半滑舌鰨养殖群体雌雄比例与自然性逆转率

利用半滑舌鳎（Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther）性别连锁微卫星标记scaffold1128₃43和性腺组织切片的方法,研究半滑舌鳎8个普通家系和养殖场雄性亲鱼遗传性别与性逆转情况。首先,8个普通家系（28、30、38、39、40、44、57、69）遗传性别检测结果显示,遗传雌性比例最低为39家系（37.93%）,最高为38家系和40家系（55.00%）。对其中4个家系（28、39、44、57）的两次遗传性别比例检测结果对比发现,家系间遗传雌性比例存在差异。其次,对4个家系（28、39、44、57）和养殖场雄性亲鱼的遗传与表型性别鉴定结果表明,不同家系表型雌鱼比例为18.75%⁴6.88%,低于各家系的遗传雌性比例,不同家系间自然性逆转率存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。研究还发现,繁育场所用的普通雄性亲鱼中平均有28.42%的伪雄鱼。本研究结果表明,自然性逆转现象在半滑舌鳎养殖群体中普遍存在,半滑舌鳎不同家系的表型雌鱼比例存在显著差异,这为培育半滑舌鳎高雌性苗种提供了理论依据。     

半滑舌鳎养殖群体中自然性逆转伪雄鱼的发现

利用雌性特异标记遗传性别鉴定技术,对71尾4龄半滑舌鳎的生理和遗传性别进行鉴定,结果显示32尾生理型雌鱼均能扩增出205bp的雌性特异条带;39尾生理型雄鱼,仅一尾鱼体重显著高于其他雄鱼并扩增出了雌性特异条带,因此这尾鱼遗传上为雌性,是一尾伪雄鱼。对养殖的600尾半滑舌鳎生理雄鱼大规模检测发现,养殖群体自然性逆转伪雄鱼比例为1.66%。对正常雌、雄鱼和1龄自然性逆转伪雄鱼的性腺组织学观察显示,与正常雄鱼相比,伪雄鱼性腺中也有大量的精母细胞,但数量比正常雄鱼的要略少;且未在伪雄鱼的性腺组织中观察到卵母细胞,说明半滑舌鳎性逆转发生在性腺分化期。半滑舌鳎自然性逆转现象的发现有助于解释当前半滑舌鳎养殖群体中雄性率偏高的现象,为半滑舌鳎全雌苗种生产提供了一条新的技术途径,并丰富了鱼类性别分化理论。     

半滑舌鳎养殖群体的性比与雌雄形态差异比较

为研究半滑舌鳎养殖群体幼鱼阶段的性比变化,实验用分子标记法鉴定半滑舌鳎遗传性别,用组织切片方法鉴定表型性别,并比较了表型雌雄的生长差异。结果发现,在半滑舌鳎幼鱼阶段,在遗传性别上,雌雄所占比例约为1∶1,差异不显著(P>0.05)。在表型性别上,雌雄比例约为1∶3,差异极显著(P<0.01)。表型雄性中,由遗传性雄性和遗传上为雌性而表型上为雄性的"伪雄鱼"两部分组成。在养殖群体中,表型雌性、伪雄鱼和雄性三者的比例大致为1∶1∶2。养殖现场反映的雌性约占1/4的情况与本研究结果基本一致。本研究没有发现遗传上为雄性,而表型上为雌性的个体。在6～8月龄间,伪雄鱼的全长、体质量处于表型雌性与正常雄性之间,与两者均无显著差异。在相似全长范围内,雄鱼体高小于雌鱼,雄鱼的全长/体高的平均值为4.05,雌鱼的平均值为3.89,雄鱼的全长/体高比值显著大于雌鱼(P<0.05),此比值可以作为区分雌雄鱼苗种的参考。     

水温对半滑舌鳎性腺组织发育的影响

探讨了不同温度(19,21,23,25和27 ℃)对半滑舌鳎的性腺组织发育的影响。在受精后39～106 d对半滑舌鳎进行温度控制处理,通过石蜡组织切片,对半滑舌鳎早期性腺分化发育进行组织学观察。发现在19 ℃饲养条件下,受精后46 d(pfd46)半滑舌鳎性腺原始生殖细胞数量增加,有分化成卵巢的倾向;在该条件下,pfd82半滑舌鳎性腺开始分化为精巢。pfd82时,27 ℃条件下的幼鱼卵巢中卵原细胞数目大量增殖;精巢中精小叶多而密,结缔组织间隔清晰。pfd129时,27 ℃处理的幼鱼卵巢发育到Ⅱ期,其他温度处理组仍处于Ⅰ期卵巢,但随着温度的提高,卵巢中卵母细胞数目增多,且由散乱分布变为有序的排列在卵巢小叶中;精巢中贮精囊数量增多,囊腔中精子增多。pfd142时,高温处理组幼鱼性腺发育最快,其Ⅱ期卵巢中卵母细胞数目最多,精巢中后期生精细胞偏多,精子几乎分布到各个精小叶中,且贮精囊结构发达,内纳高密度精子,在周围输精管中也分布着精子。结果表明，温度影响了半滑舌鳎性腺发育程度,二者呈现线性关系,在适当温度范围内,性腺发育速度随着温度升高而加快。     

两种孵化温度对中华鳖性别分化的影响

为分析不同孵化温度对中华鳖性别比例的影响,本实验设置两个温度(27、32℃)孵化同一批中华鳖受精卵。结果表明,当孵化温度为27℃时孵化率较低,约为91.25%,雌性个体多于雄性个体,雄性个体只占36.17%;孵化温度为32℃时,孵化率高,达95.3%,雄性个体比例明显提高,达到49.06%。结果表明,孵化温度可能影响中华鳖的性别比例,在一定温度范围内,孵化温度越高,雄性所占比例越大。     

半滑舌鳎早期不同性别的形态差异及判别分析

为检验半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)鱼苗70日龄时不同性别间的形态差异,对采集的349尾半滑舌鳎幼苗准确鉴定性别,并测量形态性状,进行数据分布检验、方差分析、主成分分析和判别分析等。结果显示,所测各性别群组的形态指标数据均符合正态分布、方差齐性(P0.05)。对半滑舌鳎形态学性状的方差分析和主成分分析表明,雌、雄性别间差异主要集中在全长和体高等方面,且雌鱼全长、体高平均值都大于雄鱼和伪雄鱼。利用各项标准化指标进行判别分析,雌性个体判别准确率为37%,雄性个体判别准确率为85%,伪雄鱼极不易判别且更接近雄性。研究表明,对雄鱼的判别方法可满足生产中半滑舌鳎早期苗种性别观测鉴定的要求,从而达到提高苗种雌性率的目的。     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)雌性特异基因CSW3重组蛋白的表达与应用

CSW3基因序列来源于半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)全基因组测序项目,是经过筛选得到的雌性特异候选基因之一。本研究探索了半滑舌鳎雌性相关基因CSW3的表达与应用,构建了半滑舌鳎雌性特异CSW3基因重组表达载体,通过大肠杆菌进行了体外重组表达,对基因表达产物进行分离纯化,并通过蛋白转染的方法研究了纯化的蛋白对几个性别相关基因的影响。结果显示,雌性特异CSW3重组蛋白注射鱼体后对半滑舌鳎性腺foxl2、sox9a、amh这3种性别相关基因的表达水平具有显著影响,能够引起雌性相关基因foxl2表达上调、雄性相关基因sox9a和amh表达下降。从蛋白水平对雌性相关基因CSW3的基因功能进行初步研究,为半滑舌鳎性别控制及全雌苗育种提供基因资源及技术方法。     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)雌性特异基因CSW3重组蛋白的表达与应用

CSW3基因序列来源于半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)全基因组测序项目,是经过筛选得到的雌性特异候选基因之一。本研究探索了半滑舌鳎雌性相关基因CSW3的表达与应用,构建了半滑舌鳎雌性特异CSW3基因重组表达载体,通过大肠杆菌进行了体外重组表达,对基因表达产物进行分离纯化,并通过蛋白转染的方法研究了纯化的蛋白对几个性别相关基因的影响。结果显示,雌性特异CSW3重组蛋白注射鱼体后对半滑舌鳎性腺foxl2、sox9a、amh这3种性别相关基因的表达水平具有显著影响,能够引起雌性相关基因foxl2表达上调、雄性相关基因sox9a和amh表达下降。从蛋白水平对雌性相关基因CSW3的基因功能进行初步研究,为半滑舌鳎性别控制及全雌苗育种提供基因资源及技术方法。     

半滑舌鳎Shh基因的克隆与表达及甲基化分析

通过RACE方法获得半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)Hh基因家族的Shh基因,该基因全长1 922 bp,其中5′UTR 266 bp,3′UTR 360 bp,ORF1 296 bp,编码431个氨基酸,经预测该多肽的相对分子质量为47.28 k D,理论等电点6.95,具有Hh基因家族特有的保守结构域。氨基酸序列分析表明,半滑舌鳎Shh与牙鲆的同源性最高,为82%,与其他鱼类同源性为74%~81%,与非洲爪蟾的同源性为61%,与人和鼠的同源性为63%~64%。甲基化结果显示,Shh基因在1龄卵巢中的甲基化程度普遍低于雄鱼与伪雄鱼精巢。基因表达分析显示,Shh基因在胚胎期的囊胚期表达显著高于其它时期(P0.05),在雌雄成鱼8个组织器官均表达,在雌性性腺分化的关键期孵化后50 d,雌性性腺中表达量较前期升高,且显著高于同时期雄性性腺中的表达(P0.05),在雄性性腺分化的关键期80~95 d,Shh基因在雄性中的表达水平显著升高(P0.05),在8月龄、1龄及2龄雌鱼性腺中表达显著高于雄鱼与伪雄鱼。本研究表明,半滑舌鳎Shh基因在进化中高度保守,与胚胎分化、组织器官形成、雌雄性腺分化及性腺发育密切相关。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。