纳米硫酸钡改性高密度聚乙烯网箱框架材料的耐老化性能和热性能

采用熔融共混的方法制备了高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/硫酸钡(BaSO4)纳米改性网箱框架材料。扫描电镜照片显示纳米硫酸钡(nano-BaSO4)在HDPE中分散良好,且nano-BaSO4含量≤1%时,纳米粒子与基体界面结合优良。热重测试和热老化试验结果显示,本文中的热老化试验有助于提高HDPE的结晶度,使材料的力学性能提高;一定量nano-BaSO4的加入,有利于提高HDPE的耐老化性能、热性能和热氧性能。     

聚乙烯渔网材料的紫外老化与疲劳性能研究

利用紫外老化环境箱模拟环境老化条件,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热、力学性能的测试表征,分析了在老化过程中高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)和超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)渔网材料的微观结构与宏观性能的演变过程,并通过动态疲劳仪分别研究了紫外老化时间、频率变化对HDPE、UHMWPE渔网材料的疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,随着老化时间的延长,C=C共轭双键及含氧结构单元增多,氧化与断链作用更剧烈,聚乙烯渔网材料结晶度呈增大趋势,拉伸性能下降显著。与HDPE渔网相比,UHMWPE渔网的强力保持率高,具有更优异的耐老化性能。随着频率增大,疲劳寿命逐渐降低,紫外能加速聚乙烯渔网材料的疲劳进程。相同老化条件下,UHMWPE渔网比HDPE渔网具有更优异的抗疲劳性能。     

高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)近海养殖网箱框架抗弯刚度分析

为研究高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)近海养殖网箱(俗称塑胶渔排)框架易变形的原因,从而找到提高改进的方法,解决易变形问题.本研究分析了影响网箱框架抗弯刚度关键要素,即框架截面、框架材料弹性模量和框架下方捆绑浮球跨距,并与传统海水养殖网箱进行比较.结果显示:HDPE近海养殖网箱框架边与传统养殖网箱的木质框架边的截面惯性矩差异性...     

海洋网箱网衣无公害防污技术的初步研究

根据不同的防污机理,采用内填充及涂敷方法,制备了几种不同种类的防污网衣材料,包括添加纳米无机抗菌剂的防污网材料、低表面能防污涂料、硅酸盐防污涂料.各种试验网衣于2002年4月开始进行浅海挂网试验,按编号顺序,将各组实验网片吊挂在实验海区生产网箱之间,吊挂深度为2～3 m,各实验网片之间保持1.5 m左右的间距,地点在浙江省佛渡的网箱养殖生产水域.通过每月吊挂一块新空白网片的方法来调查不同季节附着生物的种类和附着情况;每月1次定期对实验网片进行附着情况检查、拍照及称重,并进行试验海区理化因子的测定.结果证明几种防污材料,均具有一定的海洋防污能力.其中涂有硅酸盐防污涂料的网衣材料,其防污效果最佳.还根据试验结果讨论了这3种防污技术的机理、功效及影响因素.     

利用深水网箱和膨化饲料养殖卵型鲳鲹的生长表现

美国大豆协会与海南陵水601号网箱养殖场、海南省水产技术推广站和全国水产技术推广总站合作进行卵型鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)深水网箱养殖试验。本试验的目的是利用美国大豆协会OCAT(深水网箱养殖技术)标准网箱和海水鱼膨化饲料养殖卵型鲳鲹,对于鱼类养殖和网箱性能进行评估。1材料与方法1.1网箱结构本试验用的深水网箱为美国大豆协会设计,体积为100 m3的截顶四方锥形(塔形)网箱。网箱顶部的面积为2 m×2 m,网箱底部的面积为7m×7 m,网箱垂直高度约4.5 m。网箱的框架由HDPE(高密度聚乙烯)管件构成,网箱顶部及底部的框架以直径280 mm、…     

海水养殖网箱工程设计的材料性能研究

本研究报道了大型海水养殖网箱工程设计中要考虑的海况因素和材料选择,包括网箱框架材料,网衣材料,锚泊固定等材料性能,评述了网箱系统三大要素的重要性.根据国家标准,抗风浪网箱课题组对开发的PE管材和PA网衣和绳索的性能进行测试.测试结果表明PE管材拉伸屈服应力达19～23 Mpa.比国内生产厂家的产品高1～5 Mpa,比挪威进口管材低2 Mpa,断裂伸长率为525%～763%,PE管材的纵向回缩率仅为0.3%.所有数据表明管材性能优良.PA网衣N向断裂强力315～342 daN,比挪威进口网衣高1.9%～10.7%.T向断裂强度为235～258 daN,比挪威网衣低5.8%～14.2%,分析PA网衣T向断裂强力低的原因是织网机编结网片过程中T向张力不均匀所致.网箱锚泊用φ40mm的PP/HDPE绳索强力达180.32 kN,比同直径的PE绳索高27.2%.     

MMT改性淀粉基纳米复合纤维的海水降解性能

不可降解渔具造成的“白色污染”和“幽灵捕捞”问题已严重威胁到海洋的生态环境，开发可降解渔具材料已经成为我国渔业可持续发展的有效途径之一。本实验采用熔融纺丝法制备淀粉(STR)/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/纳米蒙脱土(MMT)纳米复合纤维，研究MMT对纳米复合纤维的热学性能、力学性能、动态力学性能与海水降解性能的影响。结果显示，引入MMT后，纳米复合纤维的熔融温度(Tm)移向低温，结晶度增加，而断裂强度下降。此外，MMT的加入显著降低了聚乙烯的玻璃态储能模量和内部损耗，但对淀粉相影响不显著。4个月海水降解结果显示，与STR/HDPE纤维相比，STR/HDPE/MMT纳米复合纤维失重率增加了约5%，纤维直径减小了约11%，这表明MMT加快了STR/HDPE纤维的降解过程。本实验系统研究了MMT改性淀粉基纳米复合纤维的海水降解性能，可为渔业等海洋产业用降解新材料的开发与应用提供参考。     

HDPE双管圆形深海抗风浪网箱的研制

通过网箱结构的对比分析、材料选择和网箱模型试验，并针对进口网箱在我国海区使用中存在的问题，采用自主开发的HDPE网箱框架专用管材和六边形网目尼龙网衣，在网箱结构设计和制作技术上进行了多项创新性改进，自行研制了HDPE双管圆形结构的抗风浪网箱。波浪水槽模型试验表明，网箱抗浪能力可达7m波高以上，在原型流速102．9cm／s时，网箱容积损失率约为19．8％。研制的周长50m，水体2000m^3的试验网箱，经两年海区养殖验证，经历8～9级大风38次，10级以上大风3次，最大流速72cm／s，网箱系统和养殖鱼类安全。     

我国离岸深水网箱结构工艺的基础性研究现状

深水网箱养殖作为一种新兴的集约化养殖模式近年来在世界各国发展迅速,并向大型、多功能、自动化方向发展。我国开展深水抗风浪网箱方面的研究起步较晚,本文根据国内对抗风浪网箱的框架系统、网衣系统、固泊系统、配重系统及水动力性能的研究进行了归纳,以期为深水网箱的进一步研究提供依据和参考,并指出了今后研究的重点。     

一种联排升降式鲆鲽鱼类网箱系统的构建与研究

根据鲆鲽鱼类特别适宜于在浅海沙质海床上底栖的生活习性,研制了一种HDPE联排升降式鲆鲽鱼类专用养殖网箱,其特点是既能沉入水底为鲆鲽鱼类营造一种近于海底的生态环境,又能抵御强风暴袭击和躲避赤潮灾害,并且升降操作简便,可多个箱体联排升降.经在海上实物网箱的重复升降试验,结果表明,联排升降式试验网箱的平均沉降时间为11.67 min,平均上浮时间为11.83 min,显示出了稳定快捷可靠的升降性能,是一种适合鲆鲽鱼类养殖的新型网箱.     

HDPE浮筏式消波堤消波效果观测与分析

福建省水产研究所设计的HDPE浮筏式消波堤，能在一定范围内有效削减海区波浪强度。为验证该型式消波堤的消波性能，笔者开展了罗源湾岗屿海域浮筏式消波堤内外的海浪现场调查及计算分析工作。结果表明：HDPE浮筏式防波堤具有一定的消波效果，消波效率达-33．33％～-42．86％。     

The evolution of a discard policy in Europe

Ocean sustainability is a widespread public concern in Europe, and the issue of fisheries discards is one that is now widely known. With this increase in public awareness comes the need to adapt fisheries management policies to manage issues like fisheries discards that were not previously taken into account. In this context, this study analyses the evolution of the European Union's discard policy since its inception in 2006 until the present day and the events that shaped its current format. It analyses the policy's advantages and disadvantages, and its political, environmental and scientific consequences. It argues that an increase in public awareness, due to public campaigns against fisheries discards, has focused managers' attention onto a symptom of fisheries mismanagement, rather than on its underlying causes of over‐exploitation and lack of fisheries control. This has distorted the discussion of the reform of the Common Fisheries Policy and potentially undermined its provisions relating to discards.     

实施石家庄现代渔业品牌战略的思考

现代渔业是石家庄市渔业未来的发展方向。文章在分析石家庄市渔业发展现状、特色品牌优势与问题的基础上,指出了石家庄市现代渔业的发展思路、建设内容与工作重点,这将成为推动石家庄市现代渔业发展的保障措施。     

秦皇岛市发展海洋休闲渔业的SWOT分析

对秦皇岛市发展海洋休闲渔业的优势、劣势、机会与挑战进行分析。秦皇岛应该充分利用现有的资源优势、区位优势和市场优势,借势有利的规划和政策导向,通过深度开发海洋休闲渔业旅游产品,不断完善接待和服务设施,提高从业人员的综合素质来不断提高秦皇岛市海洋休闲渔业的竞争力。     

Effort rights‐based management

Effort rights‐based fisheries management (RBM) is less widely used than catch rights, whether for groups or individuals. Because RBM on catch or effort necessarily requires a total allowable catch (TAC) or total allowable effort (TAE), RBM is discussed in conjunction with issues in assessing fish populations and providing TACs or TAEs. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages, and there are trade‐offs between the two approaches. In a narrow economic sense, catch rights are superior because of the type of incentives created, but once the costs of research to improve stock assessments and the associated risks of determining the TAC and costs of monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement are taken into consideration, the choice between catch or effort RBM becomes more complex and less clear. The results will be case specific. Hybrid systems based on both catch and effort are increasingly employed to manage marine fisheries to capture the advantages of both approaches. In hybrid systems, catch or effort RBM dominates and controls on the other supplements. RBM using either catch or effort by itself addresses only the target species stock externality and not the remaining externalities associated with by‐catch and the ecosystem.     

Quantifying subjective human dimensions of recreational fishing: does good health come to those who bait?

Recreational fishing is a popular sport and leisure activity in many countries worldwide. There has been growing interest by recreational fishing groups and researchers in the perceived physical and psychological health and social (or ‘biopsychosocial’) benefits of recreational fishing. However, quantifying the key subjective ‘human dimensions’ of fishing that satisfy both the needs of recreational fishing groups and fishery managers is a major obstacle. We propose the use of psychometrically valid health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) measures widely used in the medical and health sciences – namely the Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36) – as rapid, reliable and cost‐effective instruments for quantifying HRQOL of recreational fishers. The widespread use of SF‐36 and availability of population normative data allows comparisons of the HRQOL of recreational fishers across multiple temporal and spatial scales, with participants of other activities, and the general population. The use of such measures in periodic surveys allows the biopsychosocial status of a recreational fishery's participants to be assessed using a modified Kobe plot, a graphical format that is easily interpretable and consistent with existing reporting formats used in fisheries stock assessment. Future biopsychosocial research in recreational fisheries can further benefit from interdisciplinary collaboration to develop a suite of standardized psychometrically valid and reliable instruments for assessing specific issues that commonly affect recreational fisheries from regional to international scales, such as drivers of fisher motivation, behaviour and satisfaction.     

Expanding the concept of sustainable seafood using Life Cycle Assessment

Fisheries management and sustainability assessment of fisheries more generally have recently expanded their scope from single‐species stock assessment to ecosystem‐based approaches, aiming to incorporate economic, social and local environmental impacts, while still excluding global‐scale environmental impacts. In parallel, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has emerged as a widely used and recommended framework to assess environmental impacts of products, including global‐scale impacts. For over a decade, LCA has been applied to seafood supply chains, leading to new insights into the environmental impact of seafood products. We present insights from seafood LCA research with particular focus on evaluating fisheries management, which strongly influences the environmental impact of seafood products. Further, we suggest tangible ways in which LCA could be taken up in management. By identifying trade‐offs, LCA can be a useful decision support tool and avoids problem shifting from one concern (or activity) to another. The integrated, product‐based and quantitative perspective brought by LCA could complement existing tools. One example is to follow up fuel use of fishing, as the production and combustion of fuel used dominates overall results for various types of environmental impacts of seafood products, and is also often linked to biological impacts of fishing. Reducing the fuel use of fisheries is therefore effective to reduce overall impacts. Allocating fishing rights based on environmental performance could likewise facilitate the transition to low‐impact fisheries. Taking these steps in an open dialogue between fishers, managers, industry, NGOs and consumers would enable more targeted progress towards sustainable fisheries.     

价值链视角下的山东省渔业发展研究

山东省渔业资源丰富,渔业经济产值居全国首位,但是渔业资源的过度开发以及持续的生态环境污染导致山东省渔业可持续发展面临严峻挑战。本文基于价值链视角对山东省渔业发展进行了分析,明确了山东省渔业价值链在各环节上的优势和劣势,并以此确立了延伸渔业产业价值链,转变渔业价值链增值方式的发展战略,据此提出建议:大力发展精品养殖业,压缩近海捕捞规模;重点推动渔业加工业向精加工、深加工方向发展;建设多层次的水产流通服务体系,着力发展休闲渔业。     

连续形Fox产量模型在模拟和实际渔业评估中的应用

剩余产量模型因为具有形式简单和所需数据少的特点,在渔业资源评估中被广泛应用。文章应用连续形Fox产量模型对3种模拟渔业以及北大西洋剑鱼渔业进行了评估,并对模拟渔业的评估结果进行了比较,以发现连续Fox产量模型比较适宜的渔业条件。蒙特卡罗（Monte Carlo）分析表明,模型在产量和捕捞努力量随时间波动的波动性渔业中评估效果最好,可能是由于该类型渔业过程比较完整,数据中包含的信息比较丰富。比较不同的白色噪音水平,当白色噪音小于10%时评估结果偏差较小,小于3.3%;当白色噪音为50%时,评估结果偏差较大,最大偏差为36.7%。