鱼菜共生系统对水质净化的研究进展

相较于传统的物理和化学修复技术,鱼菜共生系统能有效地降低水体氮、磷的含量,提高透明度,控制水中有机物的含量和降低化学需氧量,改善和净化水质。本文阐述了鱼菜共生系统的概念和历史发展,重点论述其对各项水质指标的影响效果,针对存在的问题作出继续研究的展望。     

循环水系统结合鱼菜、紫外处理对镜鲤生长及水质的影响

为探索绿色环保的循环水养殖模式,设计循环水鱼菜共生系统(鱼菜组)、紫外灯鱼菜共生系统(鱼菜紫外灯组)及循环水养殖系统(循环水组),比较三种不同处理方式对镜鲤(Cyprinuscarpio var.specularis)、叶用莴苣(Lactuca sativa var.ramosa)生长和养殖水质的影响。结果显示,鱼菜组、鱼菜紫外灯组处理对镜鲤的生长无显著影响,但会显著影响镜鲤形态学指标,鱼菜组镜鲤肠体比显著低于循环水组。体成分方面,鱼菜组全鱼粗蛋白、粗脂肪显著高于循环水组,鱼菜组肝脏粗蛋白显著低于循环水组。鱼菜紫外灯组的细菌总数显著低于鱼菜组。水质方面,鱼菜组、鱼菜紫外灯组可显著降低系统中氨氮、硝酸盐氮及总磷总氮含量,鱼菜紫外灯组硝酸盐氮、总磷及总氮含量显著高于鱼菜组。综上所述,循环水系统耦合水培蔬菜单元可改善系统水质,改善鱼体成分,并且结合紫外灯处理可降低水体细菌总数。     

鱼菜共生模式中不同鱼类肠道微生物群落结构的比较

为研究鱼菜共生模式下不同鱼类肠道微生物的菌落结构,采用宏基因组学测序技术和生物信息学分析手段,构建了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)4种鲤科鱼类的肠道内含物等12个样品的16S rDNA测序克隆文库,分析了这4种鲤科鱼类肠道微生物的菌落组成和多样性。结果表明,鱼菜共生模式下不同鲤科鱼类肠道内含物微生物优势菌落的组成十分相似(P0.05,Kruskal-Wallis),优势微生物菌群均是鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium)和梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等,其中鲸杆菌属和梭状芽孢杆菌属含量最丰富,且主要在非优势菌属之间具有显著差异(P0.05,Kruskal-Wallis),研究结果还表明食性不是造成不同食性鲤科鱼类肠道微生物菌落差异的唯一决定性因素。     

饲料中铁元素含量对鱼菜共生系统水质及鱼菜生长的影响

通过控制饲料中铁元素含量,研究其对鱼(金鲫)、菜(红皱生菜和红油阿拉斯)生长和系统水质的影响。实验设置1个对照组和5个处理组,饲料铁含量分别为0、0、10、20、40和80 mg/kg。结果显示:该系统对水体质量有净化作用;不同铁含量对金鲫存活率影响不显著(P0.05),对增重率影响显著(P0.05);当饲料中铁含量为20 mg/kg时,金鲫鱼存活率和鱼体增重率均达到最大值;饲料中铁含量为80 mg/kg时,金鲫的存活率和增重率均出现下降趋势;饲料中不同铁含量对两种蔬菜的存活率和增重率均没有产生显著影响(P0.05),但在增重率方面有一定的差异。研究表明:饲料中添加铁元素能够促进金鲫和蔬菜的生长,当铁元素含量为20 mg/kg时,该鱼菜共生系统具有最佳的生产力。     

鱼菜共生系统中麦穗鱼肠道菌群研究

为探究鱼菜共生养殖模式对鱼体肠道菌群的影响，于2020年11月24日至2021年1月4日（计6周）在9个泡沫养殖箱中放养平均体质量（3.88±0.78)g的麦穗鱼（Pseudorasbora parva)12尾（对照组），再分别与株高（13.85±0.92)cm罗莎生菜（Lactuca sativa)(PL组）和株高（26.10±1.84)cm的水蕹菜（Ipomoea aquatica)(PI组）组成两种鱼菜共生系统，用16S r RNA测序技术和生物信息学方法对比分析各系统鱼体肠道的菌群，探究鱼菜共生养殖模式对鱼体肠道菌群的影响。每个鱼菜共生养殖箱的箱体边缘都固定等面积蔬菜浮床（覆盖面积占水体面积的35%），并在浮床底部覆盖纱布以避免鱼类啃食。结果表明，3种系统中麦穗鱼主要优势门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）和浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes），主要优势属为苯基杆菌属（Phenylobacterium）、沉积物杆状菌属（Sediminibacter...     

“鱼菜共生”净水肥鱼促增收

鱼菜共生养殖技术模式是根据鱼类和植物的营养生理、环境、理化知识特点,将水产养殖和蔬菜种植两种不同的农业技术,通过科学的生态设计,达到协同共生、实现养鱼不(少)换水而无水质忧患、种菜不施肥而茁壮生长的生态共生效应,从而让鱼、菜二者     

鱼菜共生管式结构试验及应用模式研究

本文讨论一种以气力提水循环、生物膜降解和立体管式植物栽培为特征的鱼菜共生系统，在养鱼密度31．5kg/m³的条件下，芹菜 75天的试验产量为23．69kg/m² 。试验表明，用生物膜结合栽培植物的处理方法对养鱼污水有不同程度的净化效果，光照对植物的生物量也有影响，得出每立方米养鱼水体配置 2 ~4m²栽菜面积和管式栽槽直径以 10~20cm为宜的设计参数。此外，论及该形式的咸水鱼菜共生和磁场增效(8% ~10%)试验，并提出工厂化养鱼中生物膜、藻类、植物等多样生物综合净水的生态养鱼应用模式。     

鱼菜共生系统的研究

本文进行了水质和环境的动态调控，探索了氨氮、营养盐类、oH值、溶氧、温度等因子对鱼菜不同生长阶段的影响，总结出不同密度鱼类与不同种类、不同生长阶段蔬菜之间的优化配比关系。设计了实验性、中试性、庭园型设施，成功地饲养了鲤、鲫、罗非鱼等种类，并栽培了蕃茄、黄瓜     

循环水养殖新模式-鱼菜共生系统

<正>鱼菜共生(Aquaponics)是一个融合了水产养殖(Aquaculture)与水耕栽培(Hydroponics)两种不同的农业工程技术所发展而来的新型循环水养殖技术。美国早在上个世纪70年代最先开始研究此类技术。文章首先从鱼菜共生系统历史的发展演变展开叙述。先后介绍了国外和国内两部分鱼菜共生系统的应用现状。然后分别从鱼菜共生系统的工艺发展和关键技术研究两个方面展开论述,并加以客观的分析与评论。最后结合在我国山东寿光基地建立的国际合作鱼菜共生项目的研究情况,从工艺、关键技术两个     

“一种鱼菜共生系统”获国家实用新型专利授权

<正>2014年5月,由中国水产科学研究院珠江水产研究所养殖与营养研究室王广军副研究员设计完成的"一种鱼菜共生系统"获国家实用新型专利授权,专利号位:ZL201320669926.0。本发明涉及水产养殖中一种新型鱼菜共生系统,属农业水产养殖技术领域。其特征是根据动植物之间不同的生物学特性和生理特点,运用生物絮团养殖系统来养殖鱼类,生物絮团底部的沉积物经水     

小型工厂化养鱼系统及设备的试验研究

建立了一种小型双循环鱼菜共生系统，鱼池水体2．8m^3，占地面积80m^2，所需配套设备全部自制。试验探讨建立该系统的可行性，通过不断改进自制设备和鱼饲养环境，探索提高水处理效果，以及在较小占地条件下获得高产和无公害鱼菜产品的方法。试验结果：养鱼水质指标NO2^--N为0．02～0．08mg／L，NH3-N≤0．03mg／L，NH4^＋-N〈0．5mg／L，单位水体平均年产罗非鱼63．3kg／m^3。整个鱼菜系统无污水排放，成鱼中检出的砷、铅、汞等元素含量均低于相关国家标准要求。     

Effects of partial or total fish meal replacement by agricultural by-product diets on gonad maturation, sex steroids and vitellogenin dynamics of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

The establishment of the first sexual maturation was characterized in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in order to study the efficiency of replacement of fish meal (FM) by diets composed of local vegetable ingredients. Four diets were formulated containing decreasing levels of FM (50-0% for diet 1 to diet 4) and increasing proportions of vegetable ingredients (50-100%). Gonadosomatic index (GSI), diameter and percentages of developmental stages of oocytes, plasma sex steroids and vitellogenin dynamics were investigated from February to June using one-year-old fish. Fish were individually tagged, and 12 individuals from each diet were investigated monthly. Replacement of FM with plant ingredients did not affect the GSI neither in males, nor in females. All males were spermiating, and no abnormal gonads were found. In females, GSI and percentages of advanced stages of oocytes decreased during the dry season, indicating seasonal changes in gonad development. Moreover, oocytes were in late exogenous vitellogenesis, but no final maturation stages were observed, whatever the diet. Higher plasma levels of E2 in females and of androgens (T and 11-KT) in both sexes were observed in fish fed diet 4 than in those receiving diet 1 depending on the season. Levels of plasma E2 and ALP (indicator for vitellogenin) in males did not differ among treatments and seasons suggesting no phytoestrogenic activity. The results showed that total replacement of FM by vegetable diets composed of groundnut oilcakes, bean and sunflower meals has no deleterious effect on the onset of sexual maturation in African catfish but, may stimulate the sex steroid production and in turns may potentially exert some positive actions on reproductive success.     

Effects of dietary fish oil replacement by various vegetable oils on growth performance,body composition and fatty acid profile of juvenile Malaysian mahseer,Tor tambroides

The current study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing dietary fish oil with different vegetable oil sources and ratios on the growth performance and tissue fatty acid profiles of juvenile Tor tambroides. Three different vegetable oils (sunflower oil, linseed oil and palm oil) were used in two different substitution ratios (50% and 100%). A diet without replacement (100% fish oil) was used as a control. Triplicate groups of T. tambroides juveniles (5.0 ± 0.4 g) were fed the test diets for 9 weeks. The highest weight gain was observed in fish fed palm oil diets that, of course, were reared in aquaria. There was a significant effect (P < 0.05) of the percentage of fish oil replacement on the liver weight after controlling for the effect of fish weight (P < 0.05). The viscera weight significantly increased (P < 0.05) in fish on vegetable oil diets, and its highest amount observed among fish fed palm oil diets. Vegetable oil inclusion significantly reduced eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations in both muscle and liver of fish except for fish on 50% palm oil diet that had similar liver DHA content with those on control diet.     

鱼类生殖细胞移植的研究进展及应用前景

生殖细胞移植是指将供体的生殖细胞移植到同种或异种受体体内,供体生殖细胞嵌合到受体性腺,经过增殖、分化并最终发育为功能性配子的过程。作为辅助生殖技术,它不仅为珍稀濒危动物的繁育和保护提供了新途径,同时也为生殖干细胞的功能研究提供了有效手段。鱼类生殖细胞移植研究首先在模式鱼类斑马鱼中开展,经过十多年的发展,取得了一系列突破性的进展:主要包括先后建立了以胚胎、仔鱼和成鱼为受体的生殖细胞移植体系,精原和卵原干细胞的发现拓宽了供体生殖细胞的选择,受体的选择与制备方法的完善。该技术在缩短鱼类性成熟周期、性控育种、珍稀濒危鱼类保护等方面具有巨大的应用前景,已成功在多种淡水和海水鱼类中开展了研究和应用。本文结合作者的研究实践和经验,系统地梳理和总结了鱼类生殖细胞移植的研究进展,指出了该技术实践应用的关键问题,并探讨了其应用前景。     

Finishing diets stimulate compensatory growth: results of a study on Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii

The effective implementation of a finishing strategy (wash‐out) following a grow‐out phase on a vegetable oil‐based diet requires a period of several weeks. However, fish performance during this final stage has received little attention. As such, in the present study the growth performance during both, the initial grow‐out and the final wash‐out phases, were evaluated in Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii). Prior to finishing on a fish oil‐based diet, fish were fed one of three diets that differed in the lipid source: fish oil, a low polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vegetable oil mix, and a high PUFA vegetable oil mix. At the end of the grow‐out period the fatty acid composition of Murray cod fillets were reflective of the respective diets; whilst, during the finishing period, those differences decreased in degree and occurrence. The restoration of original fatty acid make up was more rapid in fish previously fed with the low PUFA vegetable oil diet. During the final wash‐out period, fish previously fed the vegetable oil‐based diets grew significantly (P < 0.05) faster (1.45 ± 0.03 and 1.43 ± 0.05, specific growth rate, % day⁻¹) than fish continuously fed with the fish oil‐based diet (1.24 ± 0.04). This study suggests that the depauperated levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids in fish previously fed vegetable oil‐based diets can positively stimulate lipid metabolism and general fish metabolism, consequently promoting a growth enhancement in fish when reverted to a fish oil‐based diet. This effect could be termed ‘lipo‐compensatory growth’.     

Effect of dietary vegetable oils on health and liver histology of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) growers

There is an increasing trend towards the replacement of fish oil (FO) by vegetable oils in feeds for farmed fish, particularly marine carnivores. Previous researches on partial or complete replacement of FO by alternate vegetable oils for young gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) were successful. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different dietary vegetable oils on seabream growers' health and liver structure. Two dietary vegetable oil blends (Mix 1 and Mix 2), namely sunflower oil, cottonseed oil and either linseed oil (LO) or soybean oil (BO), were tested as 60% FO substitutes versus the 100% FO control (CTR) diet. Three isonitrogenous (∼47% CP) and isolipidic (18.2% L) diets were fed, twice a day, 6 days a week to apparent satiation, to triplicate groups of seabream growers (mean IW, 130.85 g) in PVC tanks. The growth trial lasted for 20 weeks at an average ambient water temperature of 27.0±1.8°C. At the end of the experiment, fish attained market size (300–400 g) and their health status was evaluated by blood analyses, head kidney prints and liver histology. Haemoglobin and haematocrit contents, erythrocyte (RBC) and leucocyte (WBC) count remained significantly unaffected by any dietary treatments. Despite the apparent relatively higher thrombocyte counts for fish fed vegetable oil diets, especially Mix 2 as compared with those of CTR fish, variations were found to be insignificant (P>0.05). However, a slight deformation in erythrocyte shape was noticed in the blood films of fish fed the vegetable oil diets. Inclusion of either dietary vegetable oil blend had also elevated the number of both developing myelocytes and phagocytes in fish head kidney prints examined compared with those of CTR fish particularly for Mix 2 group. Liver from seabream fed vegetable oils showed slightly swelled hepatocytes due to accumulation of oil droplets in the cytoplasm. In the liver sections investigated ultra‐structurally, nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles were shifted towards the cell periphery. Hepatocytes of fish fed Mix 2 diet showed relative shrinkage and picnotic nuclei, compared with those of CTR fish, suggesting an effect on lipid transport and/or metabolism in fish. The comparative hepatic features between experimental fish groups were described. Accordingly, Mix 1 diet (with LO) was considered better than Mix 2 (with BO) in terms of influence on seabream growers' health status.     

鱼类生殖细胞移植技术的发展及应用前景

鱼类生殖细胞移植技术是通过诱导不同物种之间生殖系嵌合体来实现。原始生殖细胞和精原细胞(或卵原细胞)是诱导生殖细胞系嵌合体的关键材料。在过去的十多年中,通过采用不同的供体生殖细胞和不同发育阶段(囊胚期胚胎、初孵仔鱼和成鱼)的鱼为受体,开发出多种鱼类生殖细胞移植技术。这些成果的取得,为生殖细胞移植技术应用于诸多水产养殖新兴领域打下了坚实基础。该技术可以应用于:(1)生殖细胞生物学和转基因鱼等基础研究;(2)遗传资源和濒危鱼种的保护;(3)鱼类性别选择育种;(4)有效提高放流鱼苗的遗传多样性。     

Plant protein and vegetable oil‐based diets modulate gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) muscle biochemical status and proteolytic enzymes at an early postmortem stage

A 70 days feeding trial was carried out on juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) (mean initial body weight: 362 ± 59 g) to evaluate whether the simultaneous replacement of fishmeal and fish oil by vegetable ingredients affected the muscle's proteolytic potential. Fish were fed either a fishmeal/fish oil diet, a fishmeal/vegetable oil diet, a plant protein/fish oil or a plant protein/vegetable oil diet. The use of dietary plant proteins resulted in lower sulphated glycosaminoglycans' content and lower glycogen phosphorylase activity in the muscle, while both plant proteins and vegetable oil increased muscle pH and reduced cathepsin B activity. Our results indicate that high replacement of fish meal and/or fish oil with plant ingredients has a significant impact on early postmortem metabolic processes and proteolytic potential of seabream muscle, especially when replacing both fish meal and fish oil.     

Effects of Different Dietary Lipid Sources on Growth Performance,Salinity Tolerance,Haematological and Biochemical Parameters of Caspian Roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus) Juvenile

This study investigates the effects of replacing fish oil with two vegetable oils (Sunflower oil and Soybean oil) on growth performance, salinity tolerance, hematological and serum biochemical profile of Rutilus rutilus over 56 days. Five diets were supplemented with 8% of either fish oil (FO) (control), sunflower oil (SFO), and soybean oil (SO) or a combination of 4% FO with 4% SFO and 4% FO with 4% SO, respectively. Triplicate groups of fish (24 fish per tank with an average body weight, of 5.52 g) were assigned to each diet. Blood samples were taken from the caudal vein of 75 apparently healthy fish at the end of trial. Hematological values of the blood samples were determined using standard techniques. At the end of the experiment fish were exposed to salinity stress. The results showed that the best growth performance was in fish fed the control diet, but the differences were minor among treatments containing vegetable oils (P > 0.05). Serum cholesterol and glucose concentrations were significantly higher in fish fed dieta containing vegetable oils (P < 0.05). Red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) in groups fed diets containing SFO and SO were higher than other groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in survival after 48 h salinity stress (P > 0.05). These results indicate that in cases where fish oil is scarce or expensive, vegetable lipids can be used as replacements without any serious negative growth performance and health impacts.     

Fish proteins not lipids are the major nutrients limiting the use of vegetable ingredients in catfish nutrition

The objective of this study was to determine the major nutrient limiting growth and lipid metabolism in African catfish fed diets composed of vegetable ingredients. Four diets were formulated from contrasted meal (fish meal: FM; vegetable meal: VM) and oil (fish oil: FO; vegetable oil: VO) sources. Replacement of FO by VO did not affect specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency, whereas lower values were recorded in the case of FM replacement. LC‐PUFAs muscle contents were higher in fish fed control FMFO diet than in fish fed vegetable ingredients. However, the decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentration in FMVO group was limited compared to VM groups despite the same low DHA level in those three diets. These results may suggest an activation of LC‐PUFA biosynthesis from PUFA precursors brought with vegetable oils in FMVO group. This hypothesize is reinforced by the significant stimulation of elovl5 gene expression in liver and intestine from fish fed FMVO. Therefore, this study demonstrated that African catfish is able to bioconvert LC‐PUFAs at a significant biological level when FO is replaced by VO whereas the use of plant proteins has strong detrimental effects on growth performances.