基于SWAT模型的汤浦水库流域非点源污染模拟

在对汤浦水库流域内污染调查的基础上,建立了基于GIS技术的SWAT模型,建立了汤浦水库流域非点源污染空间和属性信息基础数据库,在GIS技术和ArcScene、Arcview等软件支持下,研究流域非点源污染分布规律、主要污染因子、各溪各镇的污染贡献率以及流域污染负荷总量等。结果表明,在空间尺度上,南溪和双江溪流域营养物质贡献量最高,泥沙量较大;不同土地利用类型污染流失负荷不同,灌溉水田是总氮负荷的主要来源,水田和茶园是总磷负荷的主要来源,其次是居民点,最小是林地。在时间尺度上,年内总氮、总磷负荷随季节呈不规     

洋河水库流域面源污染负荷空间分布特征

为探究洋河水库流域面源污染的空间分布特征,基于气象、土地利用、农业管理等数据资料,计算2013年洋河水库流域农村生活污水、固体废弃物、畜禽养殖流失、化肥流失、水土流失污染和城镇地表径流污染6种污染来源中总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、氨氮（NH3-N）、化学耗氧量（COD）4个污染物指标排放负荷,并通过GIS空间分析反映流域内的污染分布情况。结果表明,畜禽养殖污染物排泄量对研究区污染负荷贡献最大,年产生量约51621.34 t,入河量2961.52 t,占比分别为92%和85%;从总量上看,洋河水库流域的面源污染负荷分布在西洋河支流区域范围;单位面积负荷量最大的区域是迷雾河支流区域范围。据此确定了西洋河和迷雾河流域为今后洋河水库流域面源污染重点治理的区域,此研究结果可为洋河水库流域面源污染防治及消减提供理论依据。     

基于ArcSWAT模型的老鹳河流域面源氮识别和分析

进行老鹳河流域面源氮污染负荷估算和关键源、区识别,推进流域面源污染的溯源和控制,为流域非点源氮污染控制和治理提供理论支撑。通过模型数据库构建、流域空间单元划分以及参数率定和验证建立老鹳河流域氮污染过程的ArcSWAT模型;以2017年的气象资料为背景,设置4种情景模式,模拟估算流域不同面源氮的入河量,分析和识别不同污染源的关键期以及不同土地利用类型的关键污染源。结果表明,化学氮肥施用和大气沉降是老鹳河流域面源氮的主要污染源,分别贡献了47.6%和38.6%;大气沉降、畜禽养殖和化学氮肥施用入河氮量最大值均出现在3月,农村生活入河氮量最大值出现在8月,而4类污染源入河氮量的最小值均出现在12月;雨季是老鹳河流域控制面源污染氮的关键期;减控的关键污染源旱地、园地和水田是化学氮肥施用,林地和人居地分别是大气沉降和农村生活。应分时、分区、分类制定老鹳河流域面源氮污染减控方案,对于人为氮源（化学氮肥施用、畜禽养殖和农村生活）还要关注在作物播种期和生长季节进行减控。     

松华坝水库上游牧羊河氮、磷主要来源研究

牧羊河是昆明松华坝水库的一条重要支流,其水质的好坏直接关系到松华坝水库的水质。面源污染是影响水库水质的主要因素。通过对流域内农田径流、农村生活污水以及牧羊河丰水期与枯水期水质的测定,对总氮、总磷指标进行了评价和分析,得出了牧羊河氮、磷主要来源于松华坝水源区面源污染,且流域内面源污染对牧羊河水体总氮含量影响较大。     

基于GIS技术的濑溪河流域泸县境内农村非点源污染评估

通过地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)技术对濑溪河流域泸县境内进行水系提取及流域划分,并利用GIS空间技术分析了各乡镇污染贡献度。选取城镇居民生活污水、城镇地表径流、畜禽散养、农村生活污水以及化肥流失5大污染源,计算各镇总等标污染负荷比。结果表明,研究区内农村畜禽散养、化肥流失、生活污水的污染源总和比重高达69.71%,福集镇占研究区乡镇总污染的31.17%,导致泸县濑溪河水质差的主要原因是农村非点源污染,并提出了针对性的污染防治对策。     

高州水库集水区内污染源污染负荷研究

为探究高州水库集水区内污染状况,根据2008年污染源的调查结果,利用排污系数法和输出系数法,结合现场资料调查分别对该地区点源和非点源污染负荷(COD、NH3-N、TN、TP)进行估算,并应用地理信息系统(GIS)技术对集水区内污染源空间分布特征及来源构成进行分析。研究结果表明,高州水库集水区内COD、NH3-N、TN、TP污染物输出总量分别为8192.83、394.13、1137.38、94.29 t/a,其中非点源污染COD、NH3-N、TN、TP输出量为7114.79、336.91、1060.21、88.08 t/a,占污染物输出总量的比例分别为87%、85%、93%、93%。COD、TN和TP均以农林种植源排放为主,占总输出量的比例分别为50%、52%、50%。NH3-N以农村生活源排放为主,占总输出量的比例为63%。在空间分布上,每年不同乡镇单位面积COD负荷强度为47.08~144.63 kg.hm-2,NH3-N负荷强度2.43~5.24 kg.hm-2,TN负荷强度6.70~20.34 kg.hm-2；TP负荷强度0.60~1.73 kg.hm-2,其中以临近库区的平山镇COD、NH3-N、TN、TP污染负荷强度均最高。在来源构成上,集水区各镇COD、NH3-N、TN、TP污染负荷的70%~94%来源于非点源。因此,为保护高州水库水环境,应将集水区内非点源(农村生活、散养畜禽、农林种植)作为重点控制源,同时根据其空间分布特征进行分区防治,重点防治控制区为平山镇。     

高州水库集水区污染源分布特征及污染负荷研究

为探究高州水库集水区的污染状况,根据2008年污染源的调查结果,利用排污系数法和输出系数法,结合现场资料调查,分别对该地区点源和非点源污染负荷(COD、NH_3-N、TN、TP)进行估算,并应用地理信息系统(GIS)技术对集水区内污染源空间分布特征及来源构成进行分析。结果表明,高州水库集水区内COD、NH_3-N、TN、TP污染物输出总量分别为8 192.83、394.13、1 137.38、94.29 t/a,其中非点源污染COD、NH_3-N、TN、TP输出量为7 114.79、336.91、1 060.21、88.08 t/a,占污染物输出总量的比例分别为87%、85%、93%、93%。COD、TN和TP均以农林种植源排放为主,占总输出量的比例分别为50%、52%、50%。NH_3-N以农村生活源排放为主,占总输出量的比例为63%。在空间分布上,每年不同乡镇单位面积COD、NH_3-N、TN、TP的负荷强度分别为47.08~144.63、2.43~5.24 kg/hm~2、6.70~20.34 kg/hm~2、0.60~1.73 kg/hm~2,其中此4项指标的污染负荷强度均以临近库区的平山镇最高。在来源构成上,集水区各镇COD、NH_3-N、TN、TP污染负荷的70%~94%来源于非点源。为保护高州水库水环境,应将集水区内非点源(农村生活、散养畜禽、农林种植)作为重点控制源,同时根据其空间分布特征进行分区防治,重点防控区域为平山镇。     

海河流域农业非点源污染评价

伴随着我国经济的快速增长，人类活动和资源环境的矛盾加剧，水资源短缺和水环境污染的形势严峻。海河流域是中国的政治、经济和文化中心，在国民经济中具有重要的战略地位，然而它却是中国水污染最严重的流域。本文通过分析评价现有大尺度流域非点源污染负荷估算方法，建立了适合现有数据条件并有一定精确性的大尺度流域农业非点源污染负荷估算方法一“三维”系数估算法，估算农业非点源污染负荷量，评价农业非点源污染对水体污染的影响，并在此基础之上，提出了介于环境资源的公共物品属性决定了控制农业非点源污染必须由政府主导、公众广泛参与。海河流域要重点抓好畜禽养殖污染的控制，大力推广生态畜牧业。积极推进“农村清洁工程”，改善农村生活条件。     

大伙房水库主要营养物物流平衡研究

根据1980～2003年对大伙房水库及上游流域水质调查情况,对库区主要营养物(N、P)等进行了分析。结果表明:水库主要污染物为氮、磷。上游流域的种、养殖、生活污水是水库氮、磷污染的主要因子。论述了水库营养物(N、P)物流来源及平衡关系和污染份额。确立了水库汇水区内存在的问题和治理对策。     

蓄水前后三峡水库营养盐收支计算

根据近10年来长江三峡库区江段氮、磷营养盐的历史数据,以及三峡库区支流、大气降水、地表径流、淹没土壤释放、工农业排放等主要形式的氮、磷营养盐负荷数据,并结合现场调杏的结果,采用箱式模型对蓄水(135～139m)前后三峡水库营养盐进行收支计算,以期为三峡成库后三峡江段生源要素生物地球化学过程以及长江营养盐输送过程提供研究基础.结果表明:上游输入的总氮、总磷是三峡水库氮、磷营养盐的主要来源,占入库负荷的80%～90%;蓄水后入库营养盐负荷种类增加,主要是淹没土壤的释放作用.蓄水前总氮、总磷入库负荷与出库负荷相等,蓄水后入库营养盐有约18%的总氮和15%的总磷滞留于水库中,而溶解无机氮、溶解无机磷受蓄水因素影响较小.颗粒氮磷营养盐的沉降、生物吸收以及残体的沉降作用是导致出库营养盐减少的主要原因,其过程有待进一步深入研究.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.