动物分子育种及其在鱼类育种中的应用

随着生物技术的迅速发展,动物的育种技术也在更新换代,新型的分子育种正在越来越广泛地被应用于各种动植物育种中,但在鱼类中起步较晚,然而发展却迅速,如目前已在遗传图谱构建、QTL定位、分子标记辅助育种等方面广泛应用.本文综述了分子育种的研究内容并结合当前科研动态介绍了其在鱼类育种中的应用现状.     

水产动物育种分析与管理系统的开发和应用

针对国内水产动物多性状选择育种研究处于起步阶段的现状,以BLUP遗传评定为核心的水产动物多性状复合育种技术体系为依托,结合国内水产动物育种项目研究,开发了一套适合大多数水产动物育种分析与项目管理的软件系统。该系统是在WindowsXP环境下利用MicrosoftSQLServer2000数据库和基于ObjectPascal语言的DelphiIDE工具开发完成的。主要包括6个功能模块:系统管理、基本信息、种质管理、性能管理、育种分析和销售管理等,覆盖整个育种项目周期,并对流程实行标准化,能够自动化完成种质和性能测定数据的管理、遗传参数估计、育种值计算和配种方案制定等主要工作。软件已经在中国对虾、大菱鲆和罗氏沼虾等育种项目中得到应用,其推广和应用能够有效提升行业的整体育种技术水平,推动我国水产动物育种工作的发展。     

水产动物多倍体育种技术研究

多倍体育种是当今水产经济动物育种的一个重要方面,国内外对此的研究也日趋广泛和深入,且取得了令人瞩目的成就.本文对多倍体产生的机理,人工诱导的方法,倍性鉴定方法,应用前景及近几年来的研究状况作了一综合评述.     

中国鲤育种的主要方法、遗传解析及展望

水产种业是水产养殖业发展的基础，是渔业战略性、基础性核心产业，也是保障未来养殖业绿色、健康发展的核心竞争力。随着水产业全球化、市场化的发展，我国种业正面临着前所未有的机遇与挑战。特别是随着生物技术的快速发展，水产育种也由传统的选择育种和杂交育种，发展至细胞工程育种、分子标记辅助育种、全基因组选择育种、分子设计育种和基因组编辑等精准设计育种。水产动物重要经济性状的基础研究及其遗传改良技术的创建驱动着我国水产种业的蓬勃发展，截止2022年，通过全国水产原种和良种审定委员会审定并由农业农村部公告的水产新品种就有266个，其中鲤新品种数量最多，为31个，表明鲤育种工作卓有成效。本文重点回顾了我国鲤的种质和基因组资源现状，鲤的主要品种及其育种方法；简要介绍了鲤生长、抗病、体色、饲料转化率等经济性状关联的遗传研究进展，并由此提出了新时代背景下鲤种业的发展方向和措施建议，以期为我国鱼类育种提供借鉴。     

水产动物分子育种研究进展

本文介绍了水产动物分子生物学尤其是分子标记的发展,比较了共显性标记和显性标记用于水产动物育种研究的优缺点.介绍了开展分子标记育种研究的基础研究--连锁图谱和经济性状QTL定位研究进展.同时还对国内外已开展的标记辅助的家系育种和QTL研究为基础的性状选择育种等研究进行了综述.最后,着重探讨了分子育种理论及作者建立的有关鲤的3种分子标记指导的育种技术.通过分子育种技术具有不同发展阶段的理论分析以及分子育种的实例介绍,旨在加快分子选择手段与常规表型选择的结合,从而推进分子育种技术在中国主要水产养殖动物育种研究中的应用.     

水产动物种质创制新技术及在海参、海胆遗传育种中的应用

随着现代遗传育种理论和生物技术的不断发展与创新，水产育种技术也开始从传统的选择育种、杂交育种技术，逐渐向与分子标记辅助育种、细胞工程育种、全基因组选择育种、分子设计育种、性别控制、基因转移以及基因编辑等现代分子辅助育种技术相结合的方向发展。虽然，我国水产种业已经形成并蓬勃发展，但仍存在良种覆盖率低、研究深度不够等问题和挑战。本文在国内外研究的基础上，重点综述了棘皮动物(海参和海胆)的种质资源概况、水产养殖育种新技术及在经济棘皮动物中的应用，并对海参、海胆养殖业提出了建议，以期为合理开发我国经济棘皮动物种质资源提供参考，推动水产养殖业绿色发展。     

最佳遗传贡献理论及其在水产动物选择育种中的应用前景

水产动物多性状复合育种技术已发展成为国内水产选择育种的重要技术体系。在限定的近交水平下,如何选种和配种实现遗传进展最大化是当前该体系亟待解决的一个突出问题。在动植物选择育种中,最佳遗传贡献理论(Optimum Contribution,OC)已成为平衡育种核心群长期遗传进展与近交水平的有效工具。本文论述了OC理论的提出背景和发展过程、不同优化算法的特点和该理论在动植物选择育种中的应用进展,并进一步综述了基于基因组信息的OC理论研究新进展。遗传贡献目标函数的优化算法主要包括拉格朗日乘数法、半正定规划法和差分进化算法等。基于拉格朗日乘数法,执行OC选择10代后获得的遗传进展要比最佳线性无偏预测法(Best Linear Unbiased Prediction,BLUP)育种值直接选择高21%-60%。针对水产动物等高繁殖力大群体,育种学家进一步改进了算法,利用候选亲本父母本群体的加性遗传相关矩阵来计算候选亲本群体的加性遗传相关矩阵和逆矩阵,降低了逆矩阵的维数,提高了最佳遗传贡献值的计算效率。但是拉格朗日乘数法并不能保证求解出的遗传贡献值为全局最大值,而半正定规划方法利用内点算法可以获得候选亲本的最佳遗传贡献值,与前者相比遗传进展可进一步提高1.5%-9%。差分进化算法可将遗传进展、遗传多样性、后代近交、场间遗传联系、多阶段选择、分子标记利用和成本等多种因素纳入目标函数进行优化,同时完成个体选择和交配方案制定两个关键任务。复合系谱和基因组信息,在限定的近交水平下,可以获得更为准确的遗传贡献值,遗传进展可进一步提高。OC选择已经应用在畜牧、林木育种研究中,育种群体的近交水平得到了有效控制,与BLUP直接选择相比,目标性状的遗传进展进一步提高(17%-30%)。针对水产动物多性状复合育种技术体系的特点,本文分析了OC理论应用的紧迫性和可行性,提出了亟待解决的关键技术问题和解决方案,为下一步在水产动物选择育种中应用OC理论提供借鉴和指导。     

单核苷酸多态性及其在水产动物遗传育种中的应用

单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）是广泛存在于基因组中的一类由单个碱基转换或颠换引起的DNA序列多态性。它是继限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）、微卫星标记（SSR）之后的新一代分子标记,已广泛应用于构建遗传连锁图谱、QTL定位、关联分析及研究群体遗传结构与亲缘关系等方面。本文主要介绍了SNPs的概念、特点及检测SNPs的主要方法,综述了SNPs在水产动物遗传育种中的研究进展,以期将SNPs更广泛地应用于水产动物群体遗传、分子标记辅助育种和生物进化等研究领域。     

水产动物育种值估计方法及其应用的研究进展

育种值是选种和配种计划制定的基础,育种值估计是水产动物选择育种的重要内容之一,育种值估计的准确性直接影响着育种项目的遗传进展和选择效果。本文综述了3种育种值估计方法,选择指数、最佳线性无偏预测BLUP法和标记辅助BLUP方法的原理、优缺点及其在水产动物育种中的应用进展。众多研究表明,基于系谱结构和表型信息的BLUP方法将成为水产动物育种中一种快速有效的育种值估计方法。     

鱼类育种研究进展

本文概括了鱼类的选择育种、驯化及杂交育种等传统鱼类育种方法,叙述了现代生物技术在鱼类育种中的应用,主要有多倍体育种、雌、雄核发育、核移植、转基因育种、分子标记辅助育种、基因组育种;并提出了当今鱼类育种出现的问题。同时,做出了鱼类育种必将走向基因组育种之路的展望,为鱼类育种的发展提供参考。     

团头鲂3个选育群体的选择压力分析

团头鲂选育群体基因组选择信号的检测有助于研究人工选育条件下基因组的进化机制,为团头鲂的进一步遗传改良提供依据。以团头鲂"浦江1号"选育奠基群体(F0)为对照组,以3个团头鲂选育群体为试验组,采用经典的Ewens-Watterson中性检验和基于3种算法(岛屿模型、分级岛屿模型、贝叶斯似然法)的FST-离群值点检验,在14个转录组微卫星位点上进行选择信号检测。结果显示,F0群体中所有位点均为中性位点,选育群体A在Mac927位点和Mac158位点受到了正向选择压力,选育群体B在Mac158位点受到了正向选择压力,选育群体C在Mac927位点和Mac158位点受到了正向选择压力。由此可见,自1985年起的连续世代人工选育已在团头鲂基因组中留下了可检测到的选择信号。3个选育群体均在Mac158位点检测到选择信号,表明3个选育群体受到的人工选择方向比较接近。     

Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in aquaculture: a review

Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), otherwise known as viral nervous necrosis (VNN), is a major devastating threat for aquatic animals. Betanodaviruses have been isolated in at least 70 aquatic animal species in marine and in freshwater environments throughout the world, with the notable exception of South America. In this review, the main features of betanodavirus, including its diversity, its distribution and its transmission modes in fish, are firstly presented. Then, the existing diagnosis and detection methods, as well as the different control procedures of this disease, are reviewed. Finally, the potential of selective breeding, including both conventional and genomic selection, as an opportunity to obtain resistant commercial populations, is examined.     

Recent advances of genome mapping and marker‐assisted selection in aquaculture

Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector in agriculture. Substantial genetic gains have been achieved in a few cultured species using conventional selective breeding approaches. However, the majority of fish and shellfish species remain in their wild state. Due to the recognition of the enormous potential of marker‐assisted selection (MAS) to speed up genetic gain through early selection, aquaculture scientists have constructed linkage maps in over 40 species and mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) for important traits in over 20 species since the 1990s. Although MAS and genomic selection (GS) have not been widely used in aquaculture, their application in breeding programmes is expected to be a fertile area of research. In this paper, I summarized the recent advances of linkage and QTL mapping, as well as MAS in aquaculture species. I also discussed the potentials of genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) and GS in aquaculture species.     

Microsatellite marker isolation and cultured strain identification in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius auratus gibelio</Emphasis>

Microsatellites have become the preferred molecular markers for strain selection and genetic breeding in fish. In this study a total of 105 microsatellites were isolated and identified in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) by microsatellite sequence searches in GenBank and other databases and by screening and sequencing of positive clones from the genomic library enriched for AG and GATA repeats. Moreover, nineteen microsatellites were randomly selected to design locus-specific primer pairs, and these were successfully used to identify and discriminate different cultured strains of gibel carp including strains A, D, L, and F. Three different types of microsatellite pattern were distinguished by the number and length of fragments amplified from the 19 primer pairs, and some microsatellite primer pairs were found to produce different microsatellite patterns among strains and strain-specific fragments. In addition, some duplicated alleles were also detected in two microsatellite patterns. Therefore, the current study provides direct molecular markers to discriminate among different cultured strains for selective breeding and aquaculture practice of gibel carp.     

驯养、选育条件下尼罗罗非鱼群体的选择压力分析

家养动物是研究长期人工选择对动物基因组产生选择效应机制的独特对象,尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)是一种受人工干预(驯养、选育)历史较短的优良养殖对象,可作为研究新近发生的人工干预对动物基因组产生影响的遗传机制的良好模型。本研究以1个尼罗罗非鱼埃及野生群体为对照组,以4个"新吉富"罗非鱼选育系群体、2个企业自主选育群体和5个驯养群体为实验组,采用3种模型分析方法(岛屿模型、分级岛屿模型和贝叶斯似然法),在12个微卫星位点上进行F_(ST)-离群值点检测(F_(ST)-outlier test)。结果显示,在本研究所分析的12个微卫星位点中,4个"新吉富"罗非鱼选育系群体在2个微卫星位点(OMO043,OMO114)受到了显著的正向选择压力(P0.01),2个企业自主选育群体在另外2个微卫星位点(OMO049,OMO100)受到显著的正向选择压力(P0.01),而5个驯养群体只在1个微卫星位点(OMO013)受到了显著的正向选择压力(P0.01)。由此可见,选育群体受到的正向选择位点数明显多于驯养群体,选育群体与驯养群体受到正向选择的位点各异,不同选育群体间受到正向选择的位点也各不相同。本研究结果表明,不同的人工干预途径从不同的方向上对尼罗罗非鱼基因组产生了影响。     

A comprehensive survey on selective breeding programs and seed market in the European aquaculture fish industry

The use of selective breeding is still relatively limited in aquaculture species. Information on such activities is sparse, hindering an overall evaluation of their success. Here, we report on the results of an online survey of the major aquaculture breeding companies operating in Europe. Six main reared fish species were targeted. A total of 31 respondents contributed to the survey, representing 75 % of European breeding organizations. Family-based breeding schemes were predominant, but individual selection was more frequently applied in marine species. Artificial fertilization is the preferred means of reproduction; however, mass spawning is often used as a fallback method. The most frequently selected trait is growth performance, but the number of selected traits has been increasing over the years through the addition of traits such as disease resistance or product quality. The use of molecular tools is now common in all programs, mainly for pedigree traceability. An increasing number of programs use either genomic or marker-assisted selection. Results related to the seed production market confirmed that for Atlantic salmon there are a few dominant players at the European level, with 30–50 % market share. Only part of the European fish aquaculture industry today fully exploits selective breeding to the best advantage. A larger impact assessment still needs to be made by the remainder, particularly on the market share of fish seed (eggs, larvae or juveniles) and its consequences for hatchery stability.     

Development and evaluation of a high‐throughput single nucleotide polymorphism multiplex assay for assigning pedigrees in common carp

Accurate pedigree information is critical when managing animal breeding programmes and ensure the highest rate of genetic gain. The abundance of available genomic data and the development of high‐throughput genotyping platforms have facilitated the use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as the best DNA markers for genomic selection studies. Furthermore, the superior qualities of SNPs compared with those of microsatellite markers allow standardization between laboratories, which is crucial for developing an international set of markers for use in traceability studies. The objective of this study was to develop a high‐throughput SNP array to assign common carp pedigrees accurately. A 48‐SNP array was developed based on the Fluidigm genotyping platform, and a phylogenetic analysis was performed to distinguish different pedigrees. A likelihood‐based approach was used to infer parental pairs, and the pair with the highest LOD score (log of the ratio of the likelihood given parentage to likelihood given non‐parentage) was assigned. The SNP genotypes of the offspring and candidate parents tested were collected, and 94% of the offspring were assigned to the most‐likely parent pair, which was consistent with the actual pedigree records. Using this SNP assay will allow implementation of offspring testing at large commercial farms where improved accuracy of pedigree assignments and genetic evaluations will increase genetic gains in the common carp aquaculture industry.