河鲈食性分析及其摄食生态策略

通过对新疆乌伦古湖１４５０尾河鲈食性的鉴别与统计，比较了不同年龄组在不同食物组成及摄食强度，研究了河鲈摄食生态位的时空格局，并综合其生长生殖特点探讨了可能存在食浮游一底栖动物群，食鱼群两种生态类群及该物种的摄食生态策略。     

新疆河鲈繁殖生态学参数的解析

在为期４年（１９８７－１９９０年）的新疆乌伦古湖渔业资源考察中，从来自各湖区的渔船中随机抽样了１１１６１尾河鲈标本，对其年龄、体长、体重进行了统计。解剖测定了２８８０尾标本的性腺怀卵量、性比、性成熟系数。利用这些生态学参数建立了性腺发育周期模型及关于繁殖力的各项模型并编制了生命表，分析了河鲈产卵群体的性成熟时间与结构，以期对河鲈的人工引种和驯化提供理论依据。     

新疆渔业发展概况

1　新疆渔业发展的现状1 .1　天然捕捞业新疆天然捕捞业主要靠两湖 (博斯腾湖、乌伦古湖 )和三河 (额尔齐斯河、伊犁河和塔里木河 ) ,1 980年前上述水体鱼产量约占全疆产量的 60 %～ 80 %。( 1 )乌伦古湖 :面积 1× 1 0 5ｈｍ2 ,矿化度 0 .5ｇ/Ｌ ,是新疆商品鱼基地之一 ,多年来平均年产量约 30 0 0ｔ,原主要经济鱼类是河鲈、贝加尔雅罗鱼、湖拟鲤、银鲫等 ,现为鲢、鳙、东方欧鳊、湖拟鲤、银鲫、池沼公鱼等 ,1 999年鱼产量达 5 0 0 0ｔ。( 2 )博斯腾湖 :面积 9× 1 0 4 ｈｍ2 ,矿化度 1 .5 ｇ/Ｌ ,多年平均年产量为 2 5 0 0ｔ,原主要经济鱼…     

河鲈鱼种培育试验

河鲈(Perca fkuviatilis Linnaeus)属鲈形目(Perci forms)、鲈亚目(Percoidei)、鲈科(Percidae)、鲈属(Perca),新疆俗称五道黑,是分布于欧亚大陆温带和寒带地区的淡水鱼类,在我国原产于新疆北部额尔齐斯河流域和乌龙古河流域.60年代末引入到新疆巴州的博斯腾湖,70年代至90年代初,河鲈曾成为博斯腾湖的主要经济鱼类.但由于环境的不断恶化,特别是博斯腾湖引入池沼公鱼以后,对河鲈的繁殖产生抑制作用,河鲈的渔获量急剧下降,其优势种群的地位也被池沼公鱼所取代.     

河鲈成鱼养殖技术研究

正河鲈属鲈形目、鲈科、鲈属,又名红鲈、赤鲈、五彩斑鱼等。在国际国内水产品市场上深受消费者欢迎,是养殖前景广阔的"名特优"鱼类。2010―2013年在实施"自治区土著鱼类产业开发项目"时,笔者先后参与多个关于河鲈养殖的子课题,现将新疆阿勒泰地区河鲈成鱼养殖的情况介绍如下。     

额河银鲫成鱼养殖技术

2010年博湖县渔业技术推广站从新疆福海县乌伦古湖首次引进额河银鲫鱼种进行养殖试验,填补新疆南疆地区养殖空白。2011年对暂养1冬龄的额河银鲫进行成鱼养殖试验,现将养殖情况报告如下。一、材料1.池塘条件池塘在博湖县渔业技术推广站水产     

河鲈冷泉水健康养殖试验

河鲈生长适温范围0～30℃,水温在18～24℃生长最快,山东兖州市水产站2007年开展河鲈养殖试验,取得了成功。现将试验情况报告如下:     

河鲈人工繁育技术

河鲈（PercafkuviatilisLinnaeus）分类地位隶属鲈形目（Perciforms）、鲈亚目（Percoidei）、鲈科（Percidae）、鲈属（Perca），新疆阿勒泰地区俗称五道黑。广泛分布于欧洲各地和西伯利亚地区，我国仅新疆北部额尔齐斯河流域和乌龙古河流域有自然分布。河鲈是产地的重要捕捞对象，也是有名的食用鱼之一，为保护、开发和利用额尔齐斯河流域特有鱼类，２００１～２００２年，上海水产大学与新疆生产建设兵团合作，突破了河鲈人繁技术，并大批量培育生产夏花。一、生物学特性１．食性刚孵出的河鲈仔鱼以浮游动物为食，４～５厘米后以小型…     

河鲈池塘大规格鱼种培育试验

河鲈属鲈形目,鲈科,鲈属,是欧亚大陆重要的淡水鱼类,在我国仅分布于新疆北部的额尔齐斯河与乌伦古河流域。近两年来,新疆生产建设兵团农十师开展了河鲈大规格苗种的池塘培育试验,取得了较好效果,现将试验内容与结果报告如下:     

基于细胞色素b基因河鲈养殖群体与野生群体遗传多样性分析

利用线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因的421 bp部分序列对北屯、乌伦古湖、博斯腾湖3个野生河鲈(Perca fluviatilis)群体和北湖、五家渠2个养殖河鲈群体序列多样性与种群遗传结构进行分析。结果表明:100个个体中检测到7个单倍型,变异位点10个,其中野生群体60个个体检测到9个变异位点和6个单倍型,养殖群体40个个体共检测到8个变异位点和4种单倍型;野生群体平均单倍型多样性和平均核苷酸多样性(Hd=0.496±0.121,Pi=0.002 53±0.001 54)高于养殖群体(Hd=0.416±0.127,Pi=0.001 23±0.001 13),分子方差分析揭示,98.74%的遗传变异性出现在种群内个体间。群体间的FST分析揭示野生群体和养殖群体分化程度较低(0.05FST0.15)。分子系统树和单倍型网络图分析也表明,河鲈单倍型间关系较近,野生群体和养殖群体不存在显著分化。     

Field observations and laboratory experiments on growth and lipid content of young-of-the-year perch

Abstract –  Differences in growth and allocation of energy of young-of-the-year (YOY) perch ( Perca fluviatilis ) were studied in relation to both quantity and quality of food. Feeding on fish and Mysidacea, the mean size of YOY perch after the first growing season in Lake Pfeiffer was 152 mm. In contrast, YOY perch grew to 107 mm in Lake Speldrop and 83 mm in Lake Reeser Meer while mainly feeding on zooplankton. In correlation with food uptake and growth, the lipid content of YOY perch was significantly highest in Lake Pfeiffer and lowest in Lake Reeser Meer, assuming that YOY perch from Lake Pfeiffer should be able to survive starvation periods during their first winter better then those from Lake Speldrop and Lake Reeser. While feeding on fish, mean highest growth rates were 1.31 mm·day⁻¹ in the laboratory. Growth in weight started when food uptake exceeded 66 J·g WW⁻¹·day⁻¹, while an increase of lipid content required food input of 175 J·g WW⁻¹·day⁻¹. Increased growth potential associated with the availability of energetically profitable food is assumed as an important factor that could have far-reaching consequences for the fish community.     

乌伦古湖水质污染的空间分布特征

评价湖泊水质并探究其空间分布规律对于湖泊管理具有重要意义。通过对乌伦古湖2017年7-8月采样点(S1~S8)的8个水质指标(矿化度、pH值、透明度、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、溶解氧、五日生化需氧量)监测,运用主成分分析法(PCA)评价乌伦古湖水质现状,采用空间插值法分析其空间分布特征,并基于聚类分析法(CA)识别水质污染驱动因素。结果表明,乌伦古湖水体呈弱碱性,水质污染以氮、磷有机污染为主;8个采样点主成分综合得分排序结果为:骆驼脖子>小海子>码头>中海子>农十师渔政点>湖中心>吉力湖中心>吉力湖入水口,呈现出小湖区水质优于大湖区、湖中心区水质优于湖岸区、距离进水口越远水质越差的显著空间差异特征。骆驼脖子采样点(S1)水质污染最严重,吉力湖采样点(S7、S8)水质相对最好;基于湖区水质空间分布特征将乌伦古湖湖区分为3类,Ⅰ类湖区水质最差,Ⅱ类湖区水体呈咸化趋势,Ⅲ类湖区水质相对最好;水体矿化度、营养盐与有机污染物是乌伦古湖污染的主要来源,主要原因可归结为自2000年来乌伦古河常态化断流以及湖区渔业养殖、周边农业面源污染导致的盐分与营养成分及有机污染物由河道不断向湖泊的迁移富集。     

乌伦古湖白斑狗鱼摄食生态的初步研究

2007年4月至2008年9月对乌伦古湖153尾白斑狗鱼,进行食性研究.结果表明,白斑狗鱼的食物组成包括池沼公鱼、湖拟鲤、东方欧鳊、银鲫、贝加尔雅罗鱼、粘鲈、麦穗鱼、尖鳍鮈、北方花鳅、北方须鳅、中华绒鳌蟹、摇蚊幼虫、水生昆虫共12种饵料生物,主要以池沼公鱼(IRI=88.44%)、湖拟鲤(IRI=6.66%)和银鲫(IRI%=2.57%)为主.白斑狗鱼除繁殖期外,其他月份摄食率都很高,繁殖期过后5月中旬摄食率达到65%,8月份达到68%,冬季封冰下达到66.7%.白斑狗鱼平均饱满指数变化较大,其变化幅度在0.0016～0.2286之间.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H' 5月份最小为0.5128,8月份最大为1.9863.Pielou均匀度指数J' 5月份最小为0.4668,8月份最大为0.7993.8月份白斑狗鱼食物Pielou均匀度指数J' 均高于5月份.     

Ontogenetic diet profiles and size-dependent diet partitioning of ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus, perch Perca fluviatilis and pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus in Lake Balaton

Abstract –  Life-long diet ontogeny and size-dependent intra- and interspecific diet partitioning of the native ruffe and perch and the introduced pumpkinseed, were studied in Lake Balaton. Estimated intraspecific diet overlap was high in ruffe, whereas in perch and pumpkinseed only the neighbouring size groups exhibited a high diet similarity. Interspecific diet overlap among size groups of the three species was moderate and ≥60% diet overlap occurred only in 13 size group pair variations out of the 429 analysed. The earliest developmental stages of the three species were planktivorous, whereas larger ruffe and some size groups of perch and pumpkinseed fed dominantly on chironomids. Adult perch and pumpkinseed consumed different littoral macroinvertebrates, while the largest perch were piscivorous. Although productivities of the two studied areas differ significantly, this had only little effect on the diet ontogeny and diet partitioning of the three species. Present results suggest that in Lake Balaton these three species effectively partition food resources throughout their life span.     

Comparison of exploited and unexploited yellow perch Perca flavescens (Mitchill) populations in Nebraska Sandhill lakes

Exploitation can have a pronounced effect on fish populations. Yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), populations in Nebraska Sandhill lakes were sampled in 1998 and 1999. Three of the 29 lakes containing yellow perch have been closed to fishing for at least 10 years. Unexploited yellow perch populations had fast growth rates, but age structure was similar to exploited populations. For unexploited lakes combined, mortality and condition were not different from exploited lakes. However, one unexploited lake, Marsh Lake, had the fastest growth, highest proportion of older fish and highest condition of all populations sampled. This lake had low interspecific competition and high invertebrate abundance, which likely resulted in fast growth and high condition. However, size structure and growth were also related to lake productivity. Although exploitation may affect yellow perch populations, other factors (food availability, predators and lake productivity) also play an important role in structuring these populations. Regardless, these results indicate the potential of yellow perch in Nebraska Sandhill lakes given no exploitation.     

中国和匈牙利白斑狗鱼群体遗传变异的微卫星标记分析

本研究应用18个微卫星分子标记,对白斑狗鱼(Esox lucius L.)3个中国新疆群体(乌伦古湖、吉力湖和6号湖)和1个匈牙利巴拉顿湖群体的遗传结构进行了分析.结果表明,3个中国白斑狗鱼群体的平均等位基因丰富度(AR)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)和平均期望杂合度(HE)均显著低于匈牙利巴拉顿湖群体(P＜0.05),而匈牙利群体的平均近交系数(FIS)高于中国群体;经SMM和TPM模型检测,匈牙利白斑狗鱼群体存在显著的遗传瓶颈信号(P＜0.001);AMOVA和群体两两比较的FST值表明,中国与匈牙利白斑狗鱼的遗传分化十分显著(P＜0.01);NJ树、主成分分析(PCA)进一步证实中国白斑狗鱼与匈牙利白斑狗鱼群体间存在显著的遗传差异和分化.此外,贝叶斯遗传聚类结果表明,中国新疆6号湖白斑狗鱼群体极可能来源于乌伦古湖,而非吉力湖.     

Factors influencing the abundance of three common nearshore fishes in south‐west Lake Michigan

Variation in the distribution and abundance of nearshore fishes is critical to understand food web processes and fishery management issues in Lake Michigan. This study characterised patterns in abundance of three common nearshore species, yellow perch Perca flavescens (Mitchell), round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas) and alewife Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson), in relation to spatio‐temporal, abiotic and biotic factors using gillnet sampling conducted across 5 years at multiple locations representing different substrates. Significant variations were observed in alewife and round goby catches between locations. A negative relationship between round goby and age‐0 yellow perch catch was observed, indicating potential competition between the two species. This study demonstrates that variability in nearshore fish communities can be driven by factors including substrate and interspecific interactions. Given the prominent role these species play in Lake Michigan's food web and thus their importance to fishery production, a thorough understanding of these factors is warranted.     

Growth of 0+ perch (Perca fluviatilis) predating on 0+ bream (Abramis brama)

Abstract – Larvae and juveniles of perch Perca fluviatilis and bream Abramis brama of Lake Speldrop, a highly eutrophicated gravel-pit lake in the floodplain of the Lower Rhine, were used in laboratory experiments to study predation of perch on bream. In the first series of experiments (control), 0+ perch of 30 mm total length (TL) did not prey on 0+ roach of about 24 mm TL. The perch fed only on zooplankton, resulting in low growth rates of 0.17 mm  ·  day⁻¹. In the second series of experiments, perch (30 mm TL) were combined with 0+ bream with an average TL of 14 and 19 mm at different ratios. As in the first series, even a nine-fold higher amount of zooplankton food had no significant influence on the growth rate of perch, regardless of the perch:bream ratio. At a perch: bream ratio of 7:1 and 4:4 all bream were eaten by the perch and restocked twice daily. At the end of the experiment, the TL of perch at a perch:bream ratio of 7:1 was significantly lower compared to a perch:bream ratio of 4:4 (mean growth rates at 7:1 of 0.16 mm  ·  day⁻¹ and at 4:4 of 0.35 mm  ·  day⁻¹). At the perch:bream ratio of 1:7, perch fed on bream in varying amounts, averaging between 3 and 12 bream per day and per individual. After 20 days, the final length of these fish was always significantly higher than the TL of perch at other perch:bream ratios and increased in correlation to number of bream eaten per day (mean growth rate 1.13 mm  ·  day⁻¹). The results are discussed with respect to the piscivore-dominated fish community of the eutrophied Lake Speldrop. ^Note     

Hypoxic wetland tributaries as faunal refugia from an introduced predator

Abstract– The introduction of Nile perch ( Lates niloticus ) into the Lake Victoria basin of East Africa has coincided with the decline or disappearance of hundreds of indigenous species. To mitigate additional biodiversity loss, we must learn what limits the spread of Nile perch and what habitats serve as refugia for prey species. Heavily vegetated wetlands may protect fishes from Nile perch predation by providing both structural and low-oxygen refugia for prey species tolerant of hypoxia. To examine the potential of wetlands as refugia we quantified the composition, persistence, and stability of fish assemblages in a wetland tributary of Lake Nabugabo, a satellite lake of Lake Victoria in which Nile perch have been introduced. Nile perch were extremely rare in the wetland, and nine of the 18 species that have disappeared from the open waters of the satellite lake were captured in the tributary in this study. Dissolved oxygen was chronically low in the river and may be important in shaping fish community characteristics. Faunal attenuation occurred as the dry season progressed and oxygen levels dropped; however, the most common species remained through seasonal changes. The chronically low oxygen conditions in the werland tributary may permit persistence of only hypoxia-tolerant species. However, wetland conditions seem to limit exploitation by Nile perch providing critical refugia for a subset of the basin fauna.     

Yields of European perch from Upper Lake Constance from 1910 to present

Abstract  Commercial yields of perch, Perca fluviatilis (L.), from Upper Lake Constance changed markedly during the 20th century. The perch boom in the 1950s and 1960s is attributed to higher fishing intensity and lake eutrophication. Decreasing yields in recent decades are mainly because of slower growth of perch, while a gradual decrease in year-class strength, and an overall reduction of fishing intensity, might also have contributed to yield reduction. Slower growth is mainly attributed to lake re-oligotrophication and infestation of perch with the pike tapeworm Triaenophorus nodulosus (Pallas). Competition for food with non-native ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernua (L.) is likely of minor importance, while the invasion of the lake by alien macrozoobenthos species has the potential to reduce the food supply for benthivorous perch. Perch yields are assumed to remain at the low level attained at the beginning of the 21st century; however, under changing climate conditions, fluctuations around the long-term mean will probably be wider than in the past.