的略小,受精卵径为0.834~0.998 mm、油球直径为0.184~0.198 mm、初孵仔鱼全长2.25 mm。(2)在水温(19.5±0.5)℃、盐度34.0条件下,受精卵经36~40 h孵化出仔鱼。(3)3日龄仔鱼消化道开通,但还不能摄食;4日龄仔鱼下颌能自如活动并摄取食物,仔鱼卵黄吸收完毕进入外源营养和内源营养混合期。(4)7日龄仔鱼油球完全吸收,仔鱼进入外源性营养期。(5)仔鱼在4日龄若未能摄食到食物则在8~9日龄开始死亡。文中还就黄鲷胚胎和卵黄囊仔鱼与同科鱼类真鲷、黑鲷的区别进行了比较。     

条石鲷仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

在盐度29、水温22~24℃的条件下,进行了条石鲷仔鱼饥饿试验和不可逆点(PNR)的确定;观察了饥饿条件下条石鲷初孵仔鱼、3、6、9、12、15日龄的存活、生长、卵黄囊与油球利用和游泳行为的变化。结果表明:饥饿会延缓初孵仔鱼对油球的利用。随着饥饿时间的延长,仔鱼的生长与正常条件下仔鱼差异显著(P<0.05)。条石鲷仔鱼从初次摄食到PNR期为2.5~3 d,这个耐受饥饿的时间临界点在孵化后的5~5.5 d。在饥饿的条件下初孵仔鱼、3、6、9、12、15日龄仔鱼的全部死亡时间分别为6.5、6、5、4、65、d;后5个日龄仔鱼半数死亡时间分别为4、3.5、3.5、3.5、3.5 d。说明9日龄是条石鲷早期发育中最为敏感的阶段。饥饿仔鱼体长较短,头大且体瘦,长期饥饿后脑后部下陷。饥饿仔鱼表层集群游动觅食,缓慢游动反应迟钝,静伏底。     

土池育苗条件下大弹涂鱼早期仔鱼开口摄食的研究

对土池育苗条件下大弹涂鱼（Boleophthalmus pectinirostris）早期仔鱼的摄食进行了分析。在水温20～32℃，盐度15～20，池水透明度18～25cm的环境中，初孵仔鱼至孵化后4日龄为大弹涂鱼前期仔鱼发育阶段，其中初孵仔鱼至孵化后1日龄属于内源性营养期；从孵化后2日龄至4日龄属于混合营养期。混合营养期仔鱼除依靠吸收卵黄囊和油球为营养以外，还从土池水体中摄食含有拟铃虫的颗粒有机碎屑以及少量的双壳类担轮幼体、面盘幼体和多毛类担轮幼体。孵化后5日龄开始进入后期仔鱼发育阶段，已属于外源性营养期。孵化后5～7日龄仔鱼基本上依靠摄食土池水体中的桡足类无节幼体、桡足幼体和多毛类担轮幼体，但还摄食少量的颗粒有机碎屑。大弹涂鱼仔鱼是碎屑食物链起点的捕食者，虽然有机碎屑并非活饵料，但它附着或包含着拟铃虫、底栖硅藻和细菌等活饵料，是由无生命的碎屑和有生命的生物组成的复合体。     

盐度对云纹石斑鱼(Epinehelus moara ♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(Epinehelus lanceolatus ♂)受精卵孵化的影响及杂交仔稚幼鱼形态发育观察

以云纹石斑鱼(Epinehelus moara)为母本、鞍带石斑鱼(Epinehelus lanceolatus)为父本进行种间杂交,观察比较了不同盐度(5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45)条件下受精卵的孵化率、初孵仔鱼畸形率,以及仔、稚、幼鱼的生长发育及形态变化;测定了盐度为30时,正常初孵仔鱼的不投饵存活系数(SAI)。结果显示,受精卵孵化的最适盐度范围是35–37,初孵仔鱼最适生存盐度为20–30。盐度为20–35时,仔鱼不投饵存活系数值较高(均在30以上);盐度为5、10、45时,仔鱼的SAI值较低。胚后发育根据卵黄囊的有无、第2背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的伸长与收缩、鳞片及体色的变化,分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个时期。在本研究条件下,初孵至2日龄为前期仔鱼,初孵仔鱼全长为(1.959±0.152)mm,主要特征为卵黄囊和油球未被吸收消化;3–30日龄为后期仔鱼,3日龄仔鱼全长为(2.765±0.108)mm,主要特征是第2背鳍棘与腹鳍棘的绝对长度已达到仔、稚鱼阶段的最大值;31–45日龄为稚鱼期,31日龄稚鱼全长为(18.130±1.565)mm,主要特征为内脏器官发育完善、鱼体呈透明状;46日龄后进入幼鱼期,此时全长为(39.850±2.565)mm,体色形成、开始被鳞、体表布满细小的棕色斑点。     

舟山渔场银鲳人工授精及孵化

2005-2008年,在舟山海域银鲳(Pampus argenteus)繁殖季节(4-5月),随流刺网或张网捕鱼船出海,捕捞性腺成熟的银鲳,进行人工授精和孵化.人工授精试验采用干法、湿法和半干法,比较受精率和孵化率.通过4年连续测量银鲳成熟卵的卵径、油球径等形态指标,对卵子成熟度进行判别,在水温16.0～18.5 ℃、盐度28.0±0.5的条件下进行孵化.结果表明,以干法受精后间隔3～5 min水洗和半干法受精的方法受精率最高,受精率达18.50%～33.50%,最高达40%;孵化率达到43.83%～51.00%,最高达66%.银鲳成熟卵子的卵径为(1.368±0.082)mm,油球径为(0.550±0.031)mm,油球1个.对影响海捕银鲳亲体受精率和孵化率的环境条件也进行了讨论.     

灰鲳仔稚鱼消化系统的发育

对出膜后1~35 d灰鲳仔稚鱼的消化系统进行了形态学和组织学观察。初孵仔鱼具有很大的卵黄囊,消化管为一简单的直形盲管。2日龄仔鱼消化系统中肠区首先开始分化,内面可见纹状缘。3日龄仔鱼胃区膨大,卵黄消失,肠道分化出小肠和直肠。侧囊在4日龄仔鱼时出现分化。5日龄仔鱼观察到幽门盲囊的初始结构,油球消失,从内源性营养向外源性营养过渡基本完成。6日龄仔鱼摄食主动。14日龄稚鱼肝脏分为两叶,体积增大,胰脏体积增大,胃弯曲呈"U"形,幽门盲囊指状分支已增加到几十个。22日龄稚鱼肠道弯曲更多,在胸腹腔中肠道盘曲程度已接近幼鱼。28日龄稚鱼侧囊背腹形成一纵隔,出现角质剌。35日龄稚鱼胃腺已十分丰富,侧囊结构也已完善,标志着灰鲳消化系统更趋完善。     

早繁鮸鱼仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

在盐度29、水温23~25℃的条件下,进行了早繁鮸鱼仔鱼饥饿实验和不可逆点(PNR)的确定;观察了饥饿条件下早繁鮸鱼初孵仔鱼0、6、9、12、15和18日龄的存活、生长、卵黄囊与油球利用和游泳行为的变化。结果表明:早繁鮸鱼仔鱼从初次摄食到PNR期为4.5~5 d,这个耐受饥饿的时间临界点发生在孵化后的第7天。在饥饿的条件下初孵仔鱼、6、9、12、15和18日龄仔鱼的全部死亡时间分别为10.5 d、5 d、2.5 d、3 d、4 d和5 d;半数死亡时间分别为8.5 d、3 d、1 d、1.5 d、2 d和3.5 d。说明9~15日龄是早繁鮸鱼早期发育中最为敏感的阶段。饥饿会延缓初孵仔鱼对油球的利用。随着饥饿时间的延长,仔鱼的生长与正常条件下仔鱼差异显著(P<0.05)。饥饿仔鱼体长较短,头大且体瘦,长期饥饿后脑后部下陷。饥饿仔鱼行为变化表现为表层集群游动觅食,缓慢游动反应迟钝和外部形态变化并开始下沉水底。     

川陕哲罗鲑个体的早期发育观察

对川陕哲罗鲑(Hucho bleekeri Kimura)早期发育进行了全过程观察。根据胚胎发育的外部形态及典型特征,将川陕哲罗鲑的胚胎发育过程分为25个时期。在平均水温10.17℃条件下,受精卵历时549 h出膜,所需积温为228.31℃·d。初孵仔鱼全长(11.62±0.50)mm,体重(0.0254±0.0016)g,卵黄囊体积(53.82±1.03)mm~3。背鳍原基、臀鳍原基、腹鳍原基、脂鳍原基分别于2d、4d、9d、11d时出现。17 d仔鱼腹腔出现鳔。18 d仔鱼进入混合营养期。20 d仔鱼腹部首次出现鳞片,进入稚鱼期。26 d稚鱼卵黄被完全吸收,完全营外源性营养。52d时各鳍鳍条完全。64 d时体侧横斑纹发育完全。73 d时鳞片遍及全身,进入幼鱼期。仔稚鱼期间的生长模型方程为:TL=0.3766D+13.318,(R~2=0.9772,TL为全长,D为日龄),特定生长率为0.030。本研究旨在为川陕哲罗鲑的人工繁殖和鱼种培育提供科学指导。     

Development of hatchery technology for the silver pomfret Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen): effect of microalgal species on larval survival

The silver pomfret Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen) is a new candidate for aquaculture and there is not much information available on its larval rearing. Investigations carried out using microalgae alone in the culture system for the initial feeding of the silver pomfret larvae showed that Chlorella, Isochrysis and Nannochloropsis without rotifers are not conducive to the survival of newly hatched larvae. At 6 days after hatching (DAH), a maximum survival of 3% (1.8 ± 1.69%) was observed with Isochrysis followed by Nannochloropsis (0.35 ± 0.21%) and Chlorella (0.25 ± 0.21%). All control larvae died at 6 DAH without microalgae. Further investigations using the above microalgae with rotifers and a mixture of these same microalgae with rotifers showed that significantly higher (P < 0.05) survival could be achieved in the mixture of microalgae with rotifers in the culture system. At 12 DAH, the larval survival was 9.73 ± 1.39% in mixed species of algae compared with that of Isochrysis (6.93 ± 1.86%), Nannochloropsis (6.83 ± 0.61%), Chlorella (5.93 ± 2.76%) and seawater without microalgae or the control (0.73 ± 0.31%). The first incidence of feeding on rotifers at 4 DAH was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in all treatments with microalgae than that of the control. The incidence of feeding in mixed species of algae at 4 DAH (60.0 ± 0.00%) and in Isochrysis (55.0 ± 35.36%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of Chlorella (40.0 ± 0.00%) and the control (25.0 ± 7.07%). Prey consumption of individual larvae increased significantly (P < 0.01) at 8 DAH compared with that at 4 DAH. During this period, predation on rotifers by larvae was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in mixed species of algae (12.85 ± 5.73 rotifers larva^?1) than that of the control (6.75 ± 1.20 rotifers larva^?1). The fatty acid composition of rotifers used during this investigation shows that significantly higher (P < 0.05) ω3 HUFA was present in rotifers treated with mixed algae plus commercial enrichment media ‘Super Selco’ and ‘DHA Protein Selco’. Rearing of silver pomfret larvae up to the juvenile stage using mixed species of microalgae in the hatchery has been discussed. During 38 days of the larval rearing period, it was possible to achieve 3.6–4.2% larval survival with a mean of 3.9 ± 0.42%, which was considerably higher than in previous attempts (survival up to 1.5%).     

Biochemical Changes in Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii During Larval Development

Abstract.— Quantitative changes in the protein, lipid and carbohydrate were studied in the early larval stages of developing freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii reared under fed and starved conditions to understand the relative importance of these nutrients in energy metabolism of the growing larvae. Larvae obtained from several females were stocked into three 250-L tanks at a density of 30 larvae/L. The feeding regime consisted of newly hatched Artemia nauplii. Protein was always the major organic constituent followed by lipids and then carbohydrates of both fed and starved larvae. Protein levels of both fed and starved larvae increased during development, suggesting an important role in morphogenesis. The decline of lipid during the larval growth that was more rapid for starved larvae, suggests a probable utilization of lipid as the major metabolic source of energy. Carbohydrates formed less than 5 and 2.4% of the larval dry weight of fed and starved larvae, respectively, suggesting their limited role in larval metabolism.     

Effects of Tank Wall Color and Up-welling Water Flow on Growth and Survival of Eurasian Perch Larvae (Perca fluviatilis)

The influence of tank wall color and up‐welling water flow on growth and survival of Eurasian perch larvae (Perca fluviatilis) was tested in an intensive culture system. Newly hatched larvae were fed Artemia nauplii, later combined with dry feed, and reared for 5 wk in either black tanks with up‐welling water flow or in gray tanks with or without up‐welling water flow. The perch larvae grew significantly faster in black tanks than in gray tanks regardless of water flow. Two weeks after hatching, a significantly higher mean weight was shown in larvae reared in black tanks compared to larvae reared in gray tanks with up‐welling water flow, and after 4 wk, the mean weight was significantly higher than in both of the other treatments. The difference in growth was further enhanced during the last week of the experiment, and the final mean weights were 51.1 ± 1.9 mg in black tanks with up‐welling water flow, 23.8 ± 2.1 mg in gray tanks with up‐welling water flow, and 23.7 ± 2.2 mg in gray tanks without up‐welling water flow. The cumulative mortality at the end of the experiment averaged 75% in all treatment groups. Taken together, the enhanced growth of Eurasian perch larvae in black tanks could be explained by high prey contrast and increased prey consumption. Up‐welling water flow had no impact on growth and survival of the perch larvae in gray tanks, indicating that the availability and consumption of the prey were independent of water movement.     

红头丽体鱼×红魔丽体鱼杂交子一代胚胎发育及仔鱼形态学观察

对红头丽体鱼[Cichlasoma synspilum（♀）]×红魔丽体鱼[C. citrinellum（♂）]杂交子一代（F1）（俗称“血鹦鹉”）的胚胎及仔鱼形态发育进行观察，描述了各发育时期的发育时序和形态特征。平均受精率为（91.33±3.06）％，平均孵化率为（91.67±2.08）％；血鹦鹉的受精卵呈椭圆球形，黏性，有浅黄、白灰和红褐3种颜色，无油球，平均卵长径为（1.89±0.04）mm；发育过程可分为6个阶段：受精卵阶段、卵裂阶段、原肠期、神经胚期、器官形成期和孵出期，并进一步分为28个发育分期；在水温（30±0.5）℃下历时约52 h 36 min 完成孵化。初孵仔鱼全长（3.71±0.05）mm，卵黄长径为（1.74±0.09）mm，短径为（1.25±0.07）mm，于第3天开始摄食轮虫，孵出后第5天卵黄囊完全消失。第13天全长（11.86±1.02）mm，各鳍条基本形成，进入稚鱼期。     

Effect of tank colour on larval performance of the Amazon River prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hatchery‐tank colours (white, yellow, red, blue, green and black) on the performance of larval culture of Macrobrachium amazonicum. The larvae were fed daily with newly hatched Artemia nauplii. The hatchery‐tank colours affected the light level inside the tanks, the consumption of Artemia nauplii (AN), larval development, survival, mass gain and productivity of postlarvae (PL). The overall consumption of Artemia nauplii per larva during the larval cycle was 30% and 45% higher in the green and red tanks respectively. The significant variation of AN consumption among tank colours (P = 0.0006) indicates that M. amazonicum larvae are visual predators. Survival was higher in the black, blue and green tanks, reaching more than 75%. However, the highest productivity was obtained in the black tanks (80.1 PL L^?1). Lighter coloured tanks and excess luminosity (more than 2 μmol s^?1 m² at tank bottom) appear to be important stress factors for larvae, contributing to reduce survival and productivity. The results indicate that rearing M. amazonicum in black tanks will improve larvae condition, ensure greater productivity of postlarvae and lower Artemia consumption, increasing technological and economic viability.