长江干流圆口铜鱼的年龄与生长研究

采用鳞片材料对采自长江干流宜昌和重庆江段圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)的年龄进行鉴定,并对其生长方程、生长拐点等生物学特征进行了研究。结果表明,调查江段圆口铜鱼的年龄组成以1、2龄个体为主;体长(L)和鳞径(R)呈线性关系,L=15.327R+71.349;体重(W)与体长(L)呈幂指数关系,W=0.00002L2.9942;体长von Bertalanfy生长方程为Lt=730.15[1-e-0.12(t+1.01)];体重生长方程为Wt=7493.05[1-e-0.12(t+1.01)]2.9942;其生长拐点年龄为8.13龄。圆口铜鱼体长生长3龄前为快速期,之后生长减缓。为了保护长江干流圆口铜鱼资源,建议以278mm为最小捕捞个体的体长。     

长江干流圆口铜鱼的年龄与生长研究

采用鳞片材料对采自长江干流宜昌和重庆江段圆口铜鱼（Coreius guichenoti）的年龄进行鉴定,并对其生长方程、生长拐点等生物学特征进行了研究。结果表明,调查江段圆口铜鱼的年龄组成以1、2龄个体为主;体长（L）和鳞径（R）呈线性关系,L=15.327R＋71.349;体重（W）与体长（L）呈幂指数关系,W=0.00002L2.9942;体长von Bertalanfy生长方程为Lt=730.15[1-e-0.12（t＋1.01）];体重生长方程为Wt=7493.05[1-e-0.12（t＋1.01）]2.9942;其生长拐点年龄为8.13龄。圆口铜鱼体长生长3龄前为快速期,之后生长减缓。为了保护长江干流圆口铜鱼资源,建议以278mm为最小捕捞个体的体长。     

北部湾二长棘鲷生长和死亡参数估计

根据上世纪90年代及60年代的生物学资料，运用体长频率分析法估算二长棘鲷的生长和死亡参数。vonBertlanffy生长方程的主要参数L∞=27．3cm，K=0．45，t0=-O．34；体重的生长拐点为2．12龄；瞬时总死亡率(Z)、瞬时自然死亡率(M)和瞬时捕捞死亡率(F)分别为2.825，1．045和1．78。当前开发率为0．63，资源处于过度利用状态。根据等渔量曲线图分析，当前的捕捞强度过高，而开捕年龄和开捕体长过低，资源出现衰竭现象。综合考虑当前的捕捞强度和社会经济效益，建议北部湾二长棘鲷的最适开捕年龄大于1龄，开捕体长大于120mm。     

长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区干流段鱼类组成及其多样性

2010年9-11月、2011年5-7月和9-11月、2012年5-7月在长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区干流宜宾、合江及江津江段进行了4次鱼类资源调查,共采集鱼类样本27 836尾,隶属于7目17科111种(亚种),其中长江上游特有鱼类27种,产漂流性卵鱼类45种,外来鱼类6种。宜宾、合江及江津江段鱼类物种数分别为85、91及91种,宜宾与合江江段鱼类相似度指数为69.23%,合江与江津江段为71.70%,宜宾与江津江段为77.78%。铜鱼(Coreius heterodon)、南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)、长鳍吻(Rhinogobio ventralis)及圆口铜鱼(C.guichenoti)为保护区干流主要经济鱼类,产漂流性卵鱼类占渔获物总重量的66.35%。鱼类Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在4次调查中江津江段均最高,宜宾次之,合江最低,但三江段之间多样性指数均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与历史资料相比,该江段鱼类资源明显减少,急需加强保护措施。     

长江朱杨江段几种鱼类体内重金属铅、镉和铬含量的研究

2010年7-10月和2011年4月在长江干流朱杨江段采集8种鱼样本,其中瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vach-elli)、鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)、鲇(Silus asotus)、圆筒吻鮈(Rhinogobio cylindricus)、大眼鳜(Siniperca kneri)和鲫鱼(Cyprinus auratus)等6种鱼的3龄样本4～8尾,铜鱼1～4龄样本32尾,圆口铜鱼1～3龄样本38尾。对各样本体内铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)的含量进行了检测。结果显示,所有鱼体样本体内均检测到存在这3种重金属离子。其中3龄组鱼体内Pb的平均含量为(1.885～2.731)μg/g,Cd的平均含量为(0.107～0.236)μg/g,Cr的平均含量为(0.514～0.918)μg/g。8种鱼类体内所含Pb和Cd均超过我国食品安全标准,而Cr含量均未超标。对铜鱼和圆口铜鱼不同年龄组间的Pb、Cd和Cr含量进行了比较。Pb在铜鱼3龄组体内的含量与2龄组差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于1龄组(P<0.05);2龄组和1龄组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。Pb在圆口铜鱼3龄组的含量显著高于2龄和1龄组(P<0.05),但2龄和1龄组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。Cd和Cr在两种鱼各自不同年龄组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。回归分析显示,Pb在铜鱼和圆口铜鱼体内的含量与体长或体重均存在着极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),Cd的含量与体长或体重之间仅在圆口铜鱼中存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05);而在这两种鱼中Cr的含量与体长或体重之间的相关性均不显著(P>0.05)。结果显示,长江朱杨江段该8种鱼体均受到重金属Pb和Cd污染;Pb在铜鱼和圆口铜鱼体内的含量表现出了随年龄增长而增加的生物积累作用,Cd仅在圆口铜鱼中表现出了与年龄相关的生物累积作用。     

温台渔场龙头鱼的生长、死亡及最适开捕规格

在传统渔业资源衰退的情况下,龙头鱼等次要的经济种类逐渐成为东海海区的优势种群,具有重要的经济价值和生态地位。根据2015年11月—2016年8月在温州台州外海(120.93°~122.95°E,27.21°~28.97°N)调查采集的2 611尾龙头鱼的生物学数据,用ELEFANⅠ方法对其生长、死亡参数进行估算,并通过不完全β函数渔获量方程动态综合模型确定最适开捕规格,评估种群资源的利用状况。结果显示,温台渔场龙头鱼体长—体质量关系为W=0.000 5L3.87(R2=0.906 7),雌、雄个体间的体长—体质量关系无显著性差异;龙头鱼的Von Bertalanffy生长方程参数L∞、K、t0分别为32.13 cm、0.39和–0.69龄,体质量生长拐点年龄为2.78龄;根据体长组成资料的线性渔获量曲线估算出龙头鱼的总死亡系数2.55,用Pauly经验公式估算出自然死亡系数0.66,捕捞死亡系数1.89和开发率0.74;动态综合模型评估表明,应适当提高开捕年龄,增大开捕体长,最适开捕年龄tc为1.15龄,相应开捕体长为16.5 cm。     

珠江中下游草鱼渔业生物学特征研究

根据2019—2020年珠江中下游草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)种群调查数据,对其群体结构和生长现状进行了分析。结果显示,草鱼种群个体体长介于103～665 mm,平均体长为(347.89±96.73) mm;体质量介于21.4～6 650.0 g,平均体质量为(986.87±842.96) g。草鱼种群年龄结构为0~+～5~+龄,优势年龄组为1~+、2~+和3~+龄,占样本总数的92.8%。草鱼体长(L)和体质量(W)呈显著幂函数关系,为匀速生长类型。Von Bertalanffy生长方程参数:L_∞=1 187 mm,k=0.128,t_0=-0.282,W_∞=31 344.51 g,生长特征指数φ=5.26,生长拐点年龄为8.29。总死亡系数Z=0.58,自然死亡系数M=0.29,捕捞死亡系数F=0.29,开发率E=0.5。草鱼雌雄个体数的比例为1.07∶1,性腺成熟度以Ⅱ期为主,相对繁殖力为46.28粒·g~(-1)。与历史资料相比发现,草鱼生长性能下降,种群呈现小型化,繁殖力下降,为促进珠江中下游草鱼资源的恢复,建议降低捕捞强度,开捕体长应大于791 mm,体质量应大于9 279.11 g。     

达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼资源现状及合理利用探讨

采用2008年12月和2009年12月在达里湖获取的瓦氏雅罗鱼(Leucisus waleckii)样品,对其基础生物学进行测定,依据B-H模型,计算并分析在不同开捕年龄和不同捕捞强度下的单位补充渔获量(YN/R和Yw/R)及渔获质量(平均体重Wy、平均全长TLy和平均年龄Ty)。结果表明,达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼的生长参数K、TL∞、t0分别为0.1437a-1、38.77cm和-0.5572a;目前开捕年龄和捕捞强度分别为3.52a和0.5256;若保持当前开捕年龄,目前的捕捞强度即可;若保持目前捕捞强度,则开捕年龄可提高到6龄;瓦氏雅罗鱼资源利用不合理之处为大量捕捞4龄以内的鱼,为了合理开发利用和保护达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼,在当前捕捞强度下,应将开捕年龄应限制在6龄,对应的全长为24cm,体重为126g。     

不同规格圆口铜鱼幼鱼的化学组成和能量密度

2014年11月-12月在金沙江收集体长(L)150~290mm,体重(W)64.1~422.7g的圆口铜鱼23尾,根据体长将其分为4组,分别测定其化学组成,估算其能量密度。结果显示:圆口铜鱼幼鱼含水量(WAT)、蛋白质含量(PRO)、脂肪含量(FAT)、灰分含量(ASH)和能量密度(E)占其湿重的百分比分别为65.87%~69.99%,15.65%~18.17%,9.95%~14.07%,2.69%~3.80%,7.23~10.06kJ/g。经统计分析,圆口铜鱼幼鱼含水量与其蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、灰分含量和能量密度均存在显著的负线性关系。另外,圆口铜鱼幼鱼体长与其含水量存在显著的负线性关系,而与蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、灰分含量和能量密度均存在显著的正线性关系。结果表明,可以用圆口铜鱼幼鱼的含水量和体长估测其化学组成和能量密度,圆口铜鱼高脂肪含量与其长距离繁殖洄游密切相关。     

东海区黄鲫资源的利用现状及合理利用探讨

对采自东海区的315尾黄鲫样本鱼进行生物学测定,使用Bhattacharya方法把所获样品体长频率分布划分成不同的平均体长组,推算出各个组的年龄,求出生长参数,探讨生长规律.再依据B-H模型计算、分析在不同开捕年龄和不同捕捞强度下的单位补充量渔获量（YN/R和Yw/R）、单位补充量资源量（^-Pw/R和^-PN/R）、渔获质量（平均体质量Wy、平均体长^-L-y和平均年龄^-T-y）的情况.结果表明,该资源已过度捕捞,应采取适当措施来保持资源的可持续利用：若保持当前捕捞强度不变,则必须把开捕年龄限制在2.38龄较合适;若能同时改变捕捞强度和开捕年龄,则可以把当前的开捕年龄限制在1.50龄,捕捞死亡率降到1.34,这样黄鲫资源仍能够得到保护和合理利用.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：485-491]     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响_

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响王丹丽，李明云，杨天勇，胡章（宁波大学，３１５０１０）关键词老年低额　，蚤状　，温度，盐度，生长，生殖ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＳＡＬＩＮＩＴＹＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＲＥＰＲＯＤＵＣＴ...     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

川渝地区鸡皮刺螨的流行与综合防治

鸡皮刺螨是鸡的一种体外寄生的节肢动物,流行十分广泛,对养殖业发展有严重影响。为了解鸡皮刺螨的发病情况,对川渝两地的126个鸡场进行流行病学调查,感染率高达71%。同时,介绍了鸡皮刺螨的生活史、危害及防治措施,是防制鸡皮刺螨不可多得的资料。     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来，我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐，参与市场竞争，努力提升企业和产品竞争力，经济社会事业发展较快，对国家的贡献提升，职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善，示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓，战略定位与发展方向不明，经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑，没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系，投资匮乏，发展后劲不足，人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状，提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估，改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作，改革时机的选择，处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系，调整好内部利益分配关系，自觉融入区域经济，与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展，建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

Composition and diversity of fish and fish catches in closures and open-access fisheries of Kenya

Abstract  Catch composition, relative abundance and diversity of fish catches in open access and three old fisheries closures were compared and contrasted with previous ecological studies. There was less variation in catch community composition among the fishing grounds than the closures, suggesting that fishing has homogenised catch composition. The trap survey found that some parrotfish [ Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy &Gaimard), Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes) and Scarus ghobban Forsskål] were relatively more common and that some important predators of macro-invertebrates [ Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park) and Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch)] were less common in the fishing grounds than closures. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to visual census results, cumulative number of species in catch surveys was higher in open access than closures sites. This may result from fishers covering more area and habitat or a reduction in the catch of competitively subordinate and rare species by aggressive, early-caught fish that can dominate bait. Comparisons of ecological visual census surveys and fisheries-dependent methods indicated that small differences in catch composition can reflect larger ecological differences and that baiting methods can underestimate biodiversity. Ecological impacts of fishing and large-scale changes in marine ecosystems must be considerable given the many fisheries-dependent assessments report modest changes.