莆田沿海坛紫菜病烂观测的初步研究

紫菜养殖业由于病烂的威胁，往往造成不同程度的经济损失．随着养殖面积的增加，对于紫菜叶状体病烂的研究而日益感到重要．福建省水产研究所和厦门水产学院于1975--1979年曾对坛紫菜叶状体绿变病进行了全面的研究，查出了病因，并找到防治途径(林大华、林裕水，1980)。同时，对其他病烂如红泡病，白烂病和脱苗等也做过许多调查研究，并与国外病害情况进行分析比较，     

福鼎硖门湾海区坛紫菜生理性病变的初步研究

通过对福鼎硖门湾海区坛紫菜病烂情况进行调查、采样和室内培养,运用显微观察方法,研究坛紫菜生理性病变的发生和发展过程。该病主要症状为叶状体梢部颜色逐渐变浅,然后发白、烂化,无明显病灶烂孔;病理表现为叶状体梢部细胞边缘模糊,色素体变色,然后发展为细胞边缘紊乱,细胞溶解,原生质流出,细胞结构失常。病变严重的易引发细菌和原生动物二次感染,造成坛紫菜叶状体出现溃烂,最后完全解离。雨水天气是导致该病变发生的原因,采取剪除叶状体病烂部位和晴好天气延长干出时间是控制该病变的主要措施。     

条斑紫菜(Pyropia yezoensis)绿斑病病原菌的分离鉴定

绿斑病(Green spot disease)是一种常见的海区栽培条斑紫菜(Pyropia yezoensis)病害，在整个紫菜栽培期间都可能发生，以每年11~12月份最为严重，主要出现在幼叶期和成叶期。首先，在叶状体上出现红色或淡红色小斑，而后逐渐转变为绿色，病斑继续扩展，在叶状体表面形成若干孔洞，后期几乎整个藻体变绿。本研究对日照地区患绿斑病的条斑紫菜进行病原菌分离纯化，得到5株优势菌(编号为Y1~Y5)，人工回感实验结果显示，Y1可以引起健康条斑紫菜发生绿斑病。对Y1进行了生理生化检测、16S rRNA、dnaA和dnaN基因序列分析，确定病原菌为海洋假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas marina)。对绿斑病的发病进程进行了观察，并检测了培养温度、海水比重和养殖密度等环境因子对绿斑病发生的影响，结果显示，高温和高密度养殖会加速绿斑病病情的发展，海水比重为1.022时，绿斑病发病较严重。本研究确定了一株引起条斑紫菜绿斑病的病原菌，并分析了部分理化因子对感染的影响，为条斑紫菜绿斑病的防控提供了基础数据。     

条斑紫菜(Pyropia yezoensis)绿斑病病原菌的分离鉴定

绿斑病(Green spot disease)是一种常见的海区栽培条斑紫菜(Pyropia yezoensis)病害,在整个紫菜栽培期间都可能发生,以每年11～12月份最为严重,主要出现在幼叶期和成叶期。首先,在叶状体上出现红色或淡红色小斑,而后逐渐转变为绿色,病斑继续扩展,在叶状体表面形成若干孔洞,后期几乎整个藻体变绿。本研究对日照地区患绿斑病的条斑紫菜进行病原菌分离纯化,得到5株优势菌(编号为Y1～Y5),人工回感实验结果显示,Y1可以引起健康条斑紫菜发生绿斑病。对Y1进行了生理生化检测、16S rRNA、dnaA和dnaN基因序列分析,确定病原菌为海洋假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas marina)。对绿斑病的发病进程进行了观察,并检测了培养温度、海水比重和养殖密度等环境因子对绿斑病发生的影响,结果显示,高温和高密度养殖会加速绿斑病病情的发展,海水比重为1.022时,绿斑病发病较严重。本研究确定了一株引起条斑紫菜绿斑病的病原菌,并分析了部分理化因子对感染的影响,为条斑紫菜绿斑病的防控提供了基础数据。     

福鼎敏灶湾2012年坛紫菜烂菜原因初探

对2012年10月福鼎敏灶湾海区坛紫菜烂菜情况进行采样、调查和原因分析。结果显示坛紫菜烂菜症状主要为叶状体梢部颜色变红,部分藻体颜色变淡、发白,烂化甚至脱落。烂菜原因主要有：（1）高温小潮期,海面风力小、浪静,由波浪形成的海水垂直流动交换弱,藻体与海水中的二氧化碳和营养盐等微交换也随之变弱,从而导致坛紫菜细胞生理机能下降;（2）坛紫菜养殖过密,海水中含氮量偏低,使得坛紫菜生长受限制;（3）南侧近岸海域水流不畅、流速较缓,悬浮物等污染物质积聚于该海域,易粘附于坛紫菜叶状体,影响坛紫菜的生长。为此作者提出防范建议旨在为今后福建省坛紫菜健康养殖可持续发展提供参考意见。     

坛紫菜体细胞单克隆叶状体途径及海上养殖

用海螺酶酶解坛紫菜叶状体制备游离的营养细胞,在显做镜下挑选出单个细胞放入96孔板,在20℃,1500～2000 lx,12D:12L条件下进行隔离培养。一部分细胞直接发育形成了叶状体:一种途径是单个细胞通过典型的两级分裂发育成叶状体,也有一些单细胞先形成叶片状的细胞团,然后在细胞团一端形成假根;另一种途径是部分单细胞先形成“愈伤组织”,经过一段时间培养后放散出类似“孢子”的细胞,其中部分“孢子”发育成叶状体。由单细胞克隆培养获得的叶状体经组织培养形成纯合丝状体,这种纯系丝状体扩大培养后转入传统的育苗途径下海养殖。纯系在苗网附着率、叶片质量和性成熟时间等经济性状方面比未经选育的普通种有优势。     

抗生素处理对坛紫菜叶状体生长和藻际微生物的影响

设计了氨苄青霉素、硫酸庆大霉素和卡那霉素3种抗生素的不同组合处理坛紫菜叶状体,旨在筛选出坛紫菜叶状体藻际微生物的最优去除方法;同时,探究紫菜叶状体生长与微生物群落变化之间的关系。结果显示,低浓度(10μg/mL)的硫酸庆大霉素或高浓度(800μg/mL)的卡那霉素处理,对坛紫菜叶状体生长均具一定的抑制作用,而不同浓度的氨苄青霉素处理均促进了叶状体生长。500μg/mL的氨苄青霉素、500μg/mL的硫酸庆大霉素与300μg/mL的卡那霉素3种抗生素混合处理叶状体24 h,不会抑制叶状体的生长;同时,对藻际微生物有较强的抑制性。不同的坛紫菜品系,不同的叶状体日龄和培养密度,以及在不同的海水盐度和不同浓度的营养盐中培养,抗生素处理组圆盘体的生长均比对照组快。通过比较抗生素处理组与对照组分离的菌株后发现,抗生素处理组有两株菌落形态和菌株形态与对照组显著不同的特有菌株。研究表明,在坛紫菜叶状体的生长过程中,某些对叶状体生长起阻碍作用的细菌如果大量繁殖,会抑制对叶状体生长有益的细菌繁殖,当用抗生素抑制了阻碍生长的细菌,就会使益生菌成为优势菌,促进叶状体的生长,益生菌对上述抗生素的处理不太敏感,但由于培养条件的改变,抗生素对阻碍生长的细菌的抑制作用会减弱,使得它们大量繁殖,从而抑制叶状体的生长。     

南海野生坛紫菜选育研究

以南海粤东海域的野生坛紫菜为选育材料,采用选择育种的方法并进行海区栽培验证,培育出产量高、耐高温和质量优的优良品系。第1茬采收时紫菜藻体平均长度比对照组（传统栽培坛紫菜品种）增加了73．9％,产量和单位产量分别提高了25％和19．0％。3～5cm叶状体在29℃水温条件下培养6天后才出现烂斑,海区栽培没有出现因高温造成的烂苗现象。第1茬坛紫菜16种氨基酸总量比对照组高36．5％。本研究成果不仅为粤东及周边地区的坛紫菜栽培生产提供一个具有实用性的优良品系,而且也为今后坛紫菜良种选育提供了更广泛的研究材料。     

坛紫菜的主要病害与对策

莆田市坛紫菜的人工养殖具有３０多年历史，随着养殖面积的不断增加，渔业环境的恶化、养殖管理的人为失控及集约化程度的提高，养殖病害年年都有不同程度的发生。笔者为此进行多次实地调查，初步总结分析了紫菜的主要病害及发生原因，并提出相应的对策，以期有助于坛紫菜人工养殖的健康、持续发展。一、坛紫菜的主要病害坛紫菜的病害大致可以分为三种类型：一种是由病原菌的侵袭引起的，如分别由紫菜的腐霉菌、壶状菌及变形菌引起的赤腐病、壶状菌病及绿斑病等；一种是由于环境条件不适宜而引起的，如常见的缺氮绿变病，由网帘受光不足、海…     

坛紫菜减数分裂位置的杂交试验分析

利用坛紫菜人工色素突变体与野生型进行杂交试验,通过观察F1叶状体中是否出现颜色分离和颜色嵌合体来证明坛紫菜减数分裂发生的确切位置。以红色型人工色素突变体(SPY1和R10)作为母本,其特征:叶状体呈红色或桔红色,藻体薄而弹性差,无边缘刺;以野生型(wt)作为父本,其特征:叶状体呈棕绿色,藻体厚而富有弹性,有丰富的边缘刺。在杂交组SPY1(♀)×wt(♂)和R10(♀)×wt(♂))的F1叶状体中,均出现了2种亲本色和2种新颜色,它们分别为红色(R,母本色),野生色(W,父本色),浅红色(R′,比R色稍浅)和似野生色(W′,比野生色稍红)。4种颜色在F1叶状体上,出现了分离并形成了呈直线型排列的不同色块,从而产生了大量由2～4个色块组成的颜色嵌合体;单个嵌合体上的色块数最多为4块。在颜色嵌合体中,R和R′2种色块的藻体薄而弹性差,无边缘小刺,而W和W′2种色块的藻体厚而弹性好,富有边缘刺。在F1叶状体中,颜色嵌合体占95.2%～96.7%,单色叶状体只占3.3%～4.8%。上述结果说明,坛紫菜杂合丝状体产生的壳孢子,其萌发时进行的最初两次细胞分裂是减数分裂,它所产生的4个子细胞继续分裂,最终发育成含2～4个色块组成的颜色嵌合体;2种新颜色是由于在减数分裂的第一次分裂时发生了染色体交换和重组所产生的。本文使用的两个色素突变体,除含2个或2个以上的颜色变异基因外,还含有分别与藻体厚薄和边缘刺出现相关的变异基因,并且它们与颜色变异基因是连锁的。F1颜色嵌合体中的重组色块在3种主要光合色素和色素蛋白的含量、生长速度和成熟早晚等方面均表现出比亲本色块更好的特性,暗示利用色素突变体杂交方法有可能培育出坛紫菜的优良品系。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.