简析中国水产品贸易如何应对技术性贸易壁垒

技术性贸易壁垒正逐步成为制约我国水产品出口的最大障碍,本文从技术性贸易壁垒特点入手, 分析我国水产品屡遭贸易壁垒的原因,同时指出研究对策,跨越技术性贸易壁垒才是理智的选择。     

中国主要水产品出口国的技术性贸易壁垒浅析

中国水产品出口主要集中在日本、美国、欧盟和韩国四个市场上,近年来,这四大市场大约占到了85%左右。同时,这些国家基本上都对进口水产品制定了严格的技术性标准,我国的水产品不可避免地要受到这些国家的技术性贸易壁垒的限制。文章介绍了我国遭受的技术性贸易壁垒的总体状况和日本、美国、欧盟以及韩国的技术性贸易壁垒概况,同时也介绍了这些国家对我国水产品贸易造成的影响。     

鱼类遗传多样性研究的分子学方法及应用进展

遗传多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分,它具有广义和狭义的双重含义,广义的遗传多样性是指地球上所有生物携带的遗传信息的总和,狭义的遗传多样性是指种内不同群体或同一群体内不同个体的遗传变异的总和[1].一般所指的遗传多样性是指狭义的遗传多样性.     

2005上半年我国水产品进出口贸易情况

今年上半年,我国水产品出口克服主要进口国设置的数量和技术性贸易壁垒,充分利用国际市场需求旺盛、水产品价格总体提高的     

水产品扩大出口的瓶颈何在--制约我国水产品扩大出口的原因分析及对策

近年来,水产品的国际贸易发展迅速,贸易总额已达500多亿美元,是30年前的20多倍。我国水产品对外贸易总量更是得到了快速发展。据联合国粮农组织不久前公布的一份报告显示,去年中国水产品出口额首次超过泰国,位居全球第一。但是,近年来由于国际贸易保护主义势力抬头,一些进口国家借食品安全之名,行贸易保护之实,纷纷高筑技术性贸易壁垒,抬高市场准入门槛,达到保护本国市场的目的。目前,国外实施的技术性贸易壁垒已成为制约我国水产品扩大出口的瓶颈所在。国外技术性贸易壁垒对我国水产品扩大出口的影响我国水产品对日本、韩国、美国、欧盟的…     

中国鳗鱼出口面临的技术壁垒与对策

我国是世界上最大的产鳗国,主要出口日本。但自2001年起,日方对鳗鱼制定了较为严格的技术性标准,使我国的鳗鱼出口遭遇到越来越严重的技术性贸易壁垒。如何跨越日本的技术性贸易壁垒,促进我国鳗业出口的健康发展是摆在我们面前的重大课题。文章分析了我国鳗业发展中存在的问题,并提出了相关对策。     

中国主要水产品出口国的技术性贸易壁垒浅析

2005年中国水产品出口总额78.88亿美元,比去年同期增长13.2%,出口数量为315.3万吨,同比增长12.4%。中国水产品出口主要集中在日本、美国、欧盟和韩国四个市场上,2005年国际市场依然特别其中,这四大市场占到了85%左右。但同时,这些国家基本上都对进口水产品制定了严格的技术性标准,我国的水产品不可避免地要受到这些国家的技术性贸易壁垒的限制。本文将针对这四个国家,逐一分析其水产品技术性贸易壁垒概况及对我国水产品贸易的影响。     

试论技术性贸易壁垒对水产品国际贸易的影响及对策

技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)是指由于各国或地区制定或实施技术法规、标准、合格评定程序及标签标志等技术要求而可能给国际贸易造成的障碍。我国于2001年12月11日成为世贸组织的正式成员,水产业的发展迎来了难得的发展机遇,同时也面临严峻的挑战。随着世界经济一体化进程的深入和WTO作用的日益发挥,如何适应经济全球化、贸易自由化的新趋势,抓住机遇,开拓水产品国际市场,成为水产品对外贸易的当务之急。技术性贸易壁垒作为贸易保护主义和调整贸易利益的重要手段,已经并将继续影响国际贸易利益再分配过程。影响我国水产品出口的因素很多,技术性…     

技术性贸易壁垒对水产品出口贸易的影响分析

日益加快的全球经济一体化格局推动了全球经济的飞速发展,受自由贸易的持续推进,我国水产品出口贸易保持了良好的增长势头,却受到多方因素的制约,导致我国水产品出口贸易频频遭遇技术性贸易壁垒。严重制约了我国水产品出口贸易的发展。对此,本文深入分析了我国水产品出口的贸易现状,对具体遭受的技术性贸易壁垒进行全面探讨,进而提出了一系列的应对措施,旨在推动我国水产品出口贸易的长远发展。     

技术性贸易壁垒成为制约我国水产品出口的最大因素

国外技术性贸易壁垒已成为制约我国水产品出口的最大因素，给我国水产业带来一系列重大影响，主要表现在以下三个方面：     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

不同年龄细鳞鱼的繁育效果

研究了不同年龄组(3～8龄)细鳞鱼(Bachymystax lenok Pallas)亲鱼的繁育效果,分析其繁育主要技术,包括亲鱼培育、繁育技术、受精卵孵化、鱼苗培育等,结果发现,5～6龄和7～8龄细鳞鱼产卵量没有明显差异,产卵量、孵化率、出苗率均较高,繁殖效果明显好于3～4龄亲鱼。     

海口市近海渔业资源衰退的原因分析与对策建议

在分析海口市海洋渔业资源和海洋捕捞现状的基础上，提出了近海渔业资源衰退的6项原因和加快保护和修复资源的10项措施和建议。     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.