Performance of Mussels,Mytilus edulis,Mytilus trossulus,and Their Hybrids in Cultivation at Three Scottish Lochs

Mussel aquaculture is a growing industry in Scotland, dominated by the production of Mytilus edulis. However, Mytilus trossulus, Mytilus galloprovincialis, and their hybrids with M. edulis have recently been detected in Scotland. At some farms, M. trossulus have been associated with significant losses in production because of presenting low meat yields and fragile shells. In the present study, M. edulis, M. trossulus, and their hybrids were examined from three cultivation areas in order to investigate shell and meat characteristics and advise on future management of mixed‐species areas in Scotland. Results suggest that M. edulis is likely to consistently outperform M. trossulus and hybrids in mixed‐species areas, but that M. trossulus meat yields from different areas can vary considerably. The ability to classify mussels into two (M. edulis and non‐edulis) groups suggests that separation of M. trossulus genotypes could potentially be achieved by grading the harvested mussels. In the most affected areas, however, the fallowing of cultivation sites and importation of unispecific M. edulis spat appear as an alternative. Management of this problem in Scotland is likely to involve the implementation of area‐specific measures, and the establishment of clear guidance on good practice aiming at preventing further distribution of M. trossulus.     

Gametogenic asynchrony of mussels Mytilus in a mixed-species area: Implications for management

Marine mussels Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilus trossulus and their hybrids have recently been reported to occur sympatrically in both wild and farmed populations in Scotland. The presence of M. trossulus has led to significant economic losses at some aquaculture sites. Interest in understanding the reproductive cycles of these mussels in a mixed-species aquaculture area, and the potential to use this information to favour cultivation of the preferred species M. edulis, has motivated a seasonal study of the maturation stages of M. edulis, M. trossulus and M. trossulus × M. edulis hybrids, the most frequent genotypes at one site in Loch Etive, Scotland. To investigate larval abundance of these genotypes, plankton samples were collected simultaneously at the same site over the year and analysed using a real-time PCR assay for the identification of Mytilus species-specific alleles. The main spawning events of M. trossulus and M. trossulus × M. edulis hybrids occurred slightly later, but also more frequently and over a longer period than those of M. edulis. M. trossulus alleles were detected in plankton samples throughout the year, always in larger numbers than M. edulis alleles, except during February. Overall, results suggest that the settlement of M. trossulus and/or M. trossulus × M. edulis hybrids may occur during most of the year. This implies that management of the timing of the deployment of settlement ropes to significantly favour the settlement and production of M. edulis is unlikely to be successful. The real-time PCR methodology has provided valuable information on the temporal patterns of abundance of alleles of each species at the planktotrophic stage of development, and demonstrated the potential to identify and quantify Mytilus larvae in plankton samples.     

基于线粒体COI与16S rRNA基因序列探讨贻贝属的系统发育

比较分析了贻贝属5个种的线粒体DNA COI及16S rRNA基因片段序列,确定了贻贝属的系统进化关系。以翡翠贻贝（Perna viridis）和条纹隔贻贝（Septifer virgatus）为外群,基于距离法（NJ）、最大简约法（MP）、最大似然法（ML）、贝叶斯演绎法（BI）及贝叶斯联合模型分析法构建分子系统树。系统发育分析结果表明,5种贻贝[Mytilus edulis,紫贻贝（M.galloprovincialis）,盖勒贻贝（M.trossulus）,厚壳贻贝（M.coruscus）,加州贻贝（M.californianus）]在系统树上聚为2支。加州贻贝最为原始,厚壳贻贝次之。其中,紫贻贝和M.edulis具有很近的亲缘关系,而厚壳贻贝和加州贻贝的亲缘关系近。研究结果为贻贝属物种进化、迁移及其育种研究提供了理论基础。     

厚壳贻贝M7 lysin分子的克隆与表达

M7 lysin位于贻贝精子顶体中,是溶解卵黄膜、促进受精作用的重要蛋白质,决定了贻贝种间精卵识别的特异性。采用同源克隆法得到厚壳贻贝M7 lysin分子,并在原核生物中对该分子进行重组表达。结果表明,扩增产物为540 bp左右的片段,进一步测序发现其开放阅读框cDNA为543 bp,与贻贝、地中海贻贝、盖勒贻贝具有较高的相似性;在线翻译所得蛋白质片段中含有180个氨基酸,分子量为20 ku,等电点为8.48;通过M7 lysin氨基酸序列构建系统进化树发现,贻贝和地中海贻贝亲缘关系最近,其次为盖勒贻贝,最后是厚壳贻贝;将 M7 lysin分子在E.coli Rosseta(DE3)中融合表达,得到包括载体氨基酸序列在内的25 ku蛋白质,符合预期分子质量。     

PCR-based nuclear and mtDNA markers and shell morphology as an approach to study the taxonomic status of the Chilean blue mussel,Mytilus chilensis (Bivalvia)

Most recent authors have called the Chilean blue mussel (formerly Mytilus chilensis) Mytilus edulis. Mussels from four nominal species (Mytilus edulis, M. trossulus, M. galloprovincialis and M. chilensis) were collected from the eastern coast of Newfoundland, Canada, New Zealand and the southern coast of Chile. Canonical discriminant analysis of selected shell morphometrical characters showed that although there is some overlap in canonical variates, the three nominal species, M. edulis, M. trossulus and M. chilensis can be morphologically divided into three distinct groups. The two nuclear-DNA markers (ITS and Glu-5) and the mtDNA marker studied indicate that the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of M. edulis and M. trossulus are different. M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and M. chilensis share similar restriction fragment patterns for the mtDNA and for the ITS nuclear-DNA marker, while the Glu-5 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay showed that the M. edulis and M. chilensis genotypes disagree, producing species-specific banding patterns that can be used as a diagnostic marker between the two nominal species. The molecular and morphometric data reported here give more evidence to support the view of other authors that the Chilean blue mussel should be included as M. edulis subspecies: Mytilus edulis chilensis.     

海州湾不同养殖区紫贻贝的营养特征及其影响因素

为探究海州湾不同养殖区紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)收获期营养成分变化及其影响因素,于2021年1—3月测定了海州湾不同养殖区(H1：离岸1 n mile,H2：离岸3 n mile,H3：离岸7 n mile、H4：离岸13 n mile,H5：离岸21 n mile)水环境理化因子、紫贻贝的条件指数及蛋白质、脂肪、糖原、氨基酸等营养成分,分析了水体理化因子与条件指数和营养成分的关系。结果显示,随着离岸距离的增加,水温和叶绿素a (Chl-a)浓度等关键理化因子均有升高趋势,1—3月H1站位紫贻贝的条件指数逐渐增加,H2~H5站位的条件指数均在2月达到峰值;各站位的紫贻贝总糖含量呈正态分布,于2月达到峰值,其中,H4和H5站位总糖含量在3月显著下降(P<0.05),比2月分别降低了62.7%和61.6%;H5站位紫贻贝的氨基酸含量在1月显著高于其他站位(P<0.05),而后,在3月显著降为各站位中最低(P<0.05);1—3月各站位紫贻贝外套膜的糖原含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,而3月H5站位紫贻贝糖原含量显著高于其他站位。本研究表明,紫贻贝营养物质储备的差异主要与水温和饵料密度有关,离岸养殖更有助于紫贻贝积累营养物质及生长,离岸养殖区紫贻贝性腺成熟早,营养物质积累快,H5站位紫贻贝比近岸站位可提早1个月上市。本研究将为拓展紫贻贝养殖空间、优化养殖布局提供数据参考。     

Mytilus species under rope culture in Scotland: implications for management

Mussel (Mytilus spp.) production is one of the most economically important aspects of global aquaculture and, in Scotland, production has increased from 262 t in 1986 to 4,219 t in 2006. Until recently, mussel production in Scotland was considered to be based exclusively on the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, the native species. In Europe, production is known to consist of M. edulis and M. galloprovincialis, while a third less profitable species M. trossulus occurs in the Baltic Sea, where it is unexploited. In Scotland, the sympatric occurrence of M. edulis, M. trossulus, M. galloprovincialis and their hybrids in cultivation in Loch Etive has recently been reported, with significant losses in production attributed to the presence of M. trossulus. Samples of mussels were taken at three depths from 10 rope-farm sites in Loch Etive. The distribution of the Mytilus species and their hybrids in Loch Etive was investigated using the Me 15/16 nuclear DNA locus for species and hybrid identification. All three species and their hybrids were detected and the data were in agreement with the Hardy–Weinberg model suggesting panmixia. Frequencies of M. galloprovincialis and its hybrids were very low. Overall, M. trossulus (37%) was found to be more common than M. edulis (30%) and 23% of the sampled mussels were M. trossulus × M. edulis hybrids. Species distribution did not correlate with year of settlement nor with salinities taken at the time of sampling. There were significant differences in species distribution due to site location and depth, with M. edulis being more frequent at 8 m depth and M. trossulus more common at shallower depths. These differences might be exploitable in management strategies for continuing production, for example to decrease the prevalence of M. trossulus at shellfish farms in favour of the more desirable M. edulis.     

紫贻贝和厚壳贻贝杂交及F1代杂交优势初探

2005年-2007年对紫贻贝和厚壳贻贝种间进行了杂交生产性试验，通过亲贝强化培育、确认雌雄亲贝、改革育苗水体交换方法、投喂混合单细胞藻类、流水培养附着稚贝等技术，获得F₁代。结果表明，各试验组生长特性，正交F₁代﹥紫贻贝﹥厚壳贻贝﹥反交F₁代。其中正交F₁代获附着稚贝3.77亿粒，平均壳长为1.13 mm、平均壳高为0.78 mm，育苗成活率达35.57%。正交F₁除在孵化率上低于紫贻贝、厚壳贻贝外，在壳长、壳高、成活率等方面指标具有一定杂交优势，而反交F1代的杂交优势不明显。     

Growth and condition index of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in experimental integrated aquaculture

Integrating mussel and finfish aquaculture has been recognized as a way to increase profits and decrease environmental impacts of finfish aquaculture, but not enough is known about the effects of finfish aquaculture on mussel growth. Here we present a pilot study aimed at determining how distance from finfish aquaculture affects mussel growth. To this end, we measured growth and condition index of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) at three different distances (0, 60 and 700 m) from finfish aquaculture in the eastern Adriatic Sea. There was a statistically significant difference in growth of tagged mussels with respect to site. Average measured lengths of mussels at sites 1, 2 and 3 after the 10 months of the experiment were 57.60, 62.73 and 58.66 mm. Mussels grew fastest from March to May, and slowest from July to September, regardless of their position. Condition index showed spatial and temporal variations with higher values during fall and winter (∼23), and lower values during spring and summer (∼20). Our results show that production cycle in areas traditionally considered suboptimal for aquaculture can be equivalent to the cycle in areas traditionally considered optimal for mussel aquaculture if mussel aquaculture is integrated with finfish aquaculture.     

紫贻贝速冻保鲜的研究

本文研究了紫贻贝在冻藏（贮藏温度为－２５℃或－１８℃）过程中的质构、ＥＰＮ值和感官评定等质量指标的变化。用新鲜紫贻贝经过不同的加工而制成七种速冻产品，进行对照实验研究。实验结果表明，冷藏温度、添加剂、开壳方式和镀冰衣等因素对速冻贻贝的质量产生重要影响。     

厚壳贻贝与贻贝遗传渐渗的分子生物学鉴定

本文运用ISSR标记对厚壳贻贝与贻贝遗传渐渗进行研究。结果表明,厚壳贻贝与贻贝的特异性标记在杂交贻贝中有所反应,进一步证实了在浙江嵊泗部分厚壳贻贝与贻贝发生了杂交和基因渐渗现象。所采集的杂交群体样本中,65%与厚壳贻贝的遗传距离近,可能是杂交后与厚壳贻贝回交的后代。目前由于过度采捕、环境改变以及引进外来种等影响,应该对厚壳贻贝的种质资源进行保护。     

不同养殖密度对紫贻贝和披针形蜈蚣藻生态混养的影响

通过混养生态系统模拟试验研究了紫贻贝(Grateloupia lanceolata)和披针形蜈蚣藻(Mytilus edulis)不同养殖密度组合下的生态混养状况。选取壳长(45.14±3.85)mm的紫贻贝和长度(62.48±7.38)mm的披针形蜈蚣藻,采用5种湿重配比进行混养实验,分别为G1(1∶0)、G2(1∶0.25)、G3(1∶0.5)、G4(1∶1)和G5(1∶2)。每种组合中紫贻贝密度均为0.63 ind·L~(-1),而披针形蜈蚣藻密度分别为0 g·L~(-1)、1.25 g·L~(-1)、2.5 g·L~(-1)、5 g·L~(-1)、10 g·L~(-1)。36 d后,G3组中紫贻贝特定生长率为(0.21±0.03)%·d-1,极显著高于其它混养组[(0.11±0.028)~(0.21±0.03)%·d-1,P0.01],而单养组的紫贻贝特定生长率仅为(0.063±0.022)%·d-1;G3组中披针形蜈蚣藻特定生长率为(0.96±0.20)%·d-1,极显著高于其它混养组[(0.62±0.16)~(0.96±0.20)%·d-1,P0.01]。G3组生态系统对营养盐(NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N、NH_4~+-N、PO3-4-P)的去除率分别达到(91.38±1.40)%、(96.79±1.97)%、(98.38±2.06)%、(96.86±3.16)%,显著高于G2组(P0.05),而与G4和G5组没有显著性差异(P0.05)。本研究结果表明,当紫贻贝与披针形蜈蚣藻湿重比为1∶0.5时,可以取得较好的生态效应。     

Comparative growth of cultured blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, M. trossulus and their hybrids, in naturally occurring mixed-species stocks

In Atlantic Canada, both Mytilus edulis and M. trossulus occur naturally in sympatric populations and readily hybridize forming genotypically complex assemblages that vary widely in relative species composition throughout the region. We monitored growth in single year‐class cohorts of rope‐cultured Mytilus spp. during a 14‐month period from sleeving of seed to harvest at three commercial mussel farms in Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland, Canada. Electrophoretic variation at the mannose phosphate isomerase (Mpi) enzyme locus was used to categorize the two species (M. edulis and M. trossulus) and their hybrids. Seed populations varied significantly among sites in relative proportions of each species and hybrids. Growth in shell length, wet weight and shell weight varied significantly with Mpi genotype at all three farm sites. Growth in flesh weight varied significantly with Mpi genotype at two of the three sites. Growth rates for all weight variables were consistently significantly greater in M. edulis than in sympatric M. trossulus. Growth in shell length was significantly different between sympatric M. edulis and M. trossulus at only one farm site. Growth rates of hybrids were typically intermediate between sympatric M. edulis and M. trossulus, but were often statistically similar to one or other of M. edulis or M. trossulus. We conclude that the production of rope‐cultured blue mussels in Atlantic Canada is significantly influenced by genotype‐dependent growth variation in naturally occurring mixed‐species stocks. Our results also suggest that farm site production may be increased and intrasite variability reduced at farm sites currently using indigenous mixed‐species stocks by substitution and growout of transplanted seed from unispecific M. edulis stocks.     

A historical review of the key bacterial and viral pathogens of Scottish wild fish

Thousands of Scottish wild fish were screened for pathogens by Marine Scotland Science. A systematic review of published and unpublished data on six key pathogens (Renibacterium salmoninarum, Aeromonas salmonicida, IPNV, ISAV, SAV and VHSV) found in Scottish wild and farmed fish was undertaken. Despite many reported cases in farmed fish, there was a limited number of positive samples from Scottish wild fish, however, there was evidence for interactions between wild and farmed fish. A slightly elevated IPNV prevalence was reported in wild marine fish caught close to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farms that had undergone clinical IPN. Salmonid alphavirus was isolated from wild marine fish caught near Atlantic salmon farms with a SAV infection history. Isolations of VHSV were made from cleaner wrasse (Labridae) used on Scottish Atlantic salmon farms and VHSV was detected in local wild marine fish. However, these pathogens have been detected in wild marine fish caught remotely from aquaculture sites. These data suggest that despite the large number of samples taken, there is limited evidence for clinical disease in wild fish due to these pathogens (although BKD and furunculosis historically occurred) and they are likely to have had a minimal impact on Scottish wild fish.     

The interaction of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) with the blue mussel,Mytilus edulis

Integrated multi‐trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is an alternative approach to mono‐culture aquaculture that reduces environmental impacts of commercial aquaculture systems by combining the cultivation of fed species with extractive species. Shellfish play a critical role in IMTA systems by filter‐feeding particulate‐bound organic nutrients. They may also increase or decrease disease risk on farms by serving as reservoirs or barriers for important finfish pathogens such as infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV). This study aimed to optimize culture and molecular assays in shellfish tissues and to determine the fate of ISAV in mussels, Mytilus edulis. To determine detection limits, qRT‐PCR and culture assays in both CHSE‐ and ASK cells were optimized in ISAV‐inoculated mussel tissue homogenates. Both qRT‐PCR and culture assays performed in ASK cells had comparable detection limits of 10^2.8 TCID₅₀ mL^?1. The ISAV RNA genome was consistently detected in digestive gland tissue of ISAV‐exposed mussels. Viable ISAV was not detected in mussel tissues by culture analysis in CHSE‐ and ASK cells. The fact that qRT‐PCR analysis resulted in positive cycle threshold (CT) values that corresponded to the detectable range of ISAV in ASK culture assays suggests that little to no viable ISAV particles are present in the mussel tissues.     

混合重金属对翡翠贻贝的积累与排放规律研究

通过对翡翠贻贝（Mytilus edulis）进行混合重金属积累与排放的慢性实验，研究了重金属铅（Ph）、锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）、镍（Ni）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、汞（Hg）和砷（As）的混合溶液在翡翠贻贝体内的积累规律和排放规律。结果表明，翡翠贻贝对Ph、Zn、Cu、M、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的富集和排放规律性较强，在累积实验中，翡翠贻贝体内各种重金属含量随着时间的推移明显呈上升趋势，翡翠贻贝对重金属Pb，Cu，Ni，Cd，Zn、As、Cr和比有较强的累积能力，可很好地指示海水中这些重金属的污染；在排放实验中，翡翠贻贝体内各重金属含量随时间的推移呈下降趋势，但排放曲线都较平缓，表明翡翠贻贝在实验过程中，释放体内重金属较缓慢。     

A biogeography‐based management for Mytilus chilensis: The genetic hodgepodge of Los Lagos versus the pristine hybrid zone of the Magellanic ecotone

1. This study was intended to identify mussel species from the Magellanic ecotone, quantifying interspecific hybridization within Mytilus and depicting the genetic architecture of Mytilus chilensis in its South Pacific range.
2. The analysis comprises the sub‐Antarctic Magallanes Province as a rich ecotone of climates, ecosystems and admixed faunas embedded among the biogeographic regions of the Pacific, the Atlantic, and Antarctica.
3. Highly conserved molecular sequences within species were used to identify species, and polymorphic microsatellites were used to calculate the genetic architecture of M. chilensis. The absence of the invasive species Mytilus galloprovincialis from the M. chilensis range clarifies previous doubts on its expansion southward from the Arauco Gulf. The ubiquitous presence of the typical Glu‐5′‐Me‐15/16 PAP allele of Mytilus trossulus in the Northern Hemisphere might come from hull biofouling, but rather it seems to be an ancient polymorphism conserved in M. chilensis as occurs in blue mussels from other regions of the Southern Hemisphere. There is a very limited connectivity (F_ST = 0.167) between two latitudinal gene pools of M. chilensis that are highly divergent in composition, architecture, and ecological relevance.
4. Fifty years of aquaculture enhancement in Los Lagos explains its high diversity and genetic heterogeneity among patches, so its mussel management should seek a balance between exploitation and environmental sustainability.
5. The Magellanic ecotone bears a pristine M. chilensis × Mytilus edulis platensis hybrid zone around the Southern Cone, larger (450 km) than previously thought. Such a hybrid zone permeates one of the last remaining wilderness areas in the world (Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve) and is a natural laboratory for addressing introgression, hybridization, and evolution of Mytilus spp. genomes in their last southern frontier.

     

Behavioural interactions of seabirds with suspended mussel longlines

Increased abundances of a number of seabird species have been found in areas of mussel longline aquaculture (compared to control sites) in a recent study at Bantry Bay, southwest Ireland. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this form of mussel aquaculture also affects the activity budgets and foraging behaviour of these seabirds. Scan-sampling was used to compare seabird activity budgets between three areas of mussel longline aquaculture and three control sites. Foraging activities of Great-Northern Divers Gavia immer, an Annex 1 species under the Euopean Union's Birds Directive, were also compared between sites using focal sampling. The behaviour of gulls (Larus sp.), Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo, Shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis and Great-Northern Divers (but not auks, Alcidae) differed significantly between areas of mussel aquaculture and control sites in this study. Mussel suspension buoys were heavily utilized by gulls, cormorants and shags as safe perching platforms for preening activities. Gulls also fed extensively on epifauna attached to the buoys. Great-Northern Divers spent more time snorkelling (head submerged in search of food) in mussel sites than in the control sites, however dive duration and visible foraging success rates did not differ significantly between sites. Overall, the environmental impact of mussel suspension culture appears to be positive or neutral on marine bird species occurring at this study site.     

对贻贝养殖中的敌害生物中华豆蟹的繁殖和世代交替研究

本文根据在河北秦皇岛山海关东姜庄贻贝养殖海区三年来的调查研究资料，概述了中华豆蟹对贻贝养殖的危害和繁殖习性，着重探讨了中华豆蟹的世代交替情况，并提出两项改变现有贻贝养殖周期以防止中华豆蟹危害的措施．