温度和pH值对斜带髭鲷蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性的影响

研究了温度和pH值对斜带髭鲷Hapalogenys nitens蛋白酶、淀粉酶活力的影响。结果表明，斜带髭鲷胃内pH值范围为4.9～5.4；肝胰脏pH值为5.8～6.2；肠道pH值为6.5～6.9。蛋白酶活性随温度的上升而增加，在40℃达最大，40℃以上酶活性随温度的上升而下降。在不同消化器官中，蛋白酶活性大小顺序为：胃〉前肠〉幽门盲囊〉后肠〉肝胰脏。在15～50℃范围内，斜带髭鲷消化道不同部位淀粉酶活性的最适温度均为35℃，淀粉酶活性由高到低顺序为：肝胰脏〉幽门盲囊〉前肠〉后肠〉胃。在pH值为2.2～7.6范围内，胃蛋白酶活性的最适pH值为2.8；在pH值为4.8～8.0范围内，其他消化器官蛋白酶的最适pH值均为7.2；在最适pH值下，各消化器官中的蛋白酶活性由高到低顺序为：前肠〉幽门盲囊〉后肠〉肝胰脏。在pH值为4.8～8.0范围内，胃淀粉酶活性的最适pH值为6.0，肠、肝胰脏与幽门盲囊淀粉酶的最适pH值均为6.8，活性由高到低顺序为：肝胰脏〉幽门盲囊〉前肠〉后肠〉胃。在最适温度和pH值下，蛋白酶活性由高到低顺序为：胃〉前肠〉幽门盲囊〉后肠〉肝胰脏；淀粉酶活性由高到低顺序为：肝胰脏〉幽门盲囊〉前肠〉后肠〉胃。     

pH对乌鳢胃、肠、肝胰脏蛋白酶活性的影响

设定胃蛋白酶活性在pH2.2~4.6、肠及肝胰脏蛋白酶活性在pH6.4~8.8范围内测定。pH各5个梯度,梯幅0.6。乌鳢胃、肠、肝胰脏蛋白酶的活性最适pH值为别为2.8、8.2、8.2。在最适pH值时酶活性的大小顺序为胃>肠>肝胰脏。pH对胃蛋白酶的影响大于对肠和肝胰脏蛋白酶的影响。     

温度和pH值对河鲈消化酶活性的影响

研究了离体状态下河鲈(Perca fluviatilis)体内淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶在不同温度和pH时的活性变化。结果显示:在河鲈肝胰脏、肠道、胃3部位,淀粉酶的最适温度均为30℃,最适pH值分别为5.0、7.0、8.0;脂肪酶的最适温度均为40℃,最适pH值分别为4.0、3.0、6.0;肝胰脏、肠道蛋白酶的最适温度为50℃,胃蛋白酶的最适温度为40℃。肝胰脏、肠和胃蛋白酶的最适pH值分别6.0、8.0、2.0。在各自最适温度下,肠道中脂肪酶比活力最高,其次是肝胰脏和胃;肝胰脏淀粉酶比活力最高,其次是肠道和胃;肠道中的蛋白酶比活力最高,其次是胃和肝胰脏。     

pH对凡纳滨对虾蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性的影响

研究了不同pH对凡纳滨对虾胃、肠道及肝胰脏中蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力的影响及在最适pH条件下不同部位上述酶活性的差异。试验结果表明,凡纳滨对虾消化系统不同部位的蛋白酶活力大小依次为:肝胰脏>胃>肠,其最适pH分别为8.0、6.0和7.5;淀粉酶活力大小依次为:胃>肝胰脏>肠,其最适pH分别是7.0、7.0和6.5。     

pH对嘉陵江鲇消化酶活性的影响

采用酶学分析方法研究了pH对嘉陵江鲇(Silurus asotus)胃、前肠、中肠、后肠和肝胰脏中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性的影响。结果表明,在设定的pH范围内,鲇各消化酶的活性均随着pH的升高呈现先升后降的变化趋势。鲇胃、肠道和肝胰脏中蛋白酶的最适pH分别为2.2、7.0、7.4;淀粉酶的最适pH均为7.0,脂肪酶的最适pH分别为7.0、7.0、7.4。除胃蛋白酶的最适pH为酸性外,其它消化酶的最适pH均为中性或弱碱性。说明嘉陵江鲇的各种消化酶的活性存在着器官特异性。在最适pH条件下,蛋白酶的活性为前肠>肝胰脏>胃>中肠>后肠,淀粉酶的活性顺序为肝胰脏>胃>前肠>中肠>后肠,脂肪酶的活性顺序为肝胰脏>胃>前肠>中肠>后肠。表明在不同pH条件下,相同部位的同种消化酶活性的差异显著;在各自最适pH条件下,不同器官的同种消化酶活性也有显著差异。     

南方大口鲶消化酶的初步研究

对南方大口鲶消化酶活力的研究结果表明,消化系统中,胃pH值为5.5~6.5,前肠pH值6.5~7.0,中肠pH值7.0~7.5,后肠pH值7.0~7.5,胆汁pH值6.5~7.0;不同组织蛋白酶活力强弱顺序为:前肠>中肠>后肠>胃>肝胰脏;淀粉酶活力强弱顺序为:肝胰>前肠>中肠>胃>后肠,单位体重蛋白酶活力有下降趋势,淀粉酶活力有增大趋势;肝胰、胃、肠蛋白酶最适温度分别为33℃、39℃、45℃,淀粉酶最适温度分别为45℃、39℃、41℃;肝胰、胃、肠蛋白酶最适pH值分别为6.6、2.6、7.0;淀粉酶的最适pH值分别为6.2、5.0、7.0。根据南方大口鲶消化酶活力及最适pH值综合判定,南方大口鲶对动物性食物有较强的消化力。     

黑脊倒刺鱼巴消化酶活性的初步研究

研究了不同规格黑脊倒刺鱼巴在不同梯度的pH值的条件下,黑脊倒刺鱼巴的消化酶活性的强度及Cl-对其肠淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明:蛋白酶、淀粉酶的酶活性随着pH的升高先增强后减弱。其中,肠和肝胰脏的蛋白酶的最适pH值分别为8.77和7.8,肝胰脏和肠淀粉酶的最适pH值都是7.0。蛋白酶活性:肝胰脏<肠;淀粉酶活性:肝胰脏<肠。随鱼体的生长,其相应消化器官的蛋白酶活性下降,而淀粉酶活性上升。氯化钠起到激活的效果,但差异不显著。     

翘嘴红鲌胃、肠道及肝胰脏主要消化酶活力的研究

对翘嘴红鲌胃肠道及肝胰脏的淀粉酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶3种主要消化酶活力进行初步研究。结果表明:胃、肠道、肝胰脏的淀粉酶的最适pH均为6.0;脂肪酶的最适pH分别为8.0、8.0、7.5;胃蛋白酶最适pH为2.0,肠道、肝胰脏蛋白酶的最适pH分别为7.0、7.5。同时研究了在最适pH条件下,不同反应温度对3种主要消化酶的活性影响。结果表明:翘嘴红鲌淀粉酶在肝胰脏、肠道、胃的最适温度分别为30℃,30℃,25℃;脂肪酶的最适温度分别为40℃,30℃,35℃;蛋白酶的最适温度分别为50℃,50℃,40℃。在一定的温度范围内,3种消化酶的活力均呈先上升后下降趋势。最适反应温度下翘嘴红鲌脂肪酶与淀粉酶的活力分布均呈现肝胰脏>肠道>胃,蛋白酶活力肠道与胃接近,大于肝胰脏蛋白酶活力。     

温度对沙塘鳢消化酶活力的影响

通过改变反应温度分析了一定pH值下沙塘鳢(Odontobutis obscura)三种主要消化酶活性的变化。结果表明:pH6.0时,沙塘鳢肝胰脏、胃、肠道淀粉酶的最适温度分别为25℃、35℃、25～30℃;肝胰脏和肠道pH7.5时,胃pH2.0时,蛋白酶的最适温度分别为40℃、35℃、35℃;pH7.5时,肝胰脏、胃、肠道脂肪酶的最适温度分别为30℃,40℃,25℃。淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性分布是肝胰脏最高,胃次之,肠道最低;蛋白酶活性分布是胃最高,肝胰脏和肠道稍低。     

斑点叉尾鮰消化道脂肪酶活性的研究

本实验研究结果表明,在斑点叉尾鮰正常生长的pH值、温度的条件下,其消化道各主要部位脂肪酶活性大小顺序为:肠>肝胰脏>胃;斑点叉尾鮰胃、肝胰脏、肠脂肪酶的最适温度均为30℃;其最适pH值分别是:6.0、7.0和7.0。     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Effect of Lead on Survival,Osmoregulation, and Histological Changes of the Gills of the White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone, 1931

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of lead for different life stages of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and to determine the effect of its sublethal concentrations on osmoregulatory capacity (OC) as well as the possible histological alteration in the gills of juvenile shrimp. The 24‐, 48‐, and 96‐h LC₅₀ values for lead to L. vannamei increased progressively with increasing life stage, from nauplii < zoeae < mysis < postlarvae < juvenile. After 15‐d exposure to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, the OC values of exposed shrimp were reduced by 39, 73, and 157%, respectively compared to control animals. Compared to controls, the lead concentrations in gill tissues increased significantly by 127,500, 137,500, and 141,000% in shrimps exposed to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, respectively. After lead exposure, hemocytic congestion in efferent vessels and multiple hyperplasia were observed in gill filaments, resulting in narrowed hemolymphatic lacuna. The histopathological effects increased with increasing Pb concentration.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Effect of Temperature on Growth,Energy Budget,and Physiological Performance of Green,White, and Purple Color Morphs of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

As an intertidal species, Apostichopus japonicus is subject to diel and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Color variation is a distinct characteristic of A. japonicus, and a new color morph, purple A. japonicus, was recently found on the coast of Rushan, Weihai City. This study was conducted to compare the performance of green, white, and purple color morphs of A. japonicus at different water temperatures to help improving aquaculture technology and management. In this study, green, white, and purple color morphs of juvenile A. japonicus (1.5 ± 0.1 g) were cultured at 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 C for 60 d, according to the suitable temperature range for sea cucumber growth. Temperature was shown to have a significant effect on growth, energy budget, and physiology of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Specific growth rates, feed conversion efficiencies, and the proportion of energy allocated to growth of all three color morphs were optimal at 18 C. Activities of the enzymes related with oxidative stress, immune response, and digestion were determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and trypsin activities generally reached a maximum in all three color morphs at 18 C. The purple color morph of A. japonicus was higher in growth rate, food conversion efficiency, and proportion of energy allocated to growth than green and white color morphs at 18 and 22 C, consistent with its higher trypsin and SOD activity, indicating the mutual effect of growth and physiology. At 18, 22, and 26 C, the green color morph had the highest level of lysozyme activity and purple color morph had the lowest, indicating possible infection by external pathogens of green color morph, which might be caused by high temperature. These results suggested that the optimum temperature for culture of the three color morphs was approximately 18 C, the purple had a better adaption to high temperature, and the green and white color morphs may be more susceptible to thermal stress than the purple color morph.     

Effects of Dietary Savory and Myrtle Essential Oils on Growth,Survival, Nutritional Indices,Serum Biochemistry,and Hematology of Farmed Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,Fry

The effects of diets containing different levels of essential oils from savory Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad and myrtle Myrtus communis L and an immunity complement were investigated on growth, survival, nutritional indices, serum biochemistry, and hematology of farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fry (n = 4500; 5 ± 2 g). The essential oils were dosed as 300 and 500 mg/kg diet. After 60 d, the fish fed 300 mg/kg of the essential oils showed the highest counts of white blood cells (P < 0.05). The same treatment revealed the greatest levels of hematocrit, total protein, and albumin, but glucose and cholesterol values significantly decreased compared with the control (P < 0.05). Feeding fish with 300 mg/kg of the essential oils led to highest records of specific growth rate and survival rate but the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR), and those fed with immunity complement attained the lowest values of growth parameters. The fry fed with immunity complement and 300 mg/kg of myrtle essential oil achieved the highest and lowest FCR values, respectively. The results indicate that dietary supplementation of 300 mg/kg of the above essential oils exert positive impacts on the growth performance, feeding efficiency, and hematological factors in O. mykiss.     

Sperm Motilities in Waigieu Seaperch,Psammoperca waigiensis: Effects of Various Dilutions,pH, Temperature,Osmolality, and Cations

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of varying dilutions, pH, temperature, osmolality, and cations on sperm motility parameters in waigieu seaperch, Psammoperca waigiensis. The maximum velocity of average in path (VAP), percentage of motile cells (MOT), and duration of sperm motility (DSM) were observed when semen was diluted in artificial seawater (ASW) at a ratio of 1:100 (144.9 ± 0.6 µm/sec, 95.6 ± 0.4%, and 230.3 ± 2.3 sec, respectively), at 30 C (142.0 ± 0.6 µm/sec, 93.6 ± 0.4%, and 238.3 ± 0.9 sec, respectively), and pH 8 (144.8 ± 0.6 µm/sec, 93.3 ± 0.4%, and 234.0 ± 1.5 sec, respectively). Maximum VAP, MOT, and DSM were obtained in each solution containing 0.6 M NaCl (143.8 ± 1.0 µm/sec, 91.3 ± 2.0%, and 230.6 ± 4.2 sec, respectively), 0.6 M KCl (135.1 ± 3.1 µm/sec, 91.1 ± 3.1%, and 230.3 ± 3.7sec, respectively), 0.2M CaCl₂ (105.3 ± 4.7μm/sec, 47.9 ± 2.7%, and 120.7 ± 1.3 sec, respectively), 0.2 M MgCl₂ (107.3 ± 3.0 m/s, 42.1 ± 3.3%, and 120.3 ± 4.8 sec, respectively), and osmolality of 400 mOsm/kg (145.1 ± 2.5 µm/sec, 93.0 ± 2.1%, and 346.5 ± 4.4s, respectively). We used these mediums as artificial insemination media for fertilizing matured eggs. The results showed that the fertilization and hatching rates in 0.6 M NaCl (75.3 ± 0.6% and 57.0 ± 2.4%, respectively), ASW (70.8 ± 1.2% and 51.2 ± 1.8%, respectively), or 400 mOsm/kg (72.9 ± 1.8% and 55.3 ± 1.6%, respectively) were higher than that in seawater (63.9 ± 1.2% and 39.2 ± 3.9%, respectively). In conclusion, using 0.6 M NaCl, ASW, or 400 mOsm/kg as an artificial insemination medium is effective for fertilizing of waigieu seaperch.     

Recruitment strategy of swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus, in Hiuchi-Nada, Japan

The recruitment strategy of swimming crabs, Portunus trituberculatus, was investigated by field observations and numerical experiments in Hiuchi-Nada, Japan. Calculated dispersal patterns of zoeal and megalopal stages in a three-dimensional numerical model reproduce observed patterns accurately. The temporal change of vertical migration patterns between the 1st and 2nd zoeas and the 3rd and 4th zoeas plays an important role in the process of recruitment of P. trituberculatus from spawning ground to nursery ground.