翘嘴红鲌（♀）×团头鲂（♂）杂种F1的形态特征及遗传分析

2006-2007年，在浙江湖州，通过翘嘴红鲌（♀）和团头鲂（♂）间的属间杂交，成功获得了杂种F1，并通过对杂种F1及其父母本的形态、核型和基因组分析比较，探讨了杂种F1的性状变异和遗传组成情况。结果表明：（1）翘嘴红鲌（♀）和团头鲂（♂）间具有良好的亲和力，其杂交受精率、孵化率均达到90％以上；（2）翘嘴红鲌（♀）×团头鲂（♂）杂种F1的多数可数可量性状表现为中间型。在10个可数性状中，鳃耙数、侧线鳞等3个性状介于父母本之间，其平均杂种指数为54．56．显示杂种F1的可数性状接近于中间值，略偏向于父本团头鲂；在17个常规可量性状中，有9个性状与父母本差异显著，其中有4个性状偏向于父本，有3个偏向于母本，有2个超父母本偏离，其平均杂种指数为49．59，也显示杂种F1的可量性状处于中间值；进一步对框架参数的聚类和判别分析显示，杂种F1的框架体型与父母本差异较大，接近于中间型，但受母本影响较多；（3）杂种F1的染色体数（2n）为48，核型公式为18m＋26sm＋4st（NF=92），说明杂种F1为二倍体，并可预测杂种F1可育；（4）杂种F1大部分RAPD扩增条带能在亲本中找到，有的仅来自于父本，有的仅来自于母本，说明杂种F1为二倍体杂种；杂种F1与母本的相对遗传距离为0．4327，而与父本的遗传距离0．2312，前者大于后者，表明杂种F1与两亲本的遗传差异不是对等的，而是偏向父本一方，UPGMA系统树也同样证明了这一点。     

大黄鱼♀与黄姑鱼♂杂交F1家系初孵仔鱼的AFLP分析

为了评估大黄鱼♀与黄姑鱼♂杂交F₁在良种培育与遗传学研究中的应用潜力,利用AFLP标记研究了双亲基因在2个杂交F₁家系(HF1和HF2)初孵仔鱼中的传递和分离方式。8对AFLP选择性扩增引物在两对亲本中分别检出478和446个片段。在HF1中,检出片段包括215条母本特异条带(FSB)、165条父本特异条带(MSB)和98条双亲共有条带(MuB),其中,121条(56.3%)FSB、115条(69.7%)MSB和93条(94.9%)MuB传递给了全部后代,其余片段在后代中发生分离。FSB和MSB分离位点的平均显性表型频率之间没有显著性差异。AFLP标记在HF2的传递与分离和HF1相似,只是分离位点的比例较HF1低,而且检出了2个非亲位点。此外,在HF1和HF2中都出现了较高比例的偏离孟德尔定律的分离位点。这些结果表明,大黄鱼♀×黄姑鱼♂杂交F₁初孵仔鱼中同时含有来自双亲的基因;虽然计算结果显示杂交F₁在遗传上略偏向于母本,但是父源基因和母源基因没有明显的选择性丢失;母本特异位点多态比例与大黄鱼种内杂交F₁相当。研究结果为大黄鱼♀×黄姑鱼♂杂交F₁的开发与管理提供了科学依据。     

倒刺鲃属三个种之间种间杂交的初步研究

采用人工催产和干法授精技术,进行了以中华倒刺鲃、倒刺鲃为母本与其父本及黑脊倒刺鲃雄鱼的种间杂交实验,获得4个杂交组合和2个自交组合,在(27±0.5)℃温度条件下,对其F₁卵膜径、受精率、孵化率、孵化时间、畸形率、子代早期形态特征与成活率进行了比较,同时,观察了胚胎发育及其异常现象,结果表明:以中华倒刺鲃为母本的F₁卵膜径差异不显著;以倒刺鲃为母本的F₁卵膜径,在多细胞期时差异不显著,在耳石期时,倒刺鲃♀×中华倒刺鲃♂F₁卵膜径显著大于母本(P<0.05)。杂种F₁的受精率、孵化时间与母本差异不显著,畸形率显著高于母本(P<0.05)。中华倒刺鲃杂种F₁的孵化率较高,与母本差异不显著(P<0.05)。倒刺鲃♀×中华倒刺鲃♂F₁的孵化率与母本之间差异不显著,倒刺鲃♀×黑脊倒刺鲃♂F₁的孵化率显著低于母本(P<0.05)。中华倒刺鲃杂种F₁仔鱼早期发育阶段存在死亡高峰期,成活率显著低于母本(P<0.05)。中华倒刺鲃种间杂交和倒刺鲃♀×黑脊倒刺鲃♂杂种F₁既具有父本特征,同时又具有母本特征,初步证明倒刺鲃属种间杂交是可行的。     

翘嘴红鲔(♀)×团头鲂(♂)杂种F1的形态特征及遗传分析

2006-2007年,在浙江湖州,通过翘嘴红鲌(♀)和团头鲂(♂)间的属间杂交,成功获得了杂种F1,并通过对杂种F1及其父母本的形态、核型和基因组分析比较,探讨了杂种F1的性状变异和遗传组成情况.结果表明:(1)翘嘴红鲌(♀)和团头鲂(♂)间具有良好的亲和力,其杂交受精率、孵化率均达到90%以上;(2)翘嘴红鲌(♀)×团头鲂(♂)杂种F1的多数可数可量性状表现为中间型.在10个可数性状中,鳃耙数、侧线鳞等3个性状介于父母本之间,其平均杂种指数为54.56,显示杂种F1的可数性状接近于中间值,略偏向于父本团头鲂;在17个常规可量性状中,有9个性状与父母本差异显著,其中有4个性状偏向于父本,有3个偏向于母本,有2个超父母本偏离,其平均杂种指数为49.59,也显示杂种F1的可量性状处于中间值;进一步对框架参数的聚类和判别分析显示,杂种F1的框架体型与父母本差异较大,接近于中间型,但受母本影响较多;(3)杂种F1的染色体数(2n)为48,核型公式为18m 26sm 4st(NF=92),说明杂种F1为二倍体,并可预测杂种F1可育;(4)杂种F1大部分RAPD扩增条带能在亲本中找到,有的仅来自于父本,有的仅来自于母本,说明杂种F1为二倍体杂种;杂种F1与母本的相对遗传距离为0.4327,而与父本的遗传距离0.2312,前者大于后者,表明杂种F1与两亲本的遗传差异不是对等的,而是偏向父本一方,UPGMA系统树也同样证明了这一点.     

三角鲂(♀)×翘嘴鲌(♂)杂交F1的生长性能及形态差异

为探讨三角鲂、翘嘴鲌及其杂交子代的生长性能与形态差异,本研究开展了广东东江三角鲂(MT)与长江水系翘嘴鲌(CA)远缘杂交实验,获得了三角鲂♀×翘嘴鲌♂新型鲂鲌杂交F1优良组合。以团头鲂(MA)♀×翘嘴鲌♂杂交F1、三角鲂、翘嘴鲌、团头鲂自交子代4个群体为对照,比较分析了MT♀×CA♂杂交F1的生长性能及形态差异。结果显示,(1)土池同池生长性能在1龄时,MT♀×CA♂、MA♀×CA♂表现出显著的超父本CA杂种优势;2龄时,MT♀×CA♂、MA♀×CA♂表现出显著的超双亲生长优势;3龄时,MT♀×CA♂不仅具显著的超双亲生长优势,且体质量也显著高于MA♀×CA♂。(2)MT♀×CA♂的可数和可量性状多数表现为中间型。可数性状的分析结果显示,MT♀×CA♂臀鳍等多个性状介于父母本之间,平均杂种指数为65.00,接近中间值,略偏向于父本CA。可量性状表明MT♀×CA♂有7个性状分别与父母本有显著性差异,平均杂种指数为51.61,接近理想的中间值。(3)聚类分析显示鲂鲌杂种MT♀×CA♂和MA♀×CA♂聚为一支,MT和MA聚为一支,然后这两支汇聚后与CA聚为一支。主成分分析得到累计贡献率达56.02%的3个主成分,反映了鱼体高、躯干、头部和尾部的形态变异;通过构建5个群体的判别函数进行判别分析,判别准确率为87.1%~100.0%。研究表明,三角鲂(♀)×翘嘴鲌(♂)F1杂种表现出生长快、形态优等优良性状,有望进一步培育成为优良鲂鲌杂交新品种。     

鲂鲌杂交及回交F2群体的微卫星遗传结构及其生长性能分析

为了指导团头鲂（、回交F₂的育种工作，对两种回交F₂、一种杂交F₂及两种原始亲本共5个群体的遗传结构及生长性能进行研究。结果表明，团头鲂（MA）、翘嘴鲌（CA）、团头鲂♀×翘嘴鲌2）、翘嘴鲌♀×MC）分别为4.50、4.40、4.75、4.85、5.10，平均观测杂合度（e）分别为0.6671、0.6308、0.6995、0.7240、0.6949，平均多态信息含量（PIC）分别为0.6046、0.5717、0.6406、0.6676、0.6339，BC1-F₂群体的遗传多样性最高（群体大多数位点的Hardy-Weinberg平衡遗传偏离指数显示杂合子过量（2首先聚类，MA与BC1-F₂首先聚类再与MC-F₂聚类，最后这2大类聚为一支。结合Nei’s遗传距离和遗传相似度分析，其杂交与回交后代均具有母本效应。引物Me.Am._15、Me.Am._1、TTF01、Mam25在5个群体中均产生特异性条带，可作为5个群体的鉴定标记。通过对5个群体的生长性能的测量，BC1-F₂群体表现出显著的生长优势。该结果对鲂鲌杂交及回交后代的种质资源保护、种群鉴定及良种的选育具有重要意义。     

凡纳滨对虾自交系与杂交系早期生长和存活的比较

以2个不同遗传背景A、B凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)群体为亲本，建立了凡纳滨对虾自交系和杂交系，比较其子一代的生长与存活。A是引自美国夏威夷海洋研究所的SPF凡纳滨对虾，B是在海南本地养殖多代选育不携带病毒的凡纳滨对虾。实验由自交组AA（A♀×A♂）、BB（B♀×B♂）和杂交组AB（A♀×B♂）、BA(B♀×A♂)4个实验组组成。结果表明自交组生长AA>BB,存活率BB>AA。由此看出2个群体生长和存活率存在较大差异,AA具有生长快优良性状,BB具有存活率高的优良性状。杂交组生长AB>BA，存活率BA>AB。杂交组与自交组生长和存活率比较:生长AA>AB>BA>BB,存活率BB>BA>AB>AA。两个杂交组在生长和存活率上均表现出母本和父本不同的优良性状，AB、BA组表现生长和存活率双重优良性状，杂交优势显著。杂交使生长和存活这两个表型性状都得到了改良。两个杂交组的生长和存活率比较发现杂交子一代遗传力偏向母本，即母系遗传占主导地位。     

杂交翘嘴鲂

正育种单位:湖南师范大学品种简介:该品种是以湘江流域采捕后分别经6代群体选育的团头鲂选育品系♀和翘嘴红鲌选育品系♂杂交获得的子一代二倍体鲂鲌为母本,以团头鲂选育品系为父本,杂交获得的F5,即为杂交翘嘴鲂。遗传了团头鲂的草食性,肉质鲜嫩;在相同养殖条件下,1龄鱼平     

鲌鲂“先锋2号” 长速快 抗逆抗应激强

<正>鲌亚科鱼类中的翘嘴鲌、黑尾近红鲌、团头鲂等是我国重要的养殖对象,肉质鲜美,经济价值高。项目组以经选育的翘嘴鲌为母本、经选育的黑尾近红鲌为父本进行远缘杂交,2012年培育出具有双亲优良性状的新品种杂交鲌"先锋1号"。鉴于黑尾近红鲌优良养殖性状和良好的育种价值,     

牙鲆不同家系生长性能比较及优良亲本选择

针对牙鲆生长慢的问题，实验室建立了63个牙鲆家系生长性能进行了测定和比较分析。对日龄80～230 d的不同家系鱼苗的体长和体重进行了测量，发现家系之间存在明显的生长差异，生长最快家系平均体重是最慢家系的3.08倍，最大体长是最小体长的1.47倍。家系的绝对增重率分布在0.138～0.478。利用多元方差分析（MANOVA）对家系因子进行分析表明，牙鲆家系生长日龄对家系体长和体重未达显著影响（P>0.05）；利用单因素方差（one-way ANOVA）分析和多重比较法（SNK）对63个家系的生长指标进行分析比较后表明，所有家系可分为生长快速、生长较快、生长一般、生长较慢和生长最慢5个组，5组之间具有显著性差异（P<0.01），筛选出19、36、51、21、69、61、64和81号8个生长快速家系。利用多重比较法对RS♂×JS♀、RS♂×RS♀、RS♂×YS♀、JS♂×RS♀、JS♂×JS♀、YS♂×RS♀、YS♂×JS♀　7个杂交组合产生的后代生长性状进行综合分析，发现JS♂×RS♀杂交产生的家系生长最快（P<0.05），不同群体间与群体内杂交产生家系在生长上存在着明显的差异（P<0.05）。利用半同胞家系进行后裔性状测定和分析，对牙鲆3个群体中14个父本和12个母本的生长遗传性状进行鉴定，发现JS29、JS12 和RS41　3个父本及 RS75、RS28、RS86、JS21和JS22　5个母本产生的家系生长较快（P<0.05）。利用生长最快家系和生长最慢家系的体长和体重数据，建立了体长和体重关系式，决定系数R²>0.5、a值相近、b<3，表明家系个体的体长和体重密切相关，家系生长环境较稳定，两家系都处于异速生长阶段。     

Total and free thyroid hormones in plasma of tropical marine teleost fish

Plasma levels of L-thyroxine (T₄) and 3,5,3-triiodo-L-thyronine (T₃) and the percentage of plasma T₄ and T₃ present in the free (dialyzable) form (%FT₄ and %FT₃) were measured in 16 species (11 families) of tropical marine teleosts from an inshore Barbados reef. Mean plasma T₄ varied from 0.2 ng/ml to 42 ng/ml; mean plasma T₃ varied from < 0.2 ng/ml to 50 ng/ml. The highest T₄ and T₃ levels were recorded in parrot-fish and the lowest levels in filefish. The %oFT₄ and %FT₃ varied from 0.05–3.41%. Estimated levels of plasma free T₄ and free T₃ levels ranged from 0.4–466 pg/ml. The extremely wide inter- and intra-species ranges in levels of free T₄ and T₃ do not support a previous suggestion, based on temperate freshwater salmonid species, that free T₄ and T₃ levels in fish may fall within a relatively range narrow comparable to that of homeothermic vertebrates.     

Dependence on body size of respiratory function in Hoplias malabaricus (Teleostei,Erythrinidae) during graded hypoxia

Oxygen uptake and ventilatory responses to environmental hypoxia were assessed for two groups of Hoplias malabaricus of nearly tenfold different body weights (mean weights, group I = 39 g; group II = 365 g). The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationships between body weight and the critical O₂ tension (P_CO₂) for maintenance of normal resting O₂ uptake. The smaller specimens had a threefold larger weight-specific O₂ uptake compared to that of the larger specimens. Moreover, smaller size coincided with a higher P_CO₂, i.e., a more limited range for maintenance of O₂ uptake during hypoxia. Likewise, at any inspired PO₂ the weight-specific gill ventilation was largest for group I. This was most pronounced during severe hypoxia where both tidal volume and respiratory frequency increased markedly. In addition, the oxygen cost of breathing tended to be highest in the smaller individuals. The results open questions as to correlations between development, weight-dependent O₂ demands, and tolerance to hypoxia on an intraspecific level.     

In vivo calcitropic effect of some vitamin D compounds in the marine Antarctic teleost,Pagothenia bernacchii

The Antarctic notothenioid, Pagothenia bernacchii, were found to have plasma total and free calcium levels, plasma inorganic phosphate and whole body calcium efflux rates which were similar to those seen in other teleosts. But total bone calcium was lower than reported for other teleosts. A single injection of vitamin D₃ (5 ng g^–1 fish) increased plasma total and plasma free calcium and these increases were associated with an increase in whole body calcium efflux and bone calcification. Conversely, the same treatment with 1,25-(OH)₂-D₃ reduced plasma free calcium. This seco-steroid also increased the specific activity of ⁴⁵Ca in bone at 40h post-injection but did not significantly effect total bone calcium, plasma total calcium or whole body calcium efflux. 25-OH-D₃ at the same dose had no effect on any of the parameters tested and none of the seco-steroids tested had any effect on plasma total inorganic phosphate. These data show that both D₃ and 1,25-(OH)₃-D₃ can have calcitropic effects in this marine teleost and that these two forms of vitamin D can exert different effects within the same species.     

Morphological responses of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill to hyperoxia,base (NaHCO3) and acid (HCl) infusions

Marked morphological responses occur in the gills of freshwater rainbow trout in response to experimental acid-base disturbance and these responses play an important role in acid-base correction. Compensated respiratory acidosis induced by 70h exposure to environmental hyperoxia (elevated water PO₂) caused a 33% decrease in branchial chloride cell fractional surface area (CCFA). Metabolic alkalosis induced by normoxic recovery (6h) from hyperoxia (72h) caused a 50% increase in CCFA, whereas metabolic alkalosis induced by infusion (19h) of NaHCO₃ caused a 70% rise. However, the largest increase (135%) in CCFA was seen in response to infusion (19h) of HCl. NaCl infusion had no effect. A particular goal was to assess the relative importance of changes in CCFA vs. changes in internal substrate (HCO₃ ^–) availability in regulating the activity of the branchial Cl^–/HCO₃ ^– exchange system. For each of the experimental treatments, the accompanying blood acid-base status and branchial transport kinetics (K_m, J_max) for Cl^– uptake had been determined in earlier studies. In the present study, a positive linear relationship was established between CCFA and J^Cl– _max in individual control fish in the absence of an acid-base disturbance. By reference to this relationship, observed changes in J^Cl– _max during metabolic acid-base disturbances were clearly due to changes in both CCFA and internal substrate levels (plasma [HCO₃ ^–]) with the two factors having approximately equal influence.     

Effects of Fumonisin B1-Containing Feed on the Muscle Proteins and Ice-Storage Life of White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Juvenile (5.5–5.7 g) white leg shrimp were exposed to mycotoxin in one indoor trial by feeding fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) at levels from 0.2 to 2.0 μg g^?1 FB₁ for 30 days. Shrimp growth was affected after exposure to more than 0.6 μg g^?1 FB₁. Soluble muscle protein concentration decreased, and changes in myosin thermodynamic properties were observed in shrimp after 30 days of exposure to FB₁. Marked histological changes in tissue of shrimp fed a diet containing FB₁ at 2.0 μg g^?1 were also observed. Shrimp fed diets containing more than 0.6 μg g^?1 FB₁ showed greater decrease in shear forces after 12 days of ice storage.     

The relationship between T3 production and energy balance in salmonids and other teleosts

Extrathyroidal T₄ 5′-monodeiodination, demonstrated in several teleost species, generates T₃ which binds more effectively than T₄ to putative nuclear receptors and is probably the active thyroid hormone. T₄ to T₃ conversion is sensitive to the physiological state and provides a pivotal regulatory link between the environment and thyroid hormone action. T₃ generation is enhanced in anabolic states (positive energy balance or conditions favoring somatic growth; food intake or treatment with androgens or growth hormone) and is suppressed in catabolic states (negative energy balance or conditions not favoring somatic growth; starvation, stress, or high estradiol levels associated with vitellogenesis). In fish, as in mammals, thyroidal status may be finely tuned to energy balance and through T₃ production regulate energy-demanding processes, which in fish include somatic growth, development and early gonadal maturation.     

亚硝酸盐对团头鲂的急性毒性及高铁血红蛋白的影响

为进一步了解不同浓度亚硝酸盐氮(NO-2-N)对团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)急性毒性及高铁血红蛋白的影响,通过设置不同浓度的Na NO2胁迫浓度,开展急性毒性试验,检测不同时间下团头鲂血液生化指标的变化情况。结果表明,NO-2-N对体重(20.0±1.0)g团头鲂幼鱼24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全浓度(CS)分别为42.2 mg/L、35.9 mg/L、32.5 mg/L、30.1 mg/L和3.0 mg/L。实验鱼在12.0 mg/L、9.0 mg/L、6.0 mg/L、3.0 mg/L的浓度胁迫下,其血液生化指标均发生明显的变化;实验组12.0 mg/L、9.0 mg/L在胁迫24 h后白细胞数量、红细胞数量、血细胞比容与对照组相比均差异性显著(P0.05)。在胁迫24 h后,血红蛋白含量与对照组相比均差异性不显著(P0.05),但有上升趋势。随着胁迫浓度升高,时间延长,血红蛋白含量降低,高铁血红蛋白比率升高,血红蛋白大量转化为高铁血红蛋白,并且72 h后胁迫浓度组6.0 mg/L、9.0 mg/L、12.0 mg/L均与对照组差异性显著(P0.05)。本实验为深入了解NO-2-N对团头鲂的致毒机理提供基础数据,为养殖环境控制和疾病防控提供依据。     

Changes in plasma T3 during fasting/refeeding in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are mainly regulated through changes in hepatic type II iodothyronine deiodinase

Fasting and refeeding have considerable effects on thyroid hormone metabolism. In tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), fasting results in lower plasma T₃ and T₄ concentrations when compared to the ad libitum fed animals. This is accompanied by a decrease in hepatic type II (D2) and in brain and gill type III (D3) activity. No changes in kidney type I (D1) activity are observed. Refeeding results in a rapid restoration of plasma T₄ values but not of plasma T₃. Plasma T₃ remains low for two days of refeeding before increasing to normal levels. Liver D2 and gill D3 also do not increase until two days after refeeding. Brain D3, on the other hand, rises immediately upon refeeding. These results suggest that the change in hepatic D2 activity is one of the main factors responsible for the changes in plasma T₃ observed during starvation and refeeding in tilapia. This finding supports the hypothesis that, in contrast to mammals and birds, liver D2 is the primary source of plasma T₃ in fish. Although the deiodinases important for the gross regulation of plasma T₃ during fasting/refeeding differ (mammals: D1 and D3, birds: D3, fish: D2), they all occur in the liver, suggesting that the organ itself may play a crucial role. In addition, the changes in brain and gill D3 suggest that these enzymes constitute a fine tuning mechanism for regulation of T₃ availability at the cellular or plasma levels, respectively.     

Effects of thyroid hormone on gonadotropin-induced steroid production in medaka,Oryzias latipes,ovarian follicles

Blood and ovarian samples were collected at intervals of 4h prior to spawning time from medaka (Oryzias latipes) that were maturationally synchronized with artificial photoperiod (14h light: 10h dark). Plasma estradiol-17β (E₂) levels increased rapidly from 16h before spawning and peaked at 8h before spawning. Follicle-enclosed oocytes (ovarian follicles) at different stages of development were isolated from the ovaries and used to study the in vitro effects of thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine; T₃) on pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (GTH)-induced E₂ production. GTH at a concentration of 100 IU/ml stimulated E₂ production by ovarian follicles collected between 32 and 16h before spawning. At 32h before spawning, T₃ (5 ng/ml) administered along with GTH (100 IU/ml) resulted in a 3.5 fold increase in E₂ production, compared with GTH administered alone. These results suggest that T₃ can act on ovarian follicles directly to modulate GTH-stimulated E₂ production in the medaka.     

Does the time of feeding affect the diurnal rhythms of plasma hormone and glucose concentration and hepatic glycogen content of rainbow trout?

The diurnal rhythms of plasma glucose, cortisol, growth hormone (GH) and thyroid hormone (T₄, T₃) concentrations and hepatic glycogen content were measured in rainbow trout that had been entrained to a specific time of daily feeding (post-dawn, midday, pre-dusk); the purpose of the study was to investigate the significance of feeding time on hormones and metabolite patterns. Plasma GH, cortisol and T₄ concentrations all showed evidence of a diurnal rhythm in some treatment groups. There was a significant interaction between the time of feeding and plasma GH and cortisol concentration rhythms; for GH, this appeared to be related to the phase-shifting of the post-prandial increases in plasma GH concentrations, and for cortisol, the rhythms were only evident in fish fed in the post-dawn period [diurnal rhythms were not evident in treatment groups fed in at midday or pre-dusk]. Peak plasma T₄ concentrations were evident during the photophase in all three treatment groups; however, the time of feeding had a negligible effect on the timing of those peaks. There were no apparent diurnal rhythms of plasma T₃ and glucose concentrations, hepatic glycogen content or hepatosomatic index in any of the three treatment groups. To whom correspondence should be addressed