皱纹盘鲍与光棘球海胆筏式混养研究

皱纹盘鲍与光棘球海胆的混养可有效地防治污损生物的附着。综合分析鲍与海胆的生长、存活及防污损生物附着的效果，在生长期、高温期和恢复生长期混养海胆的最适密度分别为１５．２０个／格和１５－２０个／格。     

南方紫海胆人工种苗生产技术

本对紫海胆工厂化育苗的主要技术环节以及海胆成熟度鉴别等进行了探讨。2001年4月～6月的生产结果表明：使用0．5mol／LKcl诱导海胆排放。经过人工授精，并进行洗卵措施后，受精卵按1～2个／ml的密度进行孵化。浮游幼体按0．4～0．7只／毫升培育，以牟氏角毛藻为主，单一或混合投喂金藻、扁藻。稚海胆前期以底栖硅藻为食，后期加喂藻浆、江蓠浆或剥离后投喂石莼、江蓠等。如此可达到海胆苗8～10mm，3000粒／m^2的生产水平。整个育苗工艺达到工厂化生产要求。     

氯化钾在海胆苗种生产中的应用综述

综述了ＫＣｌ在诱导亲海胆排放精卵,八腕幼虫附着变态,稚海胆剥离方面的应用０．１～０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＫＣｌ可刺激亲海胆性腺强烈收缩而排放精卵;１００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＫＣｌ诱导处理红海胆八腕幼虫５ｍｉｎ即可全部变态为正常的稚海胆,５０～８０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＫＣｌ剥离稚红海胆在３０ｍｉｎ以内是安全,可靠,有效的１０ｍｉｎ以内即可全剥离下来。     

仿刺参与虾夷马粪海胆和菲律宾蛤仔混养效果的初步研究

水温13．8～20．0℃下，在容积50L的塑料水槽中，放养体质量为（1．4±0．6）g的虾夷马粪海胆（Strongylocentrotus intermedius）11个，过量投喂海带（Laminaria japonica），再分别混养体质量为（3．4±0．6）g的仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus）0（A组）、3（B组）、5（C组）和10个（D组），体质量为（12．4±1．7）g的菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）6个，排出水培养底栖硅藻和石纯（Ulva lactuca），用底栖硅藻饲喂仿刺参。77d的饲养表明，仿刺参和海胆的成活率差异不显著（P〉0．05），但混养组海胆的特定生长率（SGR）显著高于单养组（P〈0．05），B、C和D组海胆的SGR分别比单养高9．12％、7．24％和10．06％，各混养组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）；混养海胆的饲料系数（7．28～7．70）分别显著低于单养（9．12）（P〈0．05）组20．29／6、15．5％和18．0％。将刺参的产量计算在内，B、C和D组海胆的饲料系数分别比对照组降低31．5％、26．8％和16．0％，但混养组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。海胆和仿刺参的适宜混养比例为11：3。蛤仔和石纯生长慢，死亡率高。养殖排水培养的底栖硅藻以菱形藻（Nitzschia sp．）和卵形藻（Cocconeis sp．）为主，少量舟形藻（Navicula sp．）。混养海胆性腺中亚麻酸、EPA＋DHA含量和n-3／n～6比值显著大于单养组（P〈0．05），混养池水中氨氮含量低而稳，溶氧量高。     

仿刺参与虾夷马粪海胆和菲律宾蛤仔混养效果的初步研究

水温13.8～20.0℃下,在容积50 L的塑料水槽中,放养体质量为(1.4±0.6)g的虾夷马粪海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)11个,过量投喂海带(Laminaria japonica),再分别混养体质量为(3.4±0.6)g的仿刺参(Apostichopusjaponicus)0(A组)、3(B组)、5(C组)和10个(D组),体质量为(12.4±1.7)g的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippim2rum)6个,排出水培养底栖硅藻和石纯(Ulva lactuca),用底栖硅藻饲喂仿刺参.77 d的饲养表明,仿刺参和海胆的成活率差异不显著(P>0.05),但混养组海胆的特定生长率(SGR)显著高于单养组(P<0.05),B、C和D组海胆的SGR分别比单养高9.12%、7.24%和10.06%,各混养组间差异不显著(P>0.05);混养海胆的饲料系数(7.28～7.70)分别显著低于单养(9.12)(P<0.05)组20.2%、15.5%和18.0%.将刺参的产量计算在内,B、C和D组海胆的饲料系数分别比对照组降低31.5%、26.8%和16.0%,但混养组间差异不显著(P>0.05).海胆和仿刺参的适宜混养比例为11:3.蛤仔和石纯生长慢,死亡率高.养殖排水培养的底栖硅藻以菱形藻(Nitzschia sp.)和卵形藻(Cocameissp.)为主,少量舟形藻(Navicula sp.).混养海胆性腺中亚麻酸、EPA DHA含量和n-3/n-6比值显著大于单养组(P<0.05),混养池水中氨氮含量低而稳,溶氧量高.     

大连紫海胆人工育苗试验

本文就大连紫海胆人工育苗的主要技术环节以及种海胆成熟度鉴别等进行了探讨。1988的试验结果表明:使用0.5M的KC1诱导采卵并按卵与精子1:1000的密度人工授精,受精卵按1～2个/毫升孵化,浮游幼体按0.2～0.8个/毫升培育并以牟氏角毛藻为主单一或混合投喂,稚海胆前期以底栖硅藻,后期加喂石莼或者剥离后投喂石莼或人工配合饲料,整个育苗工艺基本是可行的。     

KC1对中间球海胆幼虫变态的诱导效果

中间球海胆（Strongylocentrotus intermedius)八腕后期幼虫，在KC1添加浓度100mmol/L海水中，分别处理5，10，15min后，均变态为正常稚海胆，中间试验及生产应用结果表明，经KC1处理，幼虫的附着时间缩短了36h，附着率则分别增加了40．4％，27．75％。     

混养条石鲷可清除网箱上的附着生物

日本静冈县栽培渔业中心建议:为防止养殖五条(鱼师)的网箱中着生无用的生物,可混养条石鲷和丝鳍粗单角鲀等鱼类。研究人员认为:网箱中混养10％左右的条石鲷,网箱上的海藻类、海鞘类、藤壶、苔藓虫等附着生物可减少三分之二。     

研究发现以海胆养殖废物为食的虾长得更快更大

<正>美国阿拉巴马大学的研究人员找到了一种成本更为低廉、效果更佳的养虾方法。将海胆和虾用作试验样本,科学家们发现,一个物种可以用其产生的废物,在完全不使用任何传统饲料作为食物的情况下养活另一个物种。在海胆和虾混养系统中,养殖在上层的海胆,其产生的废物颗粒往下掉落,以供养     

大连紫海胆人工育苗的初步研究

本文报道了有关海胆人工育苗的方法,并对大连紫海胆幼虫的生长发育和变态作了详细描述。大连紫海胆的幼虫可分为,棱柱幼虫、二腕长腕幼虫、四腕长腕幼虫、六腕长腕幼虫和八腕长腕幼虫五个时期。在山东省荣城浬岛海区,大连紫海胆的育苗时间为7—8月。在水温为23—24℃时,自受精卵发育至变态成幼海胆的时间大约需要19—20天。幼虫的饵料以角毛藻为最佳,而幼海胆的饵料早期为底栖硅藻,后期以石药较为合适。     

微藻饵料对紫海胆浮游幼体生长及存活影响的研究

文章采用湛江叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria zhanjiangensis)、纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)、绿色巴夫藻(Pavlova viridis)、扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)、小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)及混合藻(金藻和角毛藻1∶1混合)投喂紫海胆(Anthocidaris crassispina),研究了微藻饵料对紫海胆浮游幼体生长发育的影响。结果表明,不同饵料对紫海胆浮游幼体生长发育的效果有差异,金藻是最佳饵料品种,角毛藻次之,其后分别为巴夫藻、小球藻和混合藻,扁藻不适于作为紫海胆浮游幼体的开口饵料。就饵料种类而言,金藻作为紫海胆浮游幼体饵料的成活率可达(23.12±1.8)%,显著高于其他单胞藻类(P<0.05)。就发育速度而言,以角毛藻和金藻混合喂食的海胆浮游幼体整体发育速度最快,幼体平均体长为(885.25±30.49)μm,显著高于其他5种处理(P<0.05);投喂巴夫藻的浮游幼体前期生长较慢,体长为(337.98±24.56)μm,后期较其他单胞藻类生长快,体长可达(580±32.95)μm,适宜作为紫海胆浮游幼体后期饵料。     

水温和藻类对马粪海胆摄食、呼吸及排氨率的影响

在水温10.1℃,将初始体质量为(0.55±0.16)g的马粪海胆幼胆,随机放入0.3 m×0.4 m×0.5 m的白色塑料桶中,每桶100个,过量投喂新鲜孔石莼、粘膜藻、肠浒苔、裙带菜和珠状硬毛藻,计算各种藻类的摄食量(以干质量计),研究马粪海胆对藻类的摄食选择性。再将初始体质量为(0.67±0.32)g的马粪海胆置于水温为10.1、15.6、20.3℃的容器中,投喂相同的5种藻类2 d后,挑选10个规格相似个体放入1 L锥形瓶中,适应0.5 h后密封测定耗氧率和排氨率,研究不同温度和藻类饵料下马粪海胆的耗氧率和排氨率。试验结果表明,马粪海胆的摄食选择率依次为裙带菜>粘膜藻>孔石莼>肠浒苔>珠状硬毛藻,马粪海胆明显偏好裙带菜;马粪海胆摄食量受温度及藻类种类影响显著(P<0.05),在15.6℃时,日相对摄食率最大,摄食裙带菜的组别显著大于其他组别(P<0.05),摄食珠状硬毛藻的组日相对摄食率最低;各组别马粪海胆耗氧率均随着水温的升高而增大,相同温度条件下,孔石莼组耗氧率最大;各组排氨率随着水温的升高呈现先增大后减小,15.6℃时最大。研究结果将为开展马粪海胆生态增养殖、构建刺参池塘绿色综合养殖模式提供参考。     

光照强度对紫海胆浮游幼体生长及消化酶活性的影响

本研究以紫海胆(Anthocidaris crassispina)为研究对象,通过水槽实验方法,模拟分析了自然光周期条件下光照强度对紫海胆浮游幼体生长、存活以及体内消化酶活性的影响,旨在为紫海胆苗种的规模化繁育提供必要的生物学参数。研究发现,在实验设计的光照强度梯度(0、500、1000、2000、3000 lx)内,光照强度对紫海胆浮游幼体的体长、躯干部骨针长度和口后腕骨针长度的影响趋势一致,影响程度由高到低为500 lx>0 lx>1000 lx>2000 lx>3000 lx。在500 lx条件下,紫海胆浮游幼体的体长、躯干部骨针长度和口后腕骨针长度都达到最高,且显著优于其他实验组(P<0.05),此时脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性最强;在2000 lx条件下,紫海胆的胃蛋白酶活性最强;在3000 lx条件下,紫海胆浮游幼体发育到11 d已全部死亡。研究表明,在500 lx光照强度下,紫海胆浮游幼体可保持最佳的生长速度、消化酶活性以及存活率,500 lx为紫海胆浮游幼体生长发育的最佳光照强度。     

Measuring density effects on growth and survival of two size classes of juvenile sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) held in sea‐based holding systems and impacts on holding system design and management

Assessing density in intensive sea urchin culture systems by measuring the percentage coverage of available surface area is an effective means of calculating the available space within a holding system, the proximity of the animals in the system to each other and the probable effects of the stocking density. The results of this study show that density plays a critical role in regard to both somatic growth (increase in test diameter measured in millimetres) as well as mortality of juvenile sea urchins ranging in size from 5 mm to 26 mm test diameter (the size range tested in the current experiments). These effects appear to be greater for smaller urchins. The critical percentage coverage densities are in the order of 50%‐60% coverage for juvenile sea urchins, and the authors advise farmers growing Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis to maintain stocking densities below this point and to reduce the stocking densities as and when stocks reach these critical density points. Percentage cover must be constantly monitored as the results from this study indicate that the growth rates of juvenile urchins can alter percentage coverage rapidly and reductions in density may be required as frequently as every 3‐4 months at the early juvenile stage. Holding system design should take these factors into account and incorporate a method of rapidly reducing stocking densities with minimal stress and handling of sea urchin stocks.     

巨藻潜筏式养殖技术的研究

根据巨藻生长特点及大规模养殖生产需要而进行了潜筏式平差和潜筏式垂养比较;不同养殖密度与产量的关系;不同分苗时间对产量的影响及不同流速下的内外海区对巨藻生长的影响等多项研究。     

A geostatistical approach for the stock assessment of the edible sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, in four coastal zones of Southern and West Sardinia (SW Italy, Mediterranean Sea)

Quantitative surveys of the edible sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, were conducted in four fishing zones of Sardinia (Southern Italy, Mediterranean Sea), in Autumn 2007. A total of 120 stations were geo-located along a bathymetric gradient ranging from 0 to 10 m. A geostatistical method was used to evaluate spatial patterns in density and to estimate harvestable stocks. Variographic analyses showed that the isotropic Gaussian and spherical models successfully explained the spatial structure of sea urchin assemblages in these areas. Density maps obtained by punctual kriging showed that sea urchin populations tend to be patchy rather than uniform in their density distribution. A combination of mapping and size categories was used to generate diverse scenarios of harvestable stocks (specimens ≥50 mm in diameter) before the start of the current fishing season. We conclude that the geostatistical approach, which takes into consideration the spatial autocorrelation structure of the populations in small areas, seems to be a good estimator of P. lividus density and biomass and for the assessment of its harvestable stocks, and thus provides an initial step towards a scientific approach to the management of local sea urchin fisheries.     

Opportunistic Predation of the Sea Urchin,Lytechinus variegatus,by the Amphipod,Elasmopus levis,in an Intensive Inland Culture System

Invasive and/or opportunistic organisms can negatively influence the success of sea urchin culture operations. To our knowledge, pests associated with sea urchin aquaculture have not been reported. In this study, we report the predatory association of the amphipod, Elasmopus levis (Amphipoda: Melitidae), with the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), within an intensive inland culture system. Wild‐caught Ly. variegatus broodstock were placed in an intensive culture system, and within their canopy of spines or within transport seawater, populations of epifauna (including amphipods) and microfauna were most likely transferred into the culture system. A growing population of the amphipod developed over time. Associations of the amphipod with the sea urchin were observed to negatively affect the health of the sea urchin, and in some cases, epithelial tissue from the sea urchin test appeared to be consumed by the amphipod. An infestation of these amphipods in commercial sea urchin cultures could have the potential to be costly, and we recommend quarantine and/or water purification procedures be considered to prevent the introduction of pests to inland culture systems.     

5种重金属对光棘球海胆胚胎的毒性作用

采用静态毒性试验方法,在水温(21±0.5)℃、盐度32条件下,研究Zn、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd单独暴露对光棘球海胆的精卵结合和胚胎发育的毒性作用。观察了5种重金属对光棘球海胆精子超微结构的损伤。试验结果表明,3个暴露浓度下,5种重金属均可导致光棘球海胆受精率极显著下降,胚胎延滞率和胚胎畸形率极显著上升,并呈剂量—效应关系。5种重金属对海胆精子细胞超微结构的损伤,可能是导致海胆受精率降低、胚胎延滞率和畸形率升高的原因之一。     

Agar‐based pellets as feed for sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus): rheological behaviour,digestive enzymes and gonad growth

The algal polysaccharide agar has long been used as a food binder due to its structure, rheological behaviour, stability and interactions – properties that help to generate firm, round, disk‐shaped pellets that may be used in recirculating sea urchin‐rearing systems. Three algae‐based diets (Ulva lactuca, Gracilaria gracilis, Cystoseira sp.) containing 3% and 6% agar were tested on the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus in order to examine the effect of varying percentages of agar on pellet stability in water and sea urchin gonad growth. The kinetics of water absorption and solute leaching of pellets were measured by immersing quadruplicate samples of the pellets in water for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 days. Our results show that the pellets had good water stability, were readily consumed by sea urchins and the presence of agar did not hamper sea urchin gonad growth. Animals fed Ulva‐containing pellets reached a more advanced gametogenic stage with respect to animals fed Cystoseira‐ and Gracilaria‐containing pellets. Moreover, the presence of agarase activity in the digestive system indicated that agar may be an energy source. Pellets are relatively low cost and easy to prepare and store. They may represent a useful resource for rearing sea urchins under intensive conditions.     

Effects of restricted feeding regimes on growth and feed conversion on juvenile green sea urchin,Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

Groups of juvenile green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (average wet weight = 3.3 g), were fed five different dry feed rations (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2% and 2.4% of their body weight per week) under constant light and temperature conditions for 160 days (Experiment I) in groups to examine growth effects, and for 40 days as individual treatments (Experiment II) to examine feeding efficiency. There was 100% survival of the sea urchins during both experiments. In Experiment I, the lowest ration group (0.2%) had significantly lower growth than the rest of the groups. There was no significant differences in growth between the sea urchin fed ration over 0.4% dry feed of the body wet weight per week. In Experiment II, the lowest feed ration groups (0.2%) had significant lowest growth but had the best feed conversion ratio (FCR), using 0.5 g of feed of dry feed per gram of sea urchin wet weight body growth. The FCR increased with increasing feed ration and the 2.4% group had the poorest FCR, using 1.3 g of feed per gram weight gain. Results from Experiments I and II illustrate that juvenile green sea urchin can grow at a restricted feed ration that is under maximum feed intake, without reduction in growth.