环境因子对缢蛏滤水率的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究环境因子对缢蛏（Sinonovacula constricta)滤水率的影响规律。结果表明：温度、盐度和pH对缢蛏的滤水率有极显著影响（F＞F0．01）。当温度、pH值分别在15－30℃和6－9时，缢蛏的滤水率呈一个峰值变化，当温度为20℃、pH值为8时，其滤水率分别达到最大值；当盐度在6－30时，随着盐度的增大缢蛏的滤水率亦逐渐增高。     

蟹壳脱除废水中重金属离子的研究

采用颗粒状蟹壳对废水中镉和铅进行吸附去除实验，研究蟹壳不同预处理方法、吸附剂投加量、初始金属浓度、溶液初始pH值、动力学因素、不同温度条件下对蟹壳生物吸附剂吸附Cd^2＋和Pb^2＋的影响。结果表明，在40c时，Cd^2＋溶液初始浓度200mg／L，蟹壳生物吸附剂量4g／L，溶液初始pH为6时对Cd^2＋的吸附量最大，去除率达到89．25％；Pb^2＋溶液初始浓度1000mg／L，蟹壳生物吸附剂量2．4g／L，溶液初始pH为5时对Pb^2＋的吸附量最大，去除率达到98．7％。蟹壳对Pb^2＋和Cd^2＋的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温模型。获得的动力学数据表明，吸附速度快，Cd^2＋大部分的吸附进程在2小时内完成，Ph^2＋大部分的吸附进程在3／b时内完成，随后是缓慢地实现平衡，较高的相关系数符合HoYS二级吸附动力学模型。     

蒙脱石负载壳聚糖对酸性大红3R染料的吸附研究

为探究蒙脱石负载壳聚糖复合吸附剂对废水中酸性大红3R染料的去除效果,通过改变壳聚糖和蒙脱石的混合比、吸附剂的吸附时间、吸附剂用量、酸性大红3R染料溶液浓度和pH值等实验条件,从多环境因子角度研究蒙脱石负载壳聚糖对于酸性大红3R染料的吸附除去效果。实验结果表明:在壳聚糖/蒙脱石比为0.08 g/g,搅拌时间为45 min,加入壳聚糖/蒙脱石质量为1.33 g/L,溶液pH值为5～6时,复合吸附剂对酸性大红3R染料的吸附效果最好,吸附率可达99.6%以上。用二级动力学方程来描述蒙脱石负载壳聚糖对酸性大红3R的吸附比较适宜,室温条件下复合吸附剂对酸性大红3R的吸附热力学符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程。     

木瓜蛋白酶在制取斑鰶鱼蛋白中的应用

为确定木瓜蛋白酶酶解斑鰶鱼的条件。研究了酶解温度、酶浓度、酶解时间、加水量、pH值对斑鰶鱼氨基氮含量和总氮得率的影响。结果表明：温度小于55℃。随着酶解温度的提高、酶浓度的增加、酶解时间的延长斑鰶鱼酶解液氨基氮含量和总氮得率均增加；pH值对水解效果及氮回收率影响不大。综合考虑，最佳水解条件为：温度55℃。加酶量6．0‰。酶解时间1．5h．原料：水=1：2．5，pH值6．8。此时。氨基氮生成率达26．7％。总氮得率2．28％。     

波纹龙虾耗氧率和窒息点的研究

采用流水法研究波纹龙虾在不同温度、盐度和pH值条件下的耗氧率和窒息点。结果表明：耗氧率随着水温的升高而增加，25℃耗氧率为0．0645mg／g·h，33℃时上升到0．1879mg／g.h。波纹龙虾耗氧率随盐度的变化则呈“V”字型，盐度为28最低0．1051mg／g。h。波纹龙虾的耗氧率随pH值的升高而降低，pH值7．4～7．7时，耗氧率较高，为0．1426～0．1460mg／g.h；pH值8．0～8．6时，耗氧率从0．1057mg／g。h下降到0．0722mg／g.h。在水温29℃，盐度28，pH值8．0条件下，波纹龙虾的窒息点为0．2341mg／L。     

碳氮营养和培养条件对芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.) A4生长的影响

芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.) A4是一株具有溶甲藻能力的菌株，为探究营养条件与培养条件对A4生长的影响，明确在多因素共同作用下菌株的生长特性，先以单因素方法比较不同碳、氮营养因子对其生长的影响，再以Plackett-Burman方法综合比较碳源、氮源、pH、接种菌量、温度、转速、装液量等因子对其生长的协同影响效应。结果显示，A4菌对有机碳源玉米浆和有机氮源大豆蛋白利用效果最好，培养24 h后菌量分别达到3.58×108、3.19×108 CFU/ml。各因子的重要性排序依次为大豆蛋白、温度、玉米浆、转速、接种菌量、pH、装液量，且大豆蛋白和温度对A4菌的生长影响显著(P<0.05)。研究表明，培养条件对菌株生长调控也有重要意义，在评估相关因素对菌株生长或生态功能的影响时，须将营养条件和培养条件协同分析。     

温度、盐度、pH对角蝾螺排氨率的影响

实验以角蝾螺为研究对象,测定了在不同温度(13.0,18.0,22.7,27.4,31.8℃)、盐度(16,22,28,34,38)以及pH(3.5,5.5,7.5,9.0,10.5)胁迫下角蝾螺的排氨率变化。结果表明,在实验温度13.0~27.4℃条件下,排氨率随温度的升高而增加,但到31.8℃时,排氨率则有所下降;盐度对角蝾螺排氨率的影响表现为抛物线形式,在盐度28时达到最大值;在实验范围内pH变化对角蝾螺的排氨率有极显著的影响,当pH为7.5时达到最大值。温度、盐度、pH环境因子对角蝾螺的代谢水平产生明显影响。     

黄颡鱼蛋白酶活性的研究

研究了不同pH值和温度条件下黄颡鱼蛋白消化酶活性的变化。结果表明：pH2．2～8．2时，随pH的升高，胃蛋白酶活性逐渐降低，在肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠蛋白酶的最适pH分别为7．4、7．4、7．8、7．8；温度可显著影响蛋白酶活性，胃蛋白酶、肠道蛋白酶及肝胰脏蛋白酶的最适温度分别40℃、40℃和30℃，在最适温度及同等温度条件下，胃蛋白酶活性高于中肠、前肠、后肠和肝胰脏。     

光合细菌同化磷能力的初步探究

研究了培养条件、pH、接种量、含磷量、不同碳源等条件对光合细菌解磷能力的影响。在30℃、光照微好氧培养、培养基以苹果酸为碳源、磷质量浓度为0．35g／L、pH6．0、装液量100mL／250mL、接种量为体积分数10％时，光合细菌生物量和解磷率都可达到最高。     

海洋沉积物对铅吸附行为的研究

以铅为研究对象,系统地研究了其在黄海海域沉积物上的吸附行为。利用分光光度计测定铅在沉积物上吸附前后的浓度变化,从而可以根据平衡浓度(Ce)和在沉积物上的吸附量(qe)的关系来推测铅在沉积物上的吸附机理。研究表明:铅在海洋沉积物上的吸附行为可以很好地用Langmu ir吸附等温式来描述,说明其吸附行为比较复杂。同时,通过改变吸附条件,发现铅吸附行为受沉积物中泥沙含量、温度、pH等因素的影响,并且随着沉积物浓度的升高,单位质量的吸附量降低,但总的吸附容量升高。时间和pH值对铅的释放行为具有重要的影响。     

银鲫肠道内抑制嗜水气单胞菌的潜在益生菌筛选及其特性研究

从养殖的银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)肠道中分离纯化得到60株具有不同特征的菌株,以嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)为指示菌,点种法初筛得到12株菌株,再通过牛津杯实验筛选出4株对嗜水气单胞菌有明显抑制作用(抑菌圈直径在14 mm以上)的益生菌疑似株,并进行了耐热试验、耐酸试验和人工肠液耐受试验,筛选出最符合益生菌功能特性的菌株YJ-9。该菌株在90℃高温水浴30 min后相对存活率为1.51%,在pH3的液体培养基中4 h内相对存活率为8.37%,活菌数都保持在106 CFU/mL以上,并且可以在人工模拟肠液中缓慢生长。在急性毒力实验中,10倍于实验剂量的菌株YJ-9对银鲫无毒,动物保护实验证明菌株YJ-9能有效增强银鲫对嗜水气单胞菌的免疫抵抗力,相对保护率达到80%。研究结果表明,菌株YJ-9可以作为一个新的饲用微生态制剂候选菌种。     

Probiotic characteristics and aflatoxin B1 binding ability of Debaryomyces hansenii and Kazaschtania exigua from rainbow trout environment

The aim of this study was to evaluate probiotic properties and the aflatoxin B₁ adsorption ability of yeasts isolated from rainbow trout intestine and fish feed to assess their use in the formulation of feed additives. Growth at pH 2, bacterial pathogens inhibition, bacterial pathogens co‐aggregation, autoaggregation, homologous and heterologous inhibition against lactic acid bacteria were evaluated. Moreover, aflatoxin B₁ adsorption was tested. All strains were able to maintain viable (10⁷ cells/ml) at pH 2. All strains isolated from intestine were identified as Kazaschtania exigua, while strains isolated from feed were all identified as Debaryomyces hansenii. Kazaschtania exigua RC035 and RC037 showed the strongest antimicrobial activity while K. exigua RC037 and RC038 were the most efficient co‐aggregating bacterial pathogens. All strains exhibited strong autoaggregation. None of the tested yeast strains showed homologous inhibition towards other yeasts and heterologous inhibition towards lactic acid bacteria strains. Debaryomyces hansenii RC031 demonstrated aflatoxin B₁ adsorption capacity (21%). The results of the present study indicate that select strains of Kazaschtania exigua and D. hansenii showed potential to improve the health of rainbow trout by inhibiting pathogens and binding AFB₁ and their use as probiotics may improve the production of rainbow trout in aquaculture systems.     

硒酵母的培养及其养虾效果

对五株假丝酵母菌株进行利用淀粉废水和转化硒元素的筛选试验,其中CY-173菌株所得的蛋白质含量和蛋白态硒总量最多.对其进行耐高温试验,在33～45℃范围内,菌株都能生长,但超过40℃生长速度开始减缓,45℃时明显受到抑制.在6L标准发酵罐内进行pH与温度条件试验,pH在3～5之间,菌株生长差异不显著;在33～40℃范围内,菌株都能较好生长,但以37℃的蛋白质含量与蛋白态硒总量为最高.将所得的硒酵母替代部分鱼粉用于养殖中国对虾,结果三组硒酵母饲料(含10%、20%、30%硒酵母)的养殖效果均优于对照饲料,其中10%硒酵母添加量的饲料(含硒0.6×10-6),其饵料系数最低,为2.56,比对照组的2.95减少了13.3%.     

Identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with inhibitory activity against Lactococcus garvieae

A study was conducted to evaluate the probiotic properties of endogenous rainbow trout microbiota against pathogenic Lactococcus garvieae. A total of 335 bacterial strains were isolated from rainbow trout and screened for antagonistic activity against L. garvieae using an agar spot assay. Antagonistic strains were grouped by PCR amplification of repetitive bacterial DNA elements (rep‐PCR) and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The results revealed that the antagonistic strains belonged to the genera Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Leuconostoc. Further probiotic characteristics, such as specific growth rate, doubling time, resistance to biological barriers, antibiotic resistance, hydrophobicity and production of antimicrobial substances, were also studied. These strains were able to survive low pH and high bile concentrations, showed good adherence characteristics and a broad spectrum of antibiotic resistance. The antagonistic efficacy was maintained after sterile filtration and was sensitive to proteinase K, indicating that proteinaceous extracellular inhibitory compounds were at least partially responsible for pathogen antagonism. Based on these results, these strains should be further studied to explore their probiotic effects in challenge experiments in vivo. This study shows clear evidence that the indigenous trout‐associated microbiota may provide a defensive barrier against L. garvieae.     

生物絮团中异养亚硝化菌的分离鉴定及其特性

采用富集培养、分离纯化等微生物学手段,从对虾养殖池的生物絮团中筛选出两株对氨氮具有高转化率的菌株.16S rRNA测序及系统发育分析结果表明,两株菌均属于盐单胞菌属,菌株2011072708与食物盐单胞菌Halomonas alimentaria有99％的同源性,而菌株2011072709与胜利盐单胞菌H.shengliensis有100％的同源性.比较研究了两株菌在不同温度、盐度、pH、碳氮比条件下对氨氮的转化率,菌株2011072708在温度37℃、盐度30～40、pH 8、碳氮比28的条件下对氨氮的转化率最高;菌株2011072709在温度27～42℃、盐度40～50、pH 6、碳氮比21的条件下对氨氮的转化率最高.研究结果表明,胜利盐单胞菌（2011072709）对温度、盐度、pH、碳氮比等各方面的适应性优于食物盐单胞菌（2011072708）,更适合在生物絮团技术中得到应用.     

Inbreeding depression and heterosis in various quantitative traits of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata

The present study examines the effects of inbreeding and crossing on various quantitative traits in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Effects of inbreeding and crossing were examined in six quantitative traits; body length at birth, survival at day 120, undwarf rate at day 120, body length at day 120, salinity tolerance and high temperature tolerance. Full-sib matings revealed that the amount of inbreeding depression varied from −1.0% to 24.6% among the traits and a significant decrease in survival at day 120 and salinity tolerance was observed. This result indicates that inbreeding reduces the performance for some of the quantitative traits but not all. On the other hand, crosses between genetically different strains showed that the amount of heterosis varied from −1.3% to 42.2% among the six quantitative traits and a significant increase in survival at day 120 and salinity tolerance was observed. The relationship between the amount of inbreeding depression and heterosis supports the theory that the phenomenon of heterosis is the reverse of inbreeding depression, indicating that the traits which have decreased by inbreeding can be recovered by means of crossing.     

牡蛎壳粉对水中磷吸附特性的研究

本文运用牡蛎壳粉吸附水质中磷离子,分别研究不同添加量、吸附温度、酸碱环境和吸附时间中牡蛎壳粉对磷离子的吸附性能。结果显示,牡蛎壳粉对磷具有良好的吸收特性。随着牡蛎壳粉添加量增加,温度的升高、吸附时间的延长,其对磷离子吸附量增加;在酸性条件下,牡蛎壳粉对磷吸附性较高。     

Isolation and evaluation of putative probiotic strains from different teleost to prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in Cyprinus carpio

Probiotics renowned as valuable microbes serve as a potential alternative to control diseases in aquaculture and are considered as an efficient and environment‐friendly approach to reduce the use of antibiotics. The present study aims at the isolation of putative probiotic bacteria from the intestinal tract of different fish species from the Doaba region of Punjab, India. In this study, isolated bacterial strains were characterized based on their morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, followed by in vitro evaluation of different selection parameters described in FAO/WHO guidelines. A total of 169 different bacterial strains were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of 52 different fish species. After in vitro evaluation, out of 169 bacterial strains only five bacteria (S3, S7, BDK2', BDK7 and BDK9) identified as Enterococcus and Bacillus species showed antagonistic activity against the fish pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 4 673). These isolates were screened based on their response towards bile tolerance, pH tolerance, adhesion and drug susceptibility to different antibiotic discs. And, the in vivo results indicated improved growth and survival against the infection (P. aeruginosa) after oral administration of the probiotics. The observations of in vitro and in vivo evaluation indicate that these isolated probiotic strains serve as effective probiotics and can be used as a novel and safe treatment to cure current issues in aquaculture.     

两株芽孢杆菌的生长特性及其对仿刺参的益生作用

本实验室前期从大连湾地区健康的仿刺参养殖池塘沉积物中分离出两株芽孢杆菌即B6和B7。首先,通过分析二者的生长特性发现,B6和B7的最适生长温度为15~35℃;最适pH范围为6~8;最适盐度为3%~5%。菌株产酶特性检测结果表明,B6和B7均可产生淀粉酶和蛋白酶,B7产脂肪酶。将两种菌悬液投喂仿刺参后发现,B6和B7可有效提高仿刺参肠道内的消化酶活性以及体腔液中多种非特异性免疫酶活性。本研究结果表明:B6和B7可作为益生菌剂的基础菌株添加至仿刺参生长环境中,并且对仿刺参的消化及免疫功能具有正向刺激作用。     

Benefits of using the probiotic Efinol®L during transportation of cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz), in the Amazon

The objective of this experiment was to test the probiotic Efinol^®L during transportation of cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz). For the transportation, fish were distributed in 18 plastic tanks, of which nine contained the Efinol^®L (10 mg L⁻¹; probiotic treatment) and the remaining had no probiotic (control treatment). Transport lasted 24 h and three different boxes of each treatment were sampled at 3, 12 and 24 h. Up to the 12-h sampling period, no significant difference in the survival was observed; on the other hand, survival was higher at the end of the transport (24 h) in the probiotic treatment. No significant difference was found in dissolved oxygen and temperature between treatments. Conductivity, pH and alkalinity increased along the transport, but without a difference between treatments. Ammonia increased in all treatments, although it was significantly lower in the probiotic group at 24 h. Cortisol levels were significantly higher in all transported fish when compared with the basal values. At 24 h, cortisol levels in control fish were significantly higher than those in the probiotic treatment. With the observed results, we are able to conclude that the probiotic Efinol^®L is efficient during cardinal transport, lowering the mortality and helping maintain water quality possibly by lowering metabolic wastes.