胶州湾5种虾虎鱼类的营养和空间生态位

应用Shannon-Wiener指数和Pianka重叠指数分析了胶州湾5种虾虎鱼类的食物组成、营养生态位宽度、空间生态位宽度及其重叠,通过计算营养空间二维生态位重叠指数探讨了5种虾虎鱼类种间食物竞争与空间分布的关系。结果表明,胶州湾的5种虾虎鱼均属底栖动物食性,其中斑尾刺虾虎鱼(Synechogobius ommaturus)主要以虾类、多毛类和鱼类为食,而六丝钝尾虾虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema)、红狼牙虾虎鱼(Odontamblyopus lace-pedii)、纹缟虾虎鱼(Tridentiger trigonocephalus)和钟馗虾虎鱼(Tridentiger barbatus)则主要摄食桡足类、钩虾、涟虫等小型底栖甲壳动物。在5种虾虎鱼中,六丝钝尾虾虎鱼的营养生态位宽度最高(2.65),纹缟虾虎鱼的空间生态位宽度最高(2.01),而红狼牙虾虎鱼的营养生态位宽度和空间生态位宽度均最低(分别为1.26和0.97)。5种虾虎鱼之间的营养生态位重叠指数在0.03~0.64之间,其中六丝钝尾虾虎鱼与钟馗虾虎鱼的营养生态位重叠指数最高(0.64);空间生态位重叠指数在0.08~0.91之间,最高值出现在红狼牙虾虎鱼与钟馗虾虎鱼之间(0.91);营养空间二维生态位重叠指数在0.0032~0.3648之间,其中钟馗虾虎鱼与六丝钝尾虾虎鱼的营养空间二维生态位重叠指数最高(0.3648),因此最有可能出现激烈的食物竞争,其他鱼种之间则通过营养或空间生态位的分化而降低了种间竞争的程度。     

中国明对虾放流对鱼类生态位的影响

为探究中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)增殖放流对水域内鱼类的影响及其表现形式，采用原位实验生态学方法，在对虾放流河道构建围隔，设置3种虾苗放流量(模拟莱州湾近岸放流5亿尾、7.5亿尾和10亿尾)和无放流处理，经过一个对虾生长季后，比较不同处理围隔中鱼类组成和生态位特征差异。结果显示，4种处理围隔中，回捕对虾数量随放流量增加而增加，但其生物量、平均个体大小和回捕率未随放流量增加而增加；回捕率在放流围隔间差异显著，以5亿尾模拟围隔的值最高；鱼的种类组成相似，可归于杂食性、浮游动物食性和鱼/虾食性。总鱼类和鱼/虾食性的鱼类产出量在围隔间差异不显著，杂食性鱼的产出量以放流围隔较高，浮游动物食性鱼的产出量随对虾放流量增加而减少。鱼种间高生态位重叠(>0.75)配对数随对虾生物量增多而减少。相似性分析显示，放流最多的和无放流围隔的鱼类生态位相异程度最高。综上认为，在实验水体中，放流对虾并不降低鱼类总量产出，但可能会影响不同食性鱼类的相对组成和生态位重叠度，且影响效应随放流量增加更为明显。     

基于文献计量的几何形态测量学在渔业中的应用研究进展

几何形态测量学是研究生物形态变异的重要分析方法,在渔业科学及众多领域得到广泛的应用。使用Web of Science核心合集数据库检索到733篇文献,运用基于CiteSpace软件的文献计量学分析方法,对发文量趋势、期刊、作者、国家/地区、研究机构、高被引文献进行分析,并结合关键词网络知识图谱、突变检测,探究了几何形态测量学在渔业领域中的应用研究热点以及未来发展趋势。分析结果表明,渔业领域研究发文量呈现出交替增减但整体上升的趋势,以美国为主的欧美国家在该领域有较多的研究,澳大利亚、日本及我国研究相对较少。软件应用、鉴别分类、发育和演化、生态形态学仍是目前研究重点,软件开发、立体几何形态学、人工智能形态学是未来研究的重点方向。     

青鱼胚后发育的初步研究

鱼类种群的数量变动,往往决定于仔鱼和幼鱼的成活率,因此,研究经济鱼类仔鱼和幼鱼的形态-生态特点,即鱼类在胚后发育时期中与环境(主要是营养条件)的相互关系,无论对掌握鱼类生长生物学和鱼类种群数量变动规律,以及在渔业生产上,都有极重要的意义和实用价值。     

基于形态学和高通量测序的海水池塘生态养殖系统中浮游植物多样性比较

利用形态学鉴定方法结合高通量测序技术,对2018年12月海水池塘生态养殖系统中浮游植物群落组成及多样性进行研究,结果显示,2种方法共鉴定浮游植物8个门,绿藻门(Chlorophyta)和隐藻门(Cryptophyta)为主要优势类群.共鉴定浮游植物39个属,仅有5个属,包括裸藻属(Eutreptiella)、颤藻属(O...     

滆湖杂食性鱼类食物生态位的研究

2004年9~12月,分别从氵鬲湖北部、中部和南部湖区采集了鲫鱼、鲤鱼和黄颡鱼等杂食性鱼类各60尾,总计180尾。通过对其肠道内的食物组成进行观察、分析和研究,计算出3种鱼类肠道中各食物的出现频率及百分比组成,通过此2种指标反映其食物组成。结果表明:由于氵鬲湖北部、中部水域的生态环境恶化,湖泊生物多样性明显下降,造成杂食性鱼类食物生态位的趋同性,有机碎屑和水草已成为氵鬲湖杂食性鱼类的主要饵料。氵鬲湖北部、中部水域生态环境严重恶化,已不适合杂食性鱼类生长。     

鲈鱼的形态生态特征与养殖效果的关系

本文根据现有文献和笔者的研究，比较了不同产地、不同种群鲈鱼的形态、生态特征和各地的养殖结果，分析了产生不同结果的主要原因。     

红鳍原触鳃部寄生单殖吸虫生态位分析

鱼类寄生单殖吸虫越来越多受到寄生虫学家和生态学家的关注。生态位分析也是生态学研究的一个重要方面，国外学者在这方面进行了较多的工作。近年来。我国单殖吸虫生态学的研究也吸引了不少科学家的兴趣。     

CH791型自控温度水族箱

CH791型自控温度水族箱，是我所根据当前水产科研工作的需要而设计研制成的一种实验仪器设备。该仪器设备对于各种鱼类临界温度的测定、研究鱼类的人工繁殖生理、观察鱼类、虾类及其各种水生动物的生态特征以及各类毒品影响和危害鱼类的试验均具良好的实用价值。     

北极阿拉斯加水域鱼类生态特征及其重要性评价

为了对北极鱼类的生态特征进行研究,从而科学合理地开发和管理北极鱼类资源,以现有北极阿拉斯加水域鱼类生态科学信息为基础,针对北极阿拉斯加水域104种主要鱼类,从栖息深度、营养级、昼夜垂直移动及季节性洄游、生态重要性、传统文化重要性及商业重要性等多个方面进行了分析。结果显示,大多数北极阿拉斯加海洋鱼类为中上层鱼类或中层鱼类,栖息水域多在1 000 m以浅的陆架或陆坡水域;营养级范围为3.0～4.5,处于较高和较低营养级的鱼种较少;大部分鱼类的重要性知之甚少,目前仅少量鱼种在北极海域生态系统、传统文化以及商业性渔业中起到关键作用;具昼夜垂直移动及季节性洄游特性的鱼种各占一半左右;基于聚类分析,以栖息深度、垂直移动、季节性洄游及营养级4个指标作为变量,该水域属于5个生态类群,而以生态、传统文化以及商业重要性3个指标为变量,则该水域鱼类可划分为3个类群。本研究结果可为进一步开展北极鱼类生态学研究及北极渔业资源的开发潜力评价提供数据支持,并为我国参与北极鱼类资源潜力的开发及国家权益的争取提供参考信息。     

Linking fish ecomorphotypes to food categories and local-scale habitat uses along a Brazilian coastal stream

Fish ecomorphological analyses often deal with several traits simultaneously, making it challenging to interpret general patterns, and have not addressed the longitudinal component of streams in morphology-habitat relationships. We identified ecomorphotypes of fishes and correlated their morphological variation with food, structural/hydrological variables, and abundances to detect their links with diet and local-scale habitat categories. Eighteen morphometric traits were obtained from specimens collected by electrofishing in a coastal Atlantic stream in Brazil. To test for morphology-habitat associations, headwaters, middle, and mouth reaches were divided into shorter sampling sites, with the middle reach being classified into riffle, run, and pool mesohabitats. Multivariate analyses highlighted the morphological variations and associated the form categories of 18 fish species with food and habitat categories. It resulted in four combined trophic and habitat ecomorphotypes: (1) benthic AB/lithophilic, composed of smaller to longer loricariids, detritivores, of fast-water, and pebbly habitats; (2) benthic C/lithophilic of very fast-waters, algal and detritus scrapers, with longer intestines than the other benthic species, wider suctorial mouths, inhabitants of headwaters, and riffles habitats; (3) nektobenthic/lithophilic with streamlined bodies, invertebrate feeders, and dwellers of faster-water, cobbly habitats; and (4) nektonic/limnophilic composed mainly by characins, which had strong correlations with terrestrial insect consumption, and lentic/pool, sandy habitats. The morphology–environment correlations linked these ecomorphotypes to the broad habitat gradient arrayed in longitudinal and local scales. These results permit inferring the larger form patterns expected for local fish assemblages and emphasise the fish trait categorisation as a possible surrogate to reveal broader ecomorphological associations.     

Introductions: some biological and ecological characteristics of scallops

Several molluscs that have been introduced world-wide have become economically important for coastal communities. As far as it is known, at least four scallop species (Argopecten irradians, Argopecten purpuratus, Patinopecten yessoensis, Pecten maximus) have been moved between different biological provinces and it is possible there will be further such movements. Making an introduction involves responsibilities and so requires careful consideration. This is because there have been several unwanted impacts with movements of molluscs in the past. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea's (ICES) 1995 Code of Practice on the Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms and recent revision provides a basis for undertaking such an action wisely. In this review, scallops that may be used in future cultivation or in fisheries as potential candidates are examined in relation to the first phase of an introduction—the prospectus. This prospectus should take account of the purposes and objectives of the introduction, including relevant biological, pathological and ecological conditions in the donor region and the potential impacts of the species in the expected range occupied in the recipient region. This may require a study visit to the donor region to evaluate concerns relating to potential hazards. The ecomorphology of five different scallop shell morphs is discussed in relation to their behaviour and occupied habitat. Such information may provide an indication of their interaction with native scallop species in advance of their introduction.     

A review of potential factors promoting fish movement in inter-basin water transfers,with emergent patterns from a trait-based risk analysis for a large-scale project in china

Inter-basin water transfers create new pathways between previously disjunct systems and communities. If fish movement occurs, it can lead to invasion or altered regional connectivity patterns, which could induce biotic/genetic homogenisation or synchronisation. Understanding ecological factors promoting movement is critical for predicting potential impacts during project planning, to assess ongoing effects, and to develop mediation strategies. Potential characteristics influencing movement rates were reviewed, including intrinsic traits that increase passive entrainment or active dispersal rates, extrinsic traits of the connected environments and their interactions. In order to examine patterns among these potentially influencing characteristics, a trait-based screening method for movement and invasion risk was developed to analyse linked communities in a database from a large-scale inter-basin water diversion in China. Groups of fishes that scored high in the risk assessment were compared with worldwide examples of entrainment in inter-basin water transfer systems or smaller-scale diversions to examine emergent patterns of shared ecological characteristics. Specific traits that were most often shared in these groups, indicating a higher likelihood of movement in water diversions, include the following: a smaller body size, high adult or larval abundance, migratory behaviour, generalist and pelagic habitat preferences, and a high reproductive output. The synthesis of factors identified in this research can be used to guide future empirical studies to fill knowledge gaps regarding ecological impacts of inter-basin water transfers or other smaller-scale diversions on local communities and ecosystems.     

黄渤海虾虎鱼DNA条形码分类体系构建

虾虎鱼(Gobiidae)是海洋底层食物链中的关键环节, 在生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中发挥重要作用。因虾虎鱼种类繁多、分布广泛、体型较小, 加之形态上存在不同程度的特化, 对形态学分类鉴定带来极大挑战。本研究对采自黄渤海的 73 尾虾虎鱼成鱼和幼鱼样本分别进行了形态学鉴定和 DNA 条形码分析, 依据形态学分类特征, 鉴定出 9 属 12 种; 而运用 DNA 条形码技术, 共鉴定出 13 种, 隶属于虾虎鱼科 10 属。可见, 在形态学鉴定经验不足或幼鱼形态学特征不明显的情况下, DNA 条形码可以有效地实现物种鉴定。同时, 系统整理了黄渤海虾虎鱼科记录种名录, 共计 29 属 47 种。依据物种名录, 从 BOLD 及 NCBI 数据库中筛选并下载了 18 属 29 种虾虎鱼科鱼类的 DNA 条形码, 与本研究鉴定出的 10 属 13 种虾虎鱼类合并分析, 构建了虾虎鱼科 26 属 42 种鱼类的系统关系树, 覆盖了黄渤海虾虎鱼科 89.36%的记录种, 通过对虾虎鱼科鱼类的分子系统发育关系与形态学分类地位进行确认和修订, 初步建立了黄渤海虾虎鱼科 DNA 条形码分类体系。本研究结果证明了 DNA 条形码技术对虾虎鱼物种具有较高识别效率, 有效弥补了传统形态学鉴定方法的缺点和局限, 丰富了虾虎鱼 DNA 条形码数据库, 完善了虾虎鱼 DNA 条形码分类体系, 为虾虎鱼的保护生物学、进化生物学及生物地理学等研究提供了科学依据。     

6种大型海洋掠食性鱼类胃含物角质颚分类研究

为了研究大型海洋掠食性鱼类胃含物中角质颚的分类效果,于2017年10月,2018年3、5和11月,收集了南大西洋、中东太平洋和西印度洋海域的大型海洋掠食性鱼类的36个胃并分析其残留角质颚的形态。对采集的角质颚形态侧视图和顶视图进行种类鉴定,建立检索表,提取椭圆傅里叶描述子(EFDs)系数进行聚类分析。结果显示,通过对胃含物角质颚形态进行种类鉴定,共发现头足类2目10科17种。根据角质颚形态分类检索分析,17种头足类角质颚形态种间差异明显。枪形目(Teuthoidea)的13种头足类角质颚喙部形态分别为三角形和等腰三角形,侧壁为近似菱形,翼部发达;八腕目(Octopoda)的4种头足类角质颚有喙部发育,侧壁近似长四边形,有翼部发育。角质颚形态信息聚类分析在目级别区分效果显著。通过对胃含物角质颚形态进行分类研究,不仅可佐证胃含物头足类的识别,而且丰富了胃含物头足类的鉴定内容,也为大型海洋掠食性鱼类胃含物头足类分类鉴定体系奠定基础。     

基于RAG1基因的中国近海13种石首鱼科鱼类系统进化关系

为探讨中国近海石首鱼类的系统进化关系,通过PCR扩增和序列测定,获得了石首鱼类9属13个种类的RAG1基因序列。对序列变异进行分析,基于Kimura双参数法计算属间和种间的遗传距离,并结合GenBank中的同源序列,以攀鲈为外群构建分子系统进化树。将所得的分子数据与形态学分类进行比较,推论如下:(1) 中国近海石首鱼类分为两个类群。(2) 叫姑鱼亚科与石首鱼亚科以极高的置信度(90%)聚类,并处于系统进化树的基部,支持了形态学上二者是原始种类的分类观点。(3) 分子系统树显示黄姑鱼属比银姑鱼属更为原始,但二者在形态分类上归为一个亚科的观点有待进一步商榷。(4) 支持尖头黄鳍牙鱼或与银牙鱼或置于同一牙鱼或亚科的不同属的观点。(5) 支持了形态学上黄鱼亚科分化最晚的结论。     

Realizing the potential of trait‐based approaches to advance fisheries science

Analysing how fish populations and their ecological communities respond to perturbations such as fishing and environmental variation is crucial to fisheries science. Researchers often predict fish population dynamics using species‐level life‐history parameters that are treated as fixed over time, while ignoring the impact of intraspecific variation on ecosystem dynamics. However, there is increasing recognition of the need to include processes operating at ecosystem levels (changes in drivers of productivity) while also accounting for variation over space, time and among individuals. To address similar challenges, community ecologists studying plants, insects and other taxa increasingly measure phenotypic characteristics of individual animals that affect fitness or ecological function (termed “functional traits”). Here, we review the history of trait‐based methods in fish and other taxa, and argue that fisheries science could see benefits by integrating trait‐based approaches within existing fisheries analyses. We argue that measuring and modelling functional traits can improve estimates of population and community dynamics, and rapidly detect responses to fishing and environmental drivers. We support this claim using three concrete examples: how trait‐based approaches could account for time‐varying parameters in population models; improve fisheries management and harvest control rules; and inform size‐based models of marine communities. We then present a step‐by‐step primer for how trait‐based methods could be adapted to complement existing models and analyses in fisheries science. Finally, we call for the creation and expansion of publicly available trait databases to facilitate adapting trait‐based methods in fisheries science, to complement existing public databases of life‐history parameters for marine organisms.     

长江、瓯江、辽河水系河蟹种群生态和形态特征及蟹种质量鉴别

描述了长江、瓯江、辽河水系河蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）种群的主要生态和形态特征。三个水系的河触在生态、形态、几种同工酶及遗传多样性上存在的差异,但差异不大,尚不足以形成特征群体。据此认为三个水系的河蟹是属于同一个种的不同种群。同一水系蟹种的质量应从外形、个体规格、均匀度、伤残率、复位能力、肥满度和致病菌、寄生虫的感染寄生等指标上加以鉴别。     

基于线粒体COⅠ基因和形态学方法的3种梭子蟹科溞状幼体物种鉴定

为调查黄海蟹类资源情况,并识别梭子蟹科溞状幼体各阶段形态,利用2018年5月下旬至8月上旬在黄海海州湾及邻近水域的鱼类浮游生物大面综合调查获得的海洋蟹类幼体样品,基于线粒体COⅠ基因和形态学方法对梭子蟹科溞状幼体种类进行了鉴定。结果显示,春夏季调查水域共出现3种梭子蟹科幼体:三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)、日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)和双斑蟳(Charybdis bimaculata);线粒体COⅠ基因测序可准确识别3个物种。对3种梭子蟹溞状幼体的形态学观察结果表明,背棘与额棘形态、尾叉外缘小刺的有无可作为区分上述3种梭子蟹溞状幼体的主要形态学指标。根据3个物种幼体形态特征建立了梭子蟹科溞状幼体分类检索表,基于检索表对幼体进行分类鉴定,并选择8月上旬航次形态学鉴定的80个三疣梭子蟹溞状幼体、24个日本蟳溞状幼体、70个双斑蟳溞状幼体样品进行分子测序验证。结果表明,上述3种蟹类溞状幼体的形态学鉴定准确率分别达到93.75%、100%和97.14%,误判皆发生于溞状幼体Ⅰ期梭子蟹科3个物种之间。研究初步建立了黄海中部梭子蟹科溞状幼体形态鉴定...