豆粕替代鱼粉对红螯螯虾幼虾生长、肌肉组成和消化酶活力的影响

为探讨红螯螯虾幼虾的饲料豆粕替代鱼粉的适宜替代量,配制5种不同替代水平(0、40%、60%、80%和100%)的等氮等能饲料,饲喂初重(0.53±0.06)g的红螯螯虾幼虾8周,测定其生长性能、肌肉组成、肝胰腺消化酶活力及抗氧化活力。结果显示,豆粕替代鱼粉对螯虾存活率没有显著影响;与对照组相比,豆粕替代鱼粉的替代量为40%~80%时,红螯螯虾幼虾的增重率和特定生长率没有显著变化;替代量为100%时,螯虾增重率和特定生长率显著下降,螯虾肌肉的蛋白质含量呈现一定程度的下降;豆粕替代鱼粉对螯虾肌肉的脂肪和灰分含量没有显著影响;随着替代量的增加,螯虾肝胰腺胰蛋白酶活力呈现下降的趋势,当替代量为100%时,胰蛋白酶活力显著下降;豆粕替代鱼粉对螯虾肝胰腺脂肪酶、淀粉酶和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力均没有显著影响;替代量为100%时,螯虾肝胰腺总抗氧化活力(T-AOC)显著下降。结果表明,豆粕替代鱼粉的替代量为40%~80%时,对螯虾的生长性能、肌肉组成、消化酶活力和抗氧化活力均没有显著影响,替代量为100%时,显著抑制螯虾的生长、胰蛋白酶活力和T-AOC。根据本试验结果,建议红螯螯虾幼虾饲料中豆粕替代鱼粉的替代量为80%。     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长、肌肉成分和血淋巴非特异性免疫的影响

为研究发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、肌肉成分和血淋巴非特异性免疫的影响,设计了鱼粉含量为21%的对照组饲料,以三种发酵豆粕W305、W738和Y647等蛋白替代对照组饲料中6%的鱼粉,配制成4种等氮饲料,投喂平均体质量5.1 g的凡纳滨对虾42 d。结果表明:1)各处理组在成活率上无显著差异,对照组具有最高的增重率;在发酵豆粕组中,以Y647组的增重率最高,饲料系数最低,并达到对照组基本一致的水平;W305和W738组的增重率较对照组显著降低,饲料系数显著增高;2)在肌肉成分方面,各组水分和粗蛋白含量无显著差异,与对照组相比,W305组肌肉粗脂肪含量显著增高,Y647组肌肉粗灰分含量显著降低;3)三个发酵豆粕组的血淋巴酚氧化酶(PO)活性和W305组的总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性均显著高于对照组。结果表明,发酵豆粕Y647可替代饲料中6%的鱼粉而不影响凡纳滨对虾生长性能,并可提高血淋巴PO活性。     

豆粕影响日本鳗鲡黑仔鳗饲料中发酵豆粕对鱼粉的替代效果：生长、抗氧化能力以及生化指标

为研究日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)黑仔鳗饲料中发酵豆粕对鱼粉的替代效果及豆粕的可能作用,设置5组实验饲料:以含有60%鱼粉和5%豆粕的T0组为对照组,分别使用10%(T10组)和20%(T20组)的发酵豆粕替代对照组中鱼粉的11.6%和23.3%,并在此基础上再分别用4.5%的发酵豆粕替代T10组和T20组中全部的豆粕设置成T14.5组和T24.5组。在水泥池的网箱中饲养初始体质量为(0.405±0.003) g的日本鳗鲡黑仔鳗76 d。结果显示:5%豆粕含量不变的条件下,随着发酵豆粕使用量的增加,特定生长率、增重率和存活率逐渐升高;发酵豆粕替代豆粕后,T10组特定生长率、增重率和存活率显著高于T14.5组(P<0.05),T20组特定生长率、增重率和存活率高于T24.5组但差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着发酵豆粕使用量的增加,日本鳗鲡黑仔鳗肌肉的粗蛋白含量呈现先减少后增加的趋势,粗脂肪则相反。试验组血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量均低于对照组,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性除T14.5组外均显著高于对照组;T10组MDA含量显著低于T14.5组。随着发酵豆粕使用量的增加,肝脏中的T-AOC、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈现逐渐上升的趋势,MDA含量则相反,ALT、AST活性呈先上升后下降的趋势。血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)和球蛋白(GLB)含量随发酵豆粕用量增加而增加;在鱼粉用量相同时,含有5%豆粕比不含豆粕的试验组有更高的血清TP以及GLB含量。以上结果表明:饲料中用发酵豆粕替代鱼粉可以提高日本鳗鲡黑仔鳗的生长性能、血清和肝脏抗氧化能力及肝功能,且最佳用量为20%;豆粕影响发酵豆粕对鱼粉的替代效果,含5%的豆粕比不含豆粕有更好的替代效果,但效果因发酵豆粕用量而异。     

饲料蛋白对翘嘴红鲌蛋白质周转代谢的影响

选择健康的翘嘴红(体重12.84±0.60g)为试验鱼,以红鱼粉为蛋白源,配制5个蛋白水平(31.04%、35.51%、40.89%4、6.62%、50.33%)的等能、等必需氨基酸(EAA)平衡关联度的半精制饲料;又以豆粕替代鱼粉,大豆蛋白分别替代0、13.5%、27%、40.5%、54%的鱼粉蛋白,配制5个EAA关联度的等蛋白(40%)、等能(20MJ.kg-1)的半精制饲料,探讨饲料蛋白水平和大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的替代对翘嘴红肌肉和肝胰脏蛋白质周转代谢的影响。8周饲养结果表明,饲料蛋白水平对翘嘴红的特定增重率(SGR)具有显著性影响(P<0.05),40.89%饲料蛋白组的SGR显著高于31.04%、35.51%饲料蛋白组(P<0.05),但与46.62%和50.33%饲料蛋白组没有显著性差异(P>0.05);饲料蛋白水平对白肌、肝胰脏蛋白质生长率具有相似的影响,40.89%饲料蛋白组的白肌、肝胰脏蛋白质生长率分别达到2.13%.d-1,显著高于31.04%和35.51%两组(P<0.05),但与46.62%和50.33%饲料蛋白组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。饲料蛋白水平的增加促进了翘嘴红的生长和蛋白质的合成。肌肉蛋白质合成率(Ks)、蛋白质降解率(Kd)随饲料蛋白水平的增加而增加(P<0.05),肌肉蛋白质的增加归因于蛋白质合成的增加较降解的增加更占优势,蛋白质的沉积率在适宜蛋白水平时最高。当大豆蛋白分别替代13.5%2、7.0%4、0.5%的鱼粉蛋白时,翘嘴红的SGR与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),而且都显著高于54.0%替代组(P<0.05)。白肌蛋白质生长率(Kg)也显著受到大豆蛋白替代的影响(P<0.01),当饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代量为40.5%时,与对照组相比,Kg极显著下降(P<0.01)。随着饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代量的增加,白肌Ks随之降低,当饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代量达54%时,与对照组相比,肌肉Ks显著下降(P<0.05)。白肌Kd与白肌Ks的变化趋势相似(P<0.1),而PDE没有受到饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代的影响(P>0.05)。可见随着大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代量的提高,氨基酸平衡关联度逐渐降低,蛋白质合成逐渐降低(P<0.05),生长下降,饲料必须氨基酸平衡程度的变化没有改变蛋白质的沉积效率。     

芽孢杆菌有氧发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标及肠组织结构的影响

芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)有氧发酵豆粕的肽类和活菌等含量丰富，为研究其替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)幼鱼的养殖效果，配制鱼粉含量为50%的大口黑鲈基础饲料，在基础饲料中用芽孢杆菌有氧发酵豆粕分别替代0、10%、20%、30%和40%的鱼粉，配制成5种等氮、等能实验饲料进饲养实验。实验共分5个组，每组3个重复，每个重复30尾鱼[初始体重为(19.83±0.33) g]。采用表观饱食投喂饲养75 d。结果显示，20%和30%实验组增重率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，但饲料效率、存活率与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)，20%的替代组增重率及饲料效率皆出现最大值；各实验组之间肥满度和肝体比均无显著差异(P>0.05)，但替代组脏体比出现下降的趋势，且当替代量超过30%时，显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。血清白蛋白含量各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)，替代组总蛋白和球蛋白的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活力随鱼粉替代量的增加而显著升高，10%组与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)，其他各替代组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。对肠道组织结构的研究结果显示，40%组前肠肠绒毛密度和肠壁厚度均显著低于对照组；30%前肠绒毛高度和宽度显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。10%组中肠肠壁厚度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，但与其他各实验组与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)；20%和40%组中肠绒毛密度和高度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各实验组的后肠肠壁厚度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)，但30%组绒毛高度和宽度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上所述，在本实验条件下，芽孢杆菌有氧发酵豆粕替代20%的鱼粉不会影响大口黑鲈的生长性能和体质，对其肠道健康有一定的促进作用。     

双低菜籽粕在草鱼、鲤和日本沼虾配合饲料中适宜使用量的研究

以豆粕和鱼粉为基础蛋白源,以双低菜籽粕等氮替代一定量的豆粕和鱼粉,用于草鱼、鲤和日本沼虾的饲养。结果表明,饲料中菜籽粕等氮替代豆粕蛋白质等于或低于75%时,草鱼的增重率、特定生长率和摄食率与对照组相比均无显著差异;等氮替代率等于或低于50%时,饵料系数无显著差异;100%等氮替代豆粕和鱼粉蛋白质时各项生长性能均最差。饲料中菜籽粕等氮替代豆粕蛋白质等于或低于50%时,鲤的特定生长率和摄食率与对照组相比均无显著差异,25%等氮替代率时饵料系数最低。等氮替代7%豆粕蛋白质(饲料中菜籽粕含量为4.1%)时,日本沼虾的生长情况与对照组基本一致,等氮替代14%(菜籽粕含量为8.2%)时,日本沼虾的增重率显著低于对照组和XⅡ组,随着菜籽粕含量的增加,饲料系数增大,成活率下降。     

玉米蛋白粉替代部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾摄食量、生长和肌肉成分的影响

以凡纳滨对虾幼虾［体重(0.013 6±0.001 0) g］为试验对象，以鱼粉、豆粕、肉粉和花生粕为蛋白源配制对照饲料，用玉米蛋白粉替代部分鱼粉配制3种与对照饲料等氮、等能的试验饲料，其中玉米蛋白粉用量为5%、10%和15%，分别替代鱼粉8.6%、17.2%和25.8%，饲喂凡纳滨对虾45 d，研究玉米蛋白粉替代部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾摄食量、生长和肌肉成分的影响。结果表明，（1）试验饲料中玉米蛋白粉用量不超过10%，对凡纳滨对虾日均摄食量没有显著影响（P>0.05）。（2）5%玉米蛋白粉组的生长效果最好，其相对增重率、增长率和饲料系数分别为2 542.8%、155.1%和1.58，前者显著高于对照组（P<0.05），后两者与对照组没有显著差异（P>0.05）；10%玉米蛋白粉组虾的生长和饲料系数与对照组没有显著差异（P>0.05）；15%组虾的生长显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。（3）玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对对虾肌肉的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量影响不显著（P>0.05）；对对虾肌肉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量和呈味氨基酸含量以及必需氨基酸指数的影响也不显著（P>0.05）。（4）玉米蛋白粉在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的适宜用量为10%。     

玉米蛋白粉替代部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾摄食量、生长和肌肉成分的影响

以凡纳滨对虾幼虾[体重(0.013 6±0.001 0)g]为试验对象,以鱼粉、豆粕、肉粉和花生粕为蛋白源配制对照饲料,用玉米蛋白粉替代部分鱼粉配制3种与对照饲料等氮、等能的试验饲料,其中玉米蛋白粉用量为5%、10%和15%,分别替代鱼粉8.6%、17.2%和25.8%,饲喂凡纳滨对虾45 d,研究玉米蛋白粉替代部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾摄食量、生长和肌肉成分的影响.结果表明,(1)试验饲料中玉米蛋白粉用量不超过10%,对凡纳滨对虾日均摄食量没有显著影响(P＞0.05).(2)5%玉米蛋白粉组的生长效果最好,其相对增重率、增长率和饲料系数分别为2 542.8%、155.1%和1.58,前者显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),后两者与对照组没有显著差异(P＞0.05);10%玉米蛋白粉组虾的生长和饲料系数与对照组没有显著差异(P＞0.05);15%组虾的生长显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).(3)玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对对虾肌肉的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量影响不显著(P＞0.05);对对虾肌肉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量和呈味氨基酸含量以及必需氨基酸指数的影响也不显著(P＞0.05).(4)玉米蛋白粉在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的适宜用量为10%.     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对斑点叉尾鮰消化酶活性的影响

以发酵豆粕替代基础日粮中25%、50%、75%和100%的鱼粉,饲养平均体重为1.1g的斑点叉尾鮰42d后,研究了发酵豆粕对斑点叉尾鮰生长和消化酶活性的影响.结果显示:发酵豆粕替代25%、50%、75%鱼粉组斑点叉尾鮰增重率、特定生长率比对照组稍高(P>0.05),饲料系数与对照组没有显著性差异(P>0.05);替代100%的鱼粉时,这些指标与对照组也没有显著性差异;试验组斑点叉尾鮰胃蛋白酶活性与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05);肝胰脏和肠道的蛋白酶活性随着替代比例的提高而呈不明显的上升趋势(P>0.05);各试验组鱼淀粉酶活性均高于对照组,其中以替代50%鱼粉组最高,但差异不显著(P>0.05).     

石斑鱼配合饲料中发酵豆粕和豆粕部分替代白鱼粉的研究

在浮式海水网箱(1.5m×1m×1.5m)中养殖石斑鱼幼鱼(9.4±0.1g),在等氮(52% CP)基础上进行以发酵豆粕和普通豆粕替代鱼粉的实验, 为期56天.结果显示在石斑鱼饲料中添加14%发酵豆粕,其增重率、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率和蛋白质效率与对照组没有显著性差异(P>0.05),以后随着发酵豆粕添加量的上升,这些指标都显著下降(P<0.05).在同样替代水平下,添加21%发酵豆粕组,增重率,SGR,饲料效率和蛋白质效率都比添加20%豆粕组高(P<0.05),表明对海水肉食性鱼类来说,发酵豆粕是一种比豆粕更优良的蛋白源.用折线模型分析增重率随白鱼粉替代水平的变化关系,结果表明在石斑鱼配合饲料中,发酵豆粕替代白鱼粉的最适量为10%.从实际生产的经济效益出发,建议在饲料中添加14%发酵豆粕,对石斑鱼的生长和鱼体组成不会造成显著影响.     

Effects of replacing fish meal with soybean meal and peanut meal on growth,feed utilization and haemolymph indexes for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) and peanut meal (PM) on growth, feed utilization, body composition and haemolymph indexes of juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone. Five diets were formulated: a control diet (FM30) containing 30% fish meal and four other diets (FM20, FM15, FM10 and FM5) in which protein from fish meal was substituted by protein from SBM and PM. The dietary amino acids of diets FM20, FM15, FM10 and FM5 were equal to those of the diet FM30 by adding crystalline amino acids (lysine and methionine). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps (initial weight = 0.48 g), each three times daily. The results indicated that shrimp fed the diets FM15, FM10 and FM5 had poor growth performance and feed utilization compared with shrimp fed the control diet. No difference was observed in feed intake, survival and body composition among dietary treatments. The plasma total cholesterol level of shrimp and the digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy contained in the diets decreased significantly with increasing PM and SBM inclusion levels. Results of this study suggested that fish meal can be reduced from 300 to 200 g kg^?1 when replaced by a mixture of SBM and PM.     

Replacement of Soybean Meal by Lupin Meal in Practical Diets for Juvenile Penaeus monodon

The potential of lupin meal as an alternative protein source to soybean meal in isonitrogenous practical diets for the juvenile black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon was evaluated through the studies of growth, digestibility and pellet water stability. Five isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 40% protein. Protein from dehulled Lupinus albus seed meal replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the protein from defatted soybean in the diets. Juvenile P. monodon (4.35 × 0.31 g) were assigned randomly and fed each test diet at a daily feeding rate of 5 % body weight for 42 d in triplicate tanks equipped with a flow-through sea water system. No statistically significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein conversion efficiency and apparent protein utilization of shrimp fed diets with 0, 25, and 50% replacement. Shrimp fed the diet with total replacement of soybean meal by lupin meal had the poorest performance (P < 0.05) with regard to the above parameters. Survival was similar (87%) for all dietary treatments. The apparent dry matter digestibility and apparent protein digestibility were similar for all diets ranging between 70.5 and 72.8% and 89.7 and 90.8%, respectively. There was no significant difference in whole body composition (dry matter, lipid, protein and ash) of shrimp on the various diets. The poorest pellet water stability was displayed by the diet with 100% replacement while the diet containing a combination of soybean meal and lupin meal (50% replacement) was the most stable. The results have demonstrated that dehulled lupin seed L. albus meal has good potential as a substitute protein source for up to 50% of the protein from defatted soybean meal and could be included up to 17% inclusion level in juvenile P. monodon practical diets with no adverse effects on growth, feed intake, FCR, survival, feed utilization, body composition, and digestibility coefficients of dry matter and protein.     

Potential of local agricultural by-products for the rearing of African catfish Clarias gariepinus in Rwanda: effects on growth, feed utilization and body composition

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal with local by‐products on Clarias gariepinus growth performance, feed utilization and body composition. A control diet contained 50% of fish meal. In four other diets, fish meal was partially replaced by vegetable and animal protein blend composed of sunflower oil cake, soybean oil cake, groundnut oil cake, bean meal, chicken viscera and blood meal. The study was conducted in a recirculating water system at a mean temperature of 23.6°C. The five test diets were compared with a commercial diet developed for African catfish. All diets were balanced to be equal in gross energy (19 kJ g⁻¹) and crude protein (40%). The experimental groups were fed in triplicate for 8 weeks, increasing fish weight from about 6.2 g at start to 52.3 g in the end. Best specific growth rate (SGR=3.4), feed efficiency (FE=1.3) and protein efficiency ratio (PER=3) were obtained with the control diet (diet 50% fish meal), although there were no significant differences between the group of fish fed the control diet and those fed diets based on groundnut oil cake or bean meal, whereas SGR (2.17), FE (0.85) and PER (1.95) were significantly (P<0.01) lower in fish fed diet containing sunflower oil cake. No significant differences (P<0.05) were found in fish fed commercial diet and diets containing bean meal or groundnut oil cake. Groundnut oil cake or bean meal can thus replace at least 50% of fish meal in the diet of Clarias fingerlings without amino acid supplementation. Because of its economic importance and its potential in animal nutrition sunflower oil cake is still an interesting feed ingredient, but its efficiency should be improved by various processing techniques. African catfish can utilize efficiently a diet with low percentage of animal protein without growth reduction.     

Supplemental effect of cholyltaurine and soybean lecithin to a soybean meal-based fish meal-free diet on hepatic and intestinal morphology of rainbow trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>

The supplemental effects of cholyltaurine and soybean lecithin to a defatted soybean meal (SBM)-based fish meal-free diet on the hepatic and intestinal morphology of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were investigated. A fish meal-based diet (FM), three fish meal-free diets supplemented either with soybean lecithin (SL), bovine gall powder (BG) or cholyltaurine (C-tau) and an unsupplemented fish meal-free diet (NFM), were given to fish (−11 g) for 10 weeks. The growth was the lowest in fish fed diet NFM, intermediate in fish fed diet SL and the highest in fish fed diet FM, BG and C-tau. Hepatocytes of fish fed diet NFM were atrophied, and the distal intestine of these fish showed abnormal features: disintegrated microvilli and fatty degeneration in epithelial cells and increased amount of connective tissue in the submucosa. Hepatic and intestinal histological features in fish fed diets SL, BG and C-tau were similar to those in fish fed diet FM. These results indicate that soybean lecithin, bovine bile salts and cholyltaurine have similar effects on normalizing the hepatic and intestinal morphologies of rainbow trout fed the SBM-based diet, although growth promotion effect was limited in the soybean lecithin.     

Effects of Replacing Fish Meal with Soybean Meal in Diets for Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus and Potential for Palatability Enhancement

Two 8-wk feeding trials were conducted with juvenile red drum to determine the maximum levels of soybean meal that may replace fish meal in diets containing 38% crude protein, without reducing weight gain. In the first experiment, fish fed diets containing up to 90% of the protein from soybean meal gained as much weight as fish fed a diet with 100% of protein from fish meal, but fish fed the diet with 100% of its protein from soybean meal gained significantly (P < 0.05) less. Supplementation of glycine and fish solubles individually at 2% (as-fed basis) in diets containing 90% of their protein from soybean meal tended to increase weight gain of fish compared to those fed a similar diet without supplementation. Similar results were obtained in the second experiment, as fish fed diets containing 90% of their protein from soybean meal gained as much weight as fish fed a diet with 100% of its protein from fish meal. Fish fed diets with 95% and 100% of their protein from soybean meal gained significantly less weight than those fed the diet with all of its protein from fish meal. Supplementation of glycine at 2% in the diet containing 95% of its protein from soybean meal significantly improved weight gain of fish relative to those fed a similar unsupplemented diet. Supplementation of fish solubles at 5% of diet on a dry-matter basis provided a nonsignificant increase in weight gain compared to that of fish fed a similar unsupplemented diet. In both experiments there was greater observed consumption of the soybean-meal-based diets than diets with all of their protein from fish meal. A minimum of 10% of protein from fish meal appears necessary in practical diets containing most of their protein from soybean meal to prevent impaired growth and feed efficiency of red drum.     

Optimization of the supplemental essential amino acids to a fish meal-free diet based on fermented soybean meal for rainbow trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>

To minimize the supplemental essential amino acids (EAAs) to a fish meal-free diet for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, four types of fish meal-free diets and a control fish meal-based diet were fed to triplicate groups of trout (initial BW, 16 g) for 10 weeks. Two fish meal-free diets based on a fermented and an unfermented soybean meal were unsupplemented with EAAs (diet FSBM and SBM), and two fish meal-free diets based on the fermented soybean meal were supplemented with a combination of lysine and methionine (diet F + ML) and all EAAs (diet F + All), the EAA contents of which were lower than those of the control diet (diet FM). Although physiological conditions such as the biliary bile acid status and morphological features of fish fed diet FSBM were improved and similar to those of fish fed diet FM, the growth performance was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from fish fed diet SBM. The growth performances and whole body protein contents of fish fed F + ML and F + All diets were similarly improved compared to fish fed diet FSBM. These findings indicate that supplementation of lysine and methionine to a fermented soybean meal-based fish meal-free diet is enough to maximize the amino acid utilization of the diet.     

Evaluation of potential of lupin meal as an alternative to fish meal in juvenile Penaeus monodon diets

An indoor feeding trial in a flow-through marine water system was performed to evaluate the feasibility of using dehulled lupin Lupinus albus seed meal as a protein source to replace fish meal in diets for the juvenile Penaeus monodon. Five isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) diets formulated by replacing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of fish meal protein by lupin meal protein were fed to shrimp (mean initial weight of 4.32 ± 0.23 g) three times daily at a feeding allowance of 5% body weight per day for 42 days. Shrimp fed diets with 0, 25, 50 and 75% replacement had similar (P > 0.05) weight gain, dry matter feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU). Shrimp fed the highest dietary inclusion level of lupin meal (100% replacement) had significantly (P < 0.05) lower responses for all the above parameters than shrimp fed all other diets. Survival was high (87–100%) and similar for all diets. Apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) of diets with 25, 50, 75 and 100% replacement of fish meal with lupin meal was similar (75.6–76.6%) and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of diet with 0% replacement (73.9%). Diets containing the two highest lupin inclusion levels (75 and 100% replacement) had significantly (P < 0.05) better apparent protein digestibility (APD) than those containing the two lowest lupin meal inclusion levels (0 and 25% replacement). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in whole-body composition (dry matter, protein, lipid and ash) of shrimp fed on the various diets. Pellet water stability was inversely related to level of lupin meal inclusion. It was found, in this study, that up to 75% protein of fish meal can be replaced with the protein of dehulled lupin seed meal in diets for juvenile P. monodon. The diet with total replacement of fish meal containing 40% lupin meal was utilized very poorly by the shrimp.     

Effect of dietary protein reduction with synthetic amino acids supplementation on growth performance,digestibility, and body composition of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Litopenaeus vannamei</Emphasis>

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of lowering crude protein level and fish-meal inclusion rate by using commercially available synthetic amino acid supplements in practical diets on the growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei. In experiment 1, three diets were formulated to assess whether 50% of fish meal could be replaced by soybean meal with synthetic amino acid supplementation. Diet 1 was formulated as the normal control with 20% fish meal and 36% crude protein; diet 2 was the negative control with 34% crude protein and half of the fish meal was replaced with soybean meal; and diet 3 was similar to diet 2 but was supplemented with amino acids to ensure the level of lysine, methionine plus cystine, and threonine similar to that in the diet 1. After a 70-day feeding trial, weight gain and specific growth rate of shrimps fed diet 2 were significantly lower than those fed diet 3, and numerically lower than those fed diet 1. Feed intake of shrimps fed diet 3 was significantly higher than those fed diets 1 and 2. There were no significant differences in feed conversion ratio among shrimps fed different diets. In experiment 2, four diets were prepared with diet 1 as the normal control with 41.26% crude protein, diets 2–4 were formulated to contain 39.81, 38.40, and 35.52% of crude protein with synthetic amino acids were added to simulate the amino acid levels of the diet 1. After a 70-day feeding trial, it was found that reducing dietary crude protein from 41.26 to 35.52% did not affect weight gain or feed conversion ratio. The survival of crude protein 35.52% treatment was significantly lower than other treatments. No difference was observed in body protein, lipid composition, and apparent digestibility coefficient among dietary treatments. Results of this study suggested that dietary crude protein could be reduced from 41.26 to 35.52% in the diets of L. vannamei as long as synthetic amino acids were supplemented.     

暗纹东方鲀饲料中豆粕替代鱼粉的营养生理效应及其与大豆抗原蛋白的相关性

选择体质量为(39.84±3.09)g暗纹东方鲀,分为8组,分别饲喂等氮等能的高鱼粉组、低鱼粉组、低鱼粉发酵豆粕组、低鱼粉豆粕组4组实用饲料和添加大豆抗原蛋白的半纯化饲料(大豆抗原蛋白含量分别为0%、5%、8%和12.5%),进行为期两个月的生长实验,探讨大豆抗原蛋白对暗纹东方鲀生长和生理生化的影响。结果显示,用发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉的低鱼粉发酵豆粕组生长性能显著优于低鱼粉组,用豆粕替代部分鱼粉的低鱼粉豆粕组与低鱼粉组无显著差异。半纯化饲料中随着大豆抗原蛋白含量增加,生长率呈现先增后降趋势;实用饲料和半纯化饲料对肌肉组成有不同程度的影响;在肝脏丙二醛、总抗氧化能力和血清丙二醛指标中,低鱼粉豆粕组显著高于低鱼粉组,低鱼粉发酵豆粕组则与低鱼粉组无显著性差异,半纯化饲料系列在8%组出现峰值,显著高于其他组。低鱼粉豆粕组血清谷草转氨酶活性显著高于低鱼粉组,低鱼粉发酵豆粕组与低鱼粉组相比无显著性差异,半纯化饲料组谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶呈现先增后减趋势。研究表明,与豆粕替代鱼粉相比,用发酵豆粕替代鱼粉更能促进鱼体生长;大豆抗原蛋白是影响豆粕替代鱼粉效果的重要因素,但对生长、抗氧化性能和生理生化指标的影响则因大豆抗原蛋白的含量与单独存在与否而异。     

Fungus,Aspergillus niger,fermented groundnut oil cake as a fishmeal alternative in the diet of Penaeus vannamei

Commercial de‐fatted groundnut oil cake (GNC) fermented with the fungus Aspergillus niger was evaluated as a fishmeal alternative in the diet of Penaeus vannamei. A 45‐day growth trail was performed using nine iso‐nitrogenous and iso‐lipidic diets. Untreated/fermented GNC was included at the rate of 0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg by replacing fishmeal (w/w). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate group of 20 shrimps (initial weight of 3.09 ± 0.03 g). Results revealed that shrimp fed with diets having untreated GNC up to 50 g/kg has no significant difference in growth, whereas the inclusion level was enhanced to 100 g/kg with fermented GNC with no deleterious effect. The negative linear trend was found for SGR with increasing the inclusion of both untreated and fermented GNC. The feed and protein efficiency measures, viz. feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and apparent protein utilization, were better in shrimps fed with diets having fermented GNC than those fed the respective level of untreated GNC. The broken‐line analysis indicated that the inclusion of 72.5 g/kg fermented GNC showed the best FCR. No significant difference was observed in survival (86.67%–96.67%) between the dietary treatments. There was a significant difference in ether extract of shrimp between the treatments, whereas other parameters were not affected. Haemolymph indices showed a significant difference in total protein, glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides between control and test diets. The results conclude fermented GNC, which can be better than untreated one in the diet of shrimp.