MS-222对斑点叉尾鮰麻醉效果的研究

为研究各种因素对MS-222麻醉效果的影响,进行了不同麻醉剂质量分数、麻醉温度和药浴时间等对斑点叉尾鮰[(100±8.5)g]麻醉效果的试验。试验结果:在水温26℃条件下,MS-222质量分数在40~160 mg·L-1时,随着质量分数的增大,斑点叉尾鮰进入麻醉状态的时间显著缩短,复苏时间变化较小,MS-222质量分数在100~160 mg·L-1时能够达到理想的麻醉效果。当MS-222质量分数为100 mg·L-1,水温在18~34℃时,随着温度的升高,斑点叉尾鮰进入麻醉状态的时间显著缩短,复苏时间明显增加,水温在26~30℃时能够达到理想的麻醉效果。水温26℃条件下,当MS-222质量分数小于等于60mg·L-1时,斑点叉尾鮰的麻醉时间较长;MS-222质量分数为80 mg·L-1和100 mg·L-1时,斑点叉尾鮰的麻醉时间不能超过10 min;MS-222质量分数在大于等于120 mg·L-1时,斑点叉尾鮰的麻醉时间不能超过3 min。用不同质量分数的MS-222对斑点叉尾鮰进行麻醉时,斑点叉尾鮰每分钟呼吸频率到达峰值的时间随着麻醉剂质量分数的增大而逐渐缩短。     

丁香酚对罗非鱼的麻醉效果

对罗非鱼进行丁香酚药浴实验,研究丁香酚药浴浓度、药浴时间以及鱼体规格对麻醉效果的影响。结果表明:在10~120mg·L-1范围内,随着丁香酚药浴浓度的增加,罗非鱼麻醉时间逐渐缩短,苏醒时间逐渐增长,罗非鱼麻醉复苏率均为100%;丁香酚药浴浓度为45mg·L-1时,罗非鱼可以在3min内麻醉,5min内苏醒,为最适药浴浓度。在最适药浴浓度条件下,丁香酚对罗非鱼的麻醉效果与鱼的规格无相关性,且药浴时间超过120min,罗非鱼复苏率呈降低趋势,浸泡时间达到300min时,罗非鱼的死亡率为100%。     

丁香酚对鲫鱼麻醉效果的研究

采用丁香酚对鲫鱼(130±10 g)进行了麻醉效果的研究.结果显示:水温28℃下,丁香酚浓度在37～80 mg/L时,鲫鱼都能被理想麻醉,且随着浓度的增加,麻醉时间缩短,但复苏时间延长;丁香酚浓度为40 mg/L,水温在20.6～35℃时,鲫鱼都能被理想麻醉;水温28℃,丁香酚浓度在40 mg/L时,麻醉时间为7 min,复苏率为100%,空气暴露时间15 min,复苏率为100%.丁香酚可以被用作鲫鱼的一种安全有效的麻醉剂.     

丁香酚对罗非鱼麻醉效果的初步研究

为研究丁香酚对罗非鱼的麻醉效果,用体长(27.00±0.05)cm的罗非鱼进行了麻醉试验。结果显示,在水温25~27℃条件下,当丁香酚浓度在20~200 mg/L时,麻醉所需的时间与麻醉剂浓度呈负相关,而复苏时间与麻醉剂浓度呈正相关;在丁香酚浓度为50 mg/L的药液中药浴20 min,罗非鱼复苏所需的时间为3~4 min,在理想的复苏时间范围内;但随着药浴时间的延长,以及在空气中暴露时间的延长,深度麻醉的罗非鱼复苏所需的时间增加,且复苏率降低。试验结果表明,丁香酚是安全、有效的罗非鱼麻醉剂,其浓度在50~100 mg/L时,麻醉效果最佳,罗非鱼1~2 min即进入麻醉状态,麻醉后的罗非鱼3~4min复苏,可满足常规实验操作的需要。     

二氧化碳麻醉技术在罗非鱼无水保活运输中的应用研究

采用二氧化碳(CO2)对罗非鱼进行麻醉,以麻醉时间、复苏时间为指标,探讨CO2浓度、水温、浸浴时间对罗非鱼麻醉效果的影响.结果显示,水温25℃、浓度0.41～ 1.13 mg/L时,随着浓度的增加,麻醉时间缩短,复苏时间延长;浓度0.58 mg/L时,水温由10℃升高到30℃时,麻醉时间呈先上升后下降的趋势,复苏时间呈下降趋势.罗非鱼血浆生化指标分析表明,麻醉中罗非鱼的乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性分别与麻醉前、麻醉后差异显著(P＜0.05);麻醉中罗非鱼的肌酐、尿素氮、乳酸含量显著高于麻醉前和复苏后;与麻醉中罗非鱼的血浆生化指标相比,复苏后的罗非鱼血浆生化指标均下降.研究表明,CO2对罗非鱼有麻醉作用,CO2麻醉可辅助罗非鱼无水保活运输.     

MS-222和丁香油对黄条鰤麻醉效果研究

黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)是一种全球水域广泛分布的具有长距离洄游特性的大型大洋性鱼类,其生性凶猛、游泳速度快,人工养殖条件下对环境刺激的应激反应强烈。为开发适宜黄条鰤实验和生产操作的低应激处理技术,采用实验生态学、生理学手段,首次研究了2种温度条件下(20℃和24℃)、2种麻醉剂(MS-222和丁香油)对1龄黄条鰤的麻醉效果,通过行为判别与生理指标分析(皮质醇、肾上腺素和葡萄糖的水平),确定了2种麻醉剂对黄条 的最适麻醉时间、复苏时间和麻醉剂量。根据黄条鰤麻醉和复苏时的行为特征,将麻醉过程分为7个时期,复苏过程分为6个时期。在水温为20℃和24℃时,MS-222麻醉黄条 的最佳浓度分别为100~120 和100 mg/L,而丁香油的最佳浓度均为40 mg/L。在此条件下,实验鱼均可在3 min之内入麻,5 min之内复苏。随着麻醉剂浓度的增加,黄条鰤入麻时间呈缩短趋势,复苏时间呈延长趋势。水温的升高降低了入麻时间,而对复苏时间无明显影响。在水温20℃和24℃条件下,40 mg/L的丁香油麻醉黄条鰤后,血清皮质醇水平分别于6 h和12 h达峰值;在水温24℃条件下,100 mg/L的MS-222麻醉黄条鰤后,血清肾上腺素水平于12 h达峰值,其他各实验组血清肾上腺素、葡萄糖和皮质醇水平均在24 h达峰值。2种温度条件下,实验鱼血清中3种应激相关生理指标在复苏72 h后均显著降低至初始水平以下。本研究结果可为制定规范化的黄条鰤实验与养殖生产操作技术提供参考依据。     

MS-222对日本对虾麻醉效果的研究

在水温为20℃条件下研究了麻醉剂MS-222对日本对虾的麻醉效果,探索了日本对虾在安全浓度下麻醉后离水操作的可行性。结果表明,随着MS-222浓度的逐渐升高,日本对虾表现出达到麻醉状态所需要的时间逐渐缩短,而复苏时间逐渐增加的趋势。MS-222的理想麻醉浓度为6 g/L,到达轻度麻醉、中度麻醉、深度麻醉和复苏所需要的时间分别为69.0、104.8、159.6和221.6 s,复苏后24 h内的存活率均达到100%,对日本对虾的麻醉效果较好。经理想浓度6 g/L深度麻醉后,适宜的离水操作时间应小于4 min。综上所述,MS-222是日本对虾有效、安全的麻醉剂。     

丁香酚对斑马鱼麻醉效果的研究

采用丁香酚对斑马鱼(0.36±0.03 g)进行了麻醉效果和急性毒性研究。麻醉试验的结果显示:水温28±1 ℃下,丁香酚对斑马鱼的理想麻醉浓度为20 mg·L-1,麻醉时间为2.25±0.028 min,复苏时间为0.94±0.048 min;麻醉时间11 min内,复苏率均为100 %。急性毒性试验的结果显示:水温28±1 ℃下,丁香酚对斑马鱼96 h的LC₅₀为5.97 mg·L-1,95 %可信范围为5.36~6.66 mg·L-1,安全浓度(SC)为0.60 mg·L-1。试验结果表明,作为一种鱼用麻醉剂,丁香酚在一定的范围内有效,生产试验使用中应进一步关注其有效性、安全性和潜在影响。     

MS-222对牙鲆麻醉效果

以MS-222为麻醉剂，在13～14℃水温条件下，用浸浴麻醉方法测试了不同麻醉剂浓度和不同麻醉时间对牙鲆复苏时间、复苏率和24h存活率及长时间麻醉对复苏率的影响以及超有效浓度麻醉剂（60mg/L）麻醉后的抗露干能力。预备实验证明，本试验条件下麻醉剂的有效浓度为50mg/L。实验表明，将麻醉剂浓度从50mg/L提高到200mg/L，供试鱼被麻醉的时间由288s缩短至50s，复苏时间由94s延长至106s；用60、100和200mg/L的麻醉液持续麻醉后，可获得100%复苏率的最长麻醉时间分别为64、32和32min，牙鲆经MS-222麻醉后抗露干时间延长。牙鲆麻醉后复苏过程中存在较大的个体差异，但一旦复苏，牙鲆24h内的存活率可达100%。实验表明，MS-222的合理麻醉浓度为60mg/L，此浓度下最长麻醉时间为64min，麻醉露干时间应低于60min。     

影响乙二醇苯醚对尼罗罗非鱼麻醉作用的因子

乙二醇苯醚对尼罗罗非鱼有麻醉作用。其特点是：达成麻醉快，完全复苏也快。水温２３．５℃时，对全长１５０±５ｍｍ的个体，低剂量（＜０．０５ｍｌ／Ｌ）无效，高剂量（＞０．６０ｍｌ／Ｌ）致死，１２ｈ５０％致死量为０．５０ｍｌ／Ｌ。鱼体越大，对麻醉剂的敏感程度越高。随溶氧的增加达成麻醉的时间延长，在清水中复苏时间缩短。温度越低，达成麻醉的时间越长，复苏时间越短，死亡率越低。盐度越高，达成麻醉的时间越短，复苏时间越长，死亡率增大。在正常养殖范围内，ｐＨ值对麻醉效果几无影响。罗非鱼在饱食状态下，达成麻醉的时间较空腹时缩短，复苏时间却几无变化     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

An analysis of the food of 274 specimens of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner), which had been collected in Lake Kinneret, showed that this species is mainly a zooplankton consumer.A study of the quantitative dynamics of the food components in the course of a year has proved that the species in question feeds more intensely in spring, this being the time when zooplankton forms are more abundant in the water of the lake. Vegetable detritus, mixed with plankton and benthos forms, served as additional and alternative food.The lack of clearly positive degree of food component selectivity, as well as the low values of the intestine repletion index and of the condition coefficient, account for the slowness in growth of Tilapia aurea in Lake Kinneret.The low values of the growth and feeding indices are due, according to the authors, to the pressure brought to bear by the other local fish species, which are competitors for the same food.     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia zillii (Gervais) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

Analysis of the gut content of 329 specimens of T. zillii (Cichlidae) collected from Lake Kinneret, has shown great variation in the sorts of food.A study of seasonal dynamics has proved the prevalence in the food of Chironomida pupae (Diptera) in winter and spring and of zooplankton forms in summer and autumn. The additional food consisted of the various groups of algae, the most frequently found being Cyanophyta (100%) and Pyrrophyta (64.16%). An extremely voraceous species, it consumes — while searching for its preferred food — anything that comes its way in the water: algae, scraps of macrophytes, autochthonous and allochthonous insects, and forms of benthic origin, such as Nematoda, Ostracoda, Porifera and Chironomida (larvae).The satiation index is high (between 4.08 and 5.63), in contradiction to the low values of the coefficient of condition (between 3.05 and 3.51), and with the slow rate of growth in Lake Kinneret. The main food of Tilapia zillii, consists of arthropod species with a chitin content (which is eliminated unchanged) of more than 50% of the total weight, and this may account for the poor exploitation of the trophic base.This species of fish may be considered as being detrimental to others (i.e. commercially important species) because of its successful competition for food, and not, as is often incorrectly assumed, because it is an aggressive consumer of their spawn and fry.     

不同品系尼罗罗非鱼致死低温的研究

在室内自然降温条件下，研究了三个品系尼罗罗非鱼（吉富品系，“７８”品系，“８８”品系）对低温的耐受力，计算得出每个品系的半致死低温，并对降温过程中尼罗罗非鱼行为活动的变化进行了观察。试验结果表明，在上海地区，当温度降低到１１℃时，罗非鱼开始死亡，到７．４℃时，全部死亡。吉富罗非鱼死亡温度范围是１１℃￣８．４℃，“７８”品系是９．８￣７．４℃，“８８”品系是１１℃￣７．４℃。对三个品系半致死低温的研     

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m³ for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m³) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d^–1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g^–1 day^–1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH₄-N and increase inNO₂-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO₃-N, TN, TPand PO₄-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.     

叶尔羌高原鳅胚胎发育与胚后发育观察

采用形态学和生态学方法,对叶尔羌高原鳅[Triplophysa(Hedinichthys)yarkandensis(Day)]胚胎发育和胚后发育阶段全过程进行观察、拍照并测量。结果显示:叶尔羌高原鳅,卵微黏性,略有沉性,受精卵呈卵圆形,卵径为(0.60±0.052)mm,在水温(20.0±1.0)℃下,历时65 h 34 min完成整个胚胎发育分为7个生理阶段过程;胚后发育主要根据卵黄囊、体色、鼓鳔和须的变化分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期。初孵卵黄囊仔鱼全长(2.0±0.65)mm,出膜后7 d,卵黄囊吸收完毕,完全消失;初孵仔鱼继续培育至16日龄,仔鱼鳃盖后缘鼓鳔明显长出,须清晰可辨,体色加深,心脏红色素明显,体色与成体相似,标志后期仔鱼发育完全进入稚鱼期,此时鱼苗全长(8.0±0.45)mm;培育至30日龄,仔鱼鼓鳔完全,鳃盖张合明显,身体透明特征消失,稚鱼阶段完成发育进入幼鱼期,此时全长达(13.0±0.55)mm,其外部形态和生态习性均与成鱼相似。试验中,卵黄囊长度(LY)和出膜天数(D)的关系式:LY=0.0286D2–0.0636D+3.1196(R2=0.9050);用直线方程拟合卵黄囊长度(LY)和卵黄囊仔鱼全长(LT)的关系式:LY=–1.315LT+5.368(R2=0.8199);拟合卵黄囊仔鱼全长(LT)和出膜后仔稚鱼天数(D)的关系式:LT=–0.0263D2+0.5113D+1.6169(R2=0.9890)。本研究旨在通过了解叶尔羌高原鳅的早期发育特征为该物种的保护和增殖对策提供科学依据,并对其苗种生产提供理论指导。     

Development of embryos in Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Bank & Solender, 1794) (Mesopotamian spiny eel) (Mastacembelidae)

In this study, the embryonic development of the eggs in the Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Bank & Solender, 1794) was examined. At the same time, possibilities of artificial breeding through artificial insemination were investigated. Artificial insemination was achieved by mixing the eggs of the mature female and sperm of the mature male samples caught with gill nets (22 × 22) in Ataturk Dam Lake in Turkey. To this end, first in a Petri dish (100 × 20), the testes were cut into small pieces with a lancet and the mixture of sperm–testes‐tissue was obtained. The fertilization rate of the eggs was found to be 80%. The diameter of the eggs ranged from 2.015to 1.147 mm. The perivitelline space formed 0.5 h after insemination. The first cleavage occurred at the animal pool 4 h after insemination. The oil droplets had fused to a single droplet 19 h after insemination. The blastoderm became an embryonic shield 30 h after insemination. The blastoderm covered almost half the egg 40 h after insemination and embryonic body was formed. The blastoderm covered almost the whole egg 50 h after insemination. Some somites were discernible 59 h after insemination. The embryonic body reached two‐third of the circumference of the egg 70 h after insemination. The tail bud began to separate from the yolk 77 h after insemination. A newly hatched larva was observed at 85 h after insemination.     

Transmission of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) from Dendronereis spp. (Peters) (Nereididae) to penaeid shrimp

Dendronereis spp. (Peters) (Nereididae) is a common polychaete in shrimp ponds built on intertidal land and is natural food for shrimp in traditionally managed ponds in Indonesia. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an important viral pathogen of the shrimp, can replicate in this polychaete (Desrina et al. 2013); therefore, it is a potential propagative vector for virus transmission. The major aim of this study was to determine whether WSSV can be transmitted from naturally infected Dendronereis spp. to specific pathogen‐free (SPF) Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) through feeding. WSSV was detected in naturally infected Dendronereis spp. and Penaeus monodon Fabricius from a traditional shrimp pond, and the positive animals were used in the current experiment. WSSV‐infected Dendronereis spp. and P. monodon in a pond had a point prevalence of 90% and 80%, respectively, as measured by PCR. WSSV was detected in the head, gills, blood and mid‐body of Dendronereis spp. WSSV from naturally infected Dendronereis spp was transmitted to SPF L. vannamei and subsequently from this shrimp to new naïve‐SPF L. vannamei to cause transient infection. Our findings support the contention that Dendronereis spp, upon feeding, can be a source of WSSV infection of shrimp in ponds.     

Extinction of Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars) was found in Lake Kinneret until the late nineteen-fifties. Lake Kinneret was the northern-most limit of the distribution of this species. It is suggested that fingerlings of grey mullets and Sarotherodon aureus that were introduced into Lake Kinneret caused the extinction of D. lumholtzi.     

Substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) (Laminaria japonica) with tunic of sea squirt (SS) (Halocynthia roretzi) in diet on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus,Reeve 1846)

Substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) with tunic of sea squirt (SS) in diet on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone was determined. One thousand four hundred and seventy abalones were distributed into 21 containers. Six formulated diets in triplicate were prepared. A 200 g/kg ST was included into the ST0 diet. The 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 g/kg of ST were substituted with the same amount of tunic of SS, referred to as the ST200, ST400, ST600, ST800 and ST1000 diets, respectively. Finally, Undaria was prepared to compare effect of the formulated diets on performance of abalone. The experimental diets were fed to abalone for 16 weeks. Weight gain of abalone fed the ST400 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the ST0, ST600, ST800 and ST1000 diets and Undaria. Weight gain of abalone fed the formulated diets was higher than that of abalone fed the Undaria. The chemical composition of the carcass of abalone was affected by dietary substitution of ST with tunic of SS. In conclusion, ST could be completely substituted with tunic of SS without retardation in performance of abalone. Abalone fed the ST400 diet substituting 400 g/kg ST with tunic of SS achieved the best growth.