从连续到偶发：中华鲟在葛洲坝下发生小规模自然繁殖

中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis Gray)为国家一级重点保护野生动物,典型的溯河洄游产卵鱼类。历史上,中华鲟在长江上游及金沙江下游产卵,由于葛洲坝修建阻隔了其洄游通道,1981年以后在葛洲坝下形成了比较稳定的产卵场,1982―2013年,每年均有自然繁殖发生。由于其栖息生境退化,每年洄游进入长江的中华鲟繁殖亲本逐年减少,2013―2015年连续3年在已知葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场未监测到中华鲟自然繁殖活动。2016年11―12月的野外监测发现,中华鲟在宜昌葛洲坝下已知产卵场发生了自然繁殖。其中底层网具采集到中华鲟鱼卵(卵膜)67粒、仔鱼22尾;解剖食卵鱼发现,10尾食卵鱼类共摄食中华鲟卵454粒;水下视频观测到5处中华鲟卵黏附底质位点。根据采集到的鱼卵发育期及采集位点推算,产卵时间为2016年11月24日凌晨,产卵场位于葛洲坝大江电厂以下约300 m的江段内,产卵日水温为19.7℃,流量为6610 m3/s,水位为39.7 m。     

葛洲坝下中华鲟自然产卵胚胎正常发育的证据

报道 2 0 0 2年度在葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场采捞到的中华鲟卵的发育情况。在中华鲟产卵场 ,中华鲟能完成正常的自然产卵和胚胎发育 ,并孵出仔鱼。将采得的中华鲟卵在人工条件下孵育 ,也能完成胚胎发育和出膜。     

水电站影响下太湖西苕溪鱼类产卵生境及其早期资源与环境因子的关系

水利设施运行影响下的鱼类早期资源发生规律被逐渐关注, 坝下区域也成为鱼类产卵生境的关注热点。西苕溪作为太湖上游的重要补充支流, 是太湖流域鱼类完成生活史过程的重要载体。为解析电站影响下的坝下河流生境变量与鱼类早期资源的内在联系, 本研究于 2022 年 4—7 月在西苕溪江东电站坝下的东山段开展了持续 90 d 的鱼类早期资源调查以及时空格局研究。结果显示, 该区域鱼卵日平均密度为(0.5±0.7) ind/m³, 仔鱼日平均密度为 (0.5±0.6) ind/m³。运用形态学结合分子生物学方法进行种类鉴定, 共鉴定鱼类 35 种, 隶属 4 目 14 科 22 属, 其中产沉性卵鱼类 9 种, 产浮性卵 5 种, 产黏性卵 9 种, 产漂流性卵 12 种。5 月下旬、6 月上旬和 6 月下旬为产卵高峰期。 左右岸样线以沉性卵和以水生植物为黏附基质的产黏性卵鱼类为主, 河心样线则以产漂流性卵、产黏性卵和浮性卵鱼类为主。该区域鱼类卵苗数量受水温、流速、水位影响较大, 水位、流速是影响鱼类繁殖的主要因子, 电站调度对卵苗量有显著影响。基于卵苗收获量、卵苗发育时期等结果, 判定该采样区域——西苕溪江东电站坝下东山段为适宜多种鱼类繁殖的复合型产卵场, 对太湖流域鱼类多样性和渔业资源保护具有重要意义。     

兴凯湖自然保护区极北鲵繁殖生态学初步研究

2008年4～5月对兴凯湖自然保护区极北鲵的产卵场所和产卵习性进行了调查研究,发现极北鲵适宜在水深为10～70cm、多枯草的沼泽区域产卵;多数极北鲵产出2条胶囊质的卵袋(占79.3%),少数只产1条卵袋(占12.1%)或3条卵袋(8.6%);每个卵袋内含有受精卵数为23～98(M=64.3)个;极北鲵产卵时的水温为4～19.5℃,产卵时间为4月15 13到23日,产卵期9d,产卵的高峰期在4月17日到20日,为4d;极北鲵在产卵时对水深有一定的选择性,卵袋主要集中分布在11～40cm的水深范围之内;极北鲵的休眠洞穴都在水田的田埂和沼泽沿岸及路边等离水较近的地方.通过室内孵化试验(水温9～23℃、水深10cm)发现极北鲵卵袋的室内孵化率为87.81%.研究发现极北鲵在兴凯湖自然保护区的主要分布区为龙王庙核心区和稻田区域.而集中分布区为龙王庙核心区内.     

中华鲟人工催产试验

长江葛洲坝工程的兴建，阻隔了大型海河洄游性鱼类中华鲟的生殖洄游通道。中华鲟性成熟晚(一般雄性9龄、雌性16龄以上)，属高龄产卵类型，产卵补充群体小，资源一旦受到破坏，种群的恢复十分困难。因此采取各种措施增殖鲟类资源，具有深远的意义。我站同另五个有关单位协作，于1981年开始进行中华鲟坝下人工繁殖试验。经过三年努力，于1983年11月在坝下催产成功，并孵化出大量鲟苗。这是中华鲟人工繁殖获得成功的首例。     

葛洲坝产卵场中华鲟繁殖群体数量与繁殖规模估算及其变动趋势分析

采用声学探测的方法,进行中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)繁殖群体数量的估算.2005～2007年,第1次产卵前的资源量分别为235尾、217尾和203尾;第1次产卵后的资源量分别为157尾、157尾和102尾.采用食卵鱼解剖统计和股分析的方法对中华鲟的自然繁殖规模进行估算.其结果为,2005～2007年间中华鲟的产卵量分别为356万粒、119.6万粒和238.6万粒.结合历史相关研究数据,对近10年的中华鲟繁殖群体数量和繁殖规模的变动趋势进行分析,结果显示,在20世纪90年代中期,第1次产卵前的中华鲟繁殖群体数量下降趋势明显,但2002年以来其数量趋于基本稳定,年际间的差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05).自2002年以来,第1次产卵后停留产卵场的中华鲟数量有增加的趋势,而中华鲟的繁殖规模近10年来呈现极其显著性的下降趋势(P<0.01).     

葛洲坝下中华鲟自然繁殖流速场的初步观测

2004和2005年10~11月间,在中华鲟产卵区葛洲坝至庙咀江段利用声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)对中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)自然繁殖期间的流速进行了测量。在该江段沿水流方向设置监测断面共20个,其中2004年设12个(编号1~12),2005新增8个(编号A~H)。监测结果表明,产卵区内所有断面平均流速变化范围为72.99~175.23 cm/s,平均值为(128.89±26.28)cm/s;产卵区内12、和4号断面的垂向平均流速值较其他断面约高2.10 cm/s;从A至12号断面,各断面的平均流向大约从225.91°下降至164.39°,并且产卵区内1、2和4号断面的流向变幅较大,变异系数比其他断面约高18.4%;下产卵区内脉动流速测量结果表明平均流速变化较大,而平均流向变化相对较小,变异系数分别为7.1%和2.9%;葛洲坝下所进行的河势调整工程使中华鲟产卵场内的流速发生了较大程度的改变,主要表现为在导流堤两侧形成了一个流速较缓的区域。导流堤的建设可能会导致上产卵区的位置改变甚至消失,下产卵区改变其具体位置。     

物理栖息地模型在中华鲟自然繁殖生态流量决策中的应用

以国家一级保护物种中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)为研究对象,探讨三峡大坝和葛洲坝水利工程在不同流量调度措施下对中华鲟产卵栖息地的影响。通过考虑中华鲟生境需求特性建立了中华鲟产卵场的物理栖息地模型,根据模型得出的适宜栖息地面积变化来量化不同的流量调度措施对其产卵场质量的影响,然后利用实测的中华鲟产卵量和资源量数据来验证和评价物理栖息地模型的可靠性和实用性,从而进行合理的生态流量决策。结果发现,年平均适宜栖息地面积的变化曲线与中华鲟的产卵量和资源量变化曲线有着相同的变化趋势,从而推断适宜栖息地面积可以反映中华鲟产卵栖息地的质量;并通过不同流量工况的计算,进行最佳生态流量决策。利用该物理栖息地模型可以有效地量化流量改变对目标物种栖息地质量的影响,为中华鲟产卵栖息地的生态水利调度提供评估和决策的方法。     

金乌贼对几种不同材质咐卵基质的附卵效果对比试验

在金乌贼室内人工育苗过程中,采用聚乙烯线束、网片、海参附苗框、高粱杆、柽柳（新、旧）、黄花蒿（新鲜、隔年）和全人工产卵基等多种材质作为金乌贼附卵基进行对比试验研究。结果表明：附卵效果最理想的是本研究过程中发明制作的全人工产卵基,其次是隔年的黄花蒿和柽柳枝,网片、聚乙烯线、海参附苗框、高粱杆、新鲜的黄花蒿束和柽柳作为金乌贼的附卵基质效果均较差。     

长江中华鲟雌雄比例失调

连着4天来，9条3米多长的中华鲟在长江葛洲坝下的宜昌江段被科研人员捕捞上岸，它们将被分别送往中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所和葛洲坝研究所内“产卵”繁殖。这9条中华鲟中，7条是雌的，2条是雄的，雌雄比例不容乐观。     

物理栖息地模型在中华鲟自然繁殖生态流量决策中的应用

以国家一级保护物种中华鲟（Acipenser sinensis）为研究对象,探讨三峡大坝和葛洲坝水利工程在不同流量调度措施下对中华鲟产卵栖息地的影响。通过考虑中华鲟生境需求特性建立了中华鲟产卵场的物理栖息地模型,根据模型得出的适宜栖息地面积变化来量化不同的流量调度措施对其产卵场质量的影响,然后利用实测的中华鲟产卵量和资源量数据来验证和评价物理栖息地模型的可靠性和实用性,从而进行合理的生态流量决策。结果发现,年平均适宜栖息地面积的变化曲线与中华鲟的产卵量和资源量变化曲线有着相同的变化趋势,从而推断适宜栖息地     

Genetic parameters and correlated responses in female reproductive traits in the GIFT strain

The effect of selection for greater growth rate in the GIFT strain on traits related to female reproduction (weight at spawning, number of eggs, number of fry, total weight of fry and number of dead fry) was studied. Available records comprised 10 generations of data from a total of 935 breeding females with known pedigree. Female body weight at spawning was 255 g, whereas the averages for number of eggs, number of live fry at hatching, number of dead fry and total fry weight per spawning were 1444, 908, 64.90, and 7.24 g respectively. Heritabilities for reproductive traits were low to moderate (0.20 for number of eggs, 0.16 for number of hatched fry and 0.11 for fry weight per female at spawning). The genetic correlations between female body weight at spawning and reproductive traits were very low to low (0.01 to 0.31) and not significantly different from zero. The genetic correlations among reproductive traits (i.e. number of eggs, number of hatched fry and fry weight) were high (0.75 to 0.92). Phenotypic correlations were consistent with the genetic correlations, ranging from 0.56 to 0.85. Correlated responses in reproductive traits measured as differences in least squares means between Selection and Control lines were positive and significant (except for the number of dead fry) when age of females at spawning was fitted as a covariate. However, there were no significant differences in all studied traits when body weight of the female at spawning was fitted as a covariate within lines. This indicates that the greater reproductive rate was due to the greater size of females in the Selection line, but the efficiency of reproduction per unit weight of female did not change as a consequence of selection for growth.     

Broodstock management and egg production of milkfish, Chanos chanos Forsskal

Abstract. The milkfish, Chanos chanos Forsskal, industry in the Philippines suffers from a limited supply of wild fry. The demand for milkfish fry has spurred research in artificial propagation to supplement the natural seed supply. Spontaneous maturation and spawning of milkfish beginning at 5 years of rearing in floating net cages or concrete tanks coupled with improved egg collection technique have increased daily egg collection to a maximum of 3 million eggs and provided adequate volumes of eggs for mass fry production. Annual egg collection and number of spawnings were markedly higher in cage-reared stocks older than 9 years old than stocks less than 9 years old. Egg collection of tank-reared stocks were comparable to those collected in cages. As feed constitutes a major portion of the operating expenses for establishing and maintaining milkfish broodstock, further studies must be geared towards defining optimum dietary requirements and ration size for gonadal maturation and spawning. Also environmental manipulation studies must be conducted for year-round spawning. Developments in these areas should ensure the production of maximum numbers of high quality eggs and fry year-round.     

嘉陵江渠化对主要经济鱼类产卵场的影响

为探究嘉陵江渠化对主要经济鱼类产卵场的影响,2019年3-4月,采用历史资料搜集、访问调查和实地勘察的方法,并结合DNA条形码技术鉴定野外采集的样品。结果显示,原有60个主要经济鱼类产卵场中,41个已经消失,14个存在但已经发生改变,只有5个基本未改变;从产卵场数量、类型和规模来看,均呈减少趋势,仍存在的主要为鲤（Cyprinus carpio）、鲫（Carassius auratus）产卵场。共鉴定鱼卵1 362粒、鱼苗539尾,隶属2目2科12种。鱼卵仅3种,其中,鲤1039粒,占比76.28%;鲫312粒,占比22.91%;红鳍原鲌（Cultrichthys erythropterus）11粒,占比0.81%。鱼苗11种,包括鲤、鲫、马口鱼（Opsariichthys bidens）、麦穗鱼（Pseudorasbora parva）、峨眉鱊（Acheilognathus omeiensis）、大鳍鱊（Acheilognathus macropterus）、兴凯鱊（Acheilognathus chankaensis）、?（Hemiculter leucisculus）、短须颌须鮈（Gnathopogon imberbis）、子陵吻虾虎鱼（Rhinogobius giurinus）、粘皮鲻虾虎鱼（Mugilogobius myxodermus）;其中,兴凯鱊最多,有372尾,占比69.02%;其次为鲫59尾,占比10.95%;鲤57尾,占比10.58%;其他占比仅9.46%。研究表明,产卵场的改变主要集中在水文情势、河床底质和水生植物等方面,梯级水电站开发和采砂作业等导致河道变宽、水位上升、流速降低、卵石漫滩等生境消失、水生植物生物量减少,是原有产卵场消失或改变的主要原因。     

Passive transfer of protective immunity against ichthyophthiriasis from vaccinated mother to fry in tilapias, Oreochromis aureus

Tilapias, Oreochromis aureus, were vaccinated twice with live tomites of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in physiological saline 1 month before spawning (test group). A control group was similarly treated but with physiological saline only. Fertilized eggs were collected from the mouths of both groups and incubated until the young reached the free-swimming stage. Free-swimming fry were also collected immediately after they were expelled from the mother's mouth in other fish of the two groups. The fry were exposed to infective tomites of I. multifiliis and thereafter returned to their holding tanks. All fry obtained from the controls without mouth-brooding died after tomite exposure. However, fry with mouth-brooding before tomite exposure showed 37.3% survival. On the other hand, fry obtained from vaccinated broodstock without mouth-brooding exhibited 78.4% survival which increased to 95.3% with mouth-brooding. The protective immunity is correlated with the titres of anti-I. multifiliis antibodies in the soluble extracts of fry tissues and the mother's plasma. The results clearly indicate that protective immunity against ichthyophthiriasis “ich” in tilapia fry can not only be derived directly from the mother via eggs but also be acquired indirectly from the mouth cavity during the brooding period. The results thus suggest that proper vaccination of mothers before spawning would effectively protect fry against a protozoan disease.     

Improving spawning synchrony in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

Abstract. The development stage and number of seed (eggs and fry) removed from individual incubating Oreochromis niloticus (L.) broodfish at 10-day interharvest intervals (IHI) was compared with the harvest of free-swimming fry from undisturbed fish held in a tank within the same system. Spawning synchrony and productivity were compared for (1) total exchange of females for ‘conditioned’ females after each harvest, (2) exchange of only spawned females, and (3) return of females back into the spawning tank. Improved synchrony and seed production were positively related to removal of eggs and fry from incubating females and could have important implications for broodstock management in commercial hatcheries. Allowing fish to remain undisturbed in clear water tanks may lead to inhibition of spawning activity related to the formation of hierarchies. Individual weight loss by females during incubation was correlated with stage of seed harvested and thus with timing of spawning during the interharvest interval.     

金沙江下游宜宾段产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源动态变化

为探讨金沙江下游溪洛渡、向家坝水电站蓄水运行对下游江段鱼类早期资源群聚动态的影响,本文基于2016-2020年宜宾江段鱼类早期资源调查数据,对鱼类早期资源种群结构和年际变化趋势进行了研究。宜宾江段共计采集鱼卵20种,主要优势种为吻鮈和寡鳞飘鱼；估算出鱼卵年平均径流量为15.07×10⁶粒,漂流性卵为9.89×10⁶粒,年际间总体呈增加趋势；推算采样点以上分布有产漂流性卵鱼类产卵场3处；从多样性指数和相似度指数看,宜宾江段鱼卵种类组成结构较为稳定,年际间变化不大。尽管受到金沙江下游水电工程开发的影响,宜宾江段作为长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区的重要组成部分,仍是产漂流性卵鱼类产卵繁殖的重要分布区,但主要以产漂流性卵小型鱼类为主,圆口铜鱼、长鳍吻鮈等长距离洄游性鱼类鱼卵没有监测到。建议继续加强圆口铜鱼、长鳍吻鮈等鱼类的增殖放流,同时,针对产漂流性卵小型鱼类的生态需求,开展金沙江下游梯级水电开发对其生态效应影响的监测研究。     

Induced Breeding of Grass Carp in England

Experimental work has shown that the use of grass carp for aquatic weed control in the U.K. is promising and larger scale field trials are planned. Supplies of fish, however, are a problem because of stringent import regulations and this has highlighted the need for home-produced fish. Brood stock obtained from Holland in April and kept under quarantine conditions were successfully spawned in July by means of injections of common carp pituitary gland material. Water temperatures were maintained at 23–25°C for about 9 weeks before spawning was attempted and the eggs were hatched and fry reared at the same temperatures. Survival to late fry (0.1 g) was of the order of 5% which is judged reasonable under the conditions prevailing.