牙鲆连续四代减数分裂雌核发育家系的遗传特征分析

为了研究纯合度和遗传相似度在牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)连续四代减数分裂雌核发育家系中的变化规律，本研究利用分布在不同连锁群上的24个高重组率微卫星标记对牙鲆连续减数分裂雌核发育二代(G2)、三代(G3)、四代(G4)家系及普通家系对照组进行了遗传分析。结果显示，24个微卫星位点在对照组、G2、G3、G4家系中，分别检测到96、42、32和32个等位基因，平均等位基因数分别为4.00、1.98、1.33和1.33；期望杂合度分别为0.6416、0.3472、0.1694和0.1492；纯合度分别为0.3503、0.6528、0.8306和0.8508；遗传相似系数分别为0.5822、0.9238、0.9890和0.9988。24个位点中已有17个纯合，但尚有7个保持杂合状态。同时，将上述结果和已发表的减数分裂雌核发育一代(G1)家系的数据进行分析，结果表明，诱导连续减数分裂雌核发育不仅能提高个体的纯合度，同时也可提高子代个体间的遗传相似度；纯合度和遗传相似度在G1、G2和G3家系中能够得到逐步提高，代际之间差异显著(P<0.05)；但在G4家系中趋于稳定，与G3家系差异不显著。G4家系的遗传相似性(0.9988)已高于连续20代全同胞交配所获得的理论值(0.9860)，连续诱导减数分裂雌核发育是快速建立鱼类近交系的良好方法。     

鲤和牙鲆的两种雌核发育子代的基因型分析

研究调查了鲤和牙鲆经两种雌核发育操作获得的子代的基因型纯合情况.结果显示,多数子代在母本杂合基因座上的纯合速率并不快,如鲤抑制第一次卵裂的44尾子代平均纯合化程度为30.2%,纯合化程度最高的个体为53.3%,纯合化程度最低的仅有13.3%,没有得到纯合个体;牙鲆抑制第一次卵裂22个子代中有3个纯合个体;而抑制第二极体的牙鲆4个家系中纯合化最高的个体是C家系的第18号子代为56%,平均纯合度为19%,14个子代的纯合化速率为零.结合鲤抑制第二极体和牙鲆抑制第一次卵裂的实验结果对两种雌核发育产生的纯化作用进行了分析和评价;并针对育种过程中的雌核发育技术进行了讨论.     

牙鲆连续两代减数分裂雌核发育家系的遗传特征

对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)减数分裂雌核发育二倍体(Meio-G1)再次诱导减数分裂雌核发育,获得连续两代雌核发育二倍体家系(Meio-G2),以Meio-G1亲本与1尾普通牙鲆雄鱼人工授精获得的家系作为对照组(control)。利用15个微卫星标记对3个家系进行遗传特征分析。结果显示,15个微卫星位点在Meio-G1、Meio-G2和对照组3个家系中,分别扩增到30、28、50个等位基因,平均等位基因数为2.0、1.9、3.3,平均观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.875 3、0.774 2、0.908 3,平均纯合度分别为0.124 7、0.221 5、0.091 7。3个家系个体间的平均遗传相似系数分别为0.891 7、0.923 8、0.520 2,亲代与子代之间的平均相似系数分别为0.916 6、0.930 4、0.560 3。高重组率的Poli9-8tuf、Poli18tuf、Poli107tuf 3个位点在Meio-G1和Meio-G2中观测杂合度均为1.0,低重组率的Poli33tuf、Poli24MHFS两个位点在Meio-G1和Meio-G2中均全部纯合,观测杂合度为0。结果表明,Meio-G2的纯合度、个体间平均相似系数以及亲子之间的平均相似度均略高于Meio-G1,显著高于对照组家系,证明连续两代诱导减数分裂雌核发育,能提高鱼类纯合度和遗传相似度,具有固定母本遗传性状的作用。     

牙鲆减数分裂与有丝分裂雌核发育的遗传差异

利用同一尾牙鲆亲鱼的同一批卵子诱导减数分裂雌核发育二倍体和有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体,同时用牙鲆精子做人工授精制备普通二倍体,作为对照组。利用10对微卫星引物对普通二倍体和两种雌核发育二倍体进行遗传分析。结果表明,母本基因型在8个位点为杂合,2个位点为纯合。普通二倍体有6种基因型,等位基因均来自父母本的随机结合,类型丰富;母本与子代、子代个体之间的遗传相似系数分别为0.452 8和0.560 3,接近随机交配群体的遗传相似度。减数分裂雌核发育二倍体有3种基因型,除在1个位点出现异于母本的纯合基因型外,其他所有位点的基因型与母本完全一致;母本与子代、子代个体之间遗传相似系数分别为0.976 6和0.959 5,接近近交系的遗传相似度。有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体有2种基因型,且全部为纯合型;母本与子代、子代个体之间遗传相似系数分别为0.806 2和0.742 5,有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体全部为纯合个体。减数分裂雌核发育二倍体具有高度的遗传相似性,适于固定母本性状;有丝分裂雌核发育二倍体纯合度高,适于作为制备克隆的亲本;两者具有明显不同的遗传特性,均可作为特征不同的育种材料。     

鲤雌核发育子代基因的杂合度分析

通过热休克法抑制第一次有丝分裂(抑制第一次卵裂)和减数分裂(抑制第二极体排除),分别获得鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)的2个雌核发育家系.利用13对具有高多态性的微卫星分子标记,分别对2个雌核发育家系的观测杂合度(Ho、期望杂合度(He)、等位基因频率(P)和有效等位基因数(Ne等进行遗传背景调查.结果表明,抑制第一次有丝分裂家系的等位基因频率为0.063～1.000,平均观测杂合度为0.22,平均期望杂合度为0.24,平均有效等位基因数为1.41,该家系在6个微卫星座位上表现为纯合子,在7个微卫星座位上表现为杂合子,其中位点MFW4完全表现为杂合子;抑制减数分裂的等位基因频率为0.056～0.889,观测杂合度的平均值为0.37,期望杂合度的平均值为0.47,平均有效等位基因数为1.93,该家系中没有得到完全纯合的个体,其中在2个位点上全部表现为杂合子.在所分析的鲤雌核发育群体中,有3个基因座位(HLJ034、HLJ044和HLJ071)有重组现象,重组率为20.00%.综合上述结果推断,鲤2个雌核发育家系在个体和群体上都具有一定的基因杂合性.[中国水产科学,2009,16(1):47-53]     

黄姑鱼异质雌核发育子代的遗传分析

为了解黄姑鱼（Nibea albiflora）异质雌核发育子代的基因纯合情况，利用微卫星标记（SSR）和扩增片段长度多态性标记（AFLP）对黄姑鱼异质雌核发育家系进行遗传鉴定和分析。结果显示：（1）雌核发育家系在4个SSR位点和5对AFLP引物组合扩增出的位点均未发现父本特异性等位条带，表明雌核发育体比率为100%。（2）用于遗传分析的7个SSR位点在雌核发育家系和正常交配家系中均未见完全纯合的情况，雌核发育家系7个SSR位点的平均纯合度为0.382，是正常交配家系（0.161）的2.37倍。雌核发育家系各个体的纯合位点数为0~6个，纯合位点所占比例为0~85.7%。（3）5对AFLP引物共扩增出182条清晰的扩增条带，其中有21条父本特异性条带和16条母本特异性条带。16条母本特异性条带中有7个条带在雌核发育家系中显著偏分离（P<0.05）。雌核发育家系和正常交配家系多态性条带比例分别为14.7%和20.3%。（4）雌核发育家系与母本的遗传相似度高于与正常交配家系的遗传相似度，正常交配家系同父本和母本的遗传距离大致相同。研究结果表明，黄姑鱼异质雌核发育二倍体家系的遗传纯合度显著高于正常交配家系，人工诱导雌核发育是促进基因纯合的一个有效途径，它不仅可以加速有利基因的纯合固定，还可以加速有害基因的淘汰，从而有效提高育种效率。     

团头鲂“浦江2号”连续2代雌核发育群体的微卫星遗传结构

为获得团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)的纯合品系, 本研究以团头鲂“浦江 2 号”作为亲本, 采用紫外线灭活的鲤鱼精子刺激团头鲂卵子, 经冷休克抑制第二极体排出的方法获得异源雌核发育一代群体(Meio-G1)和雌核发育二代群体(Meio-G2)。利用筛选出的 20 对微卫星引物, 研究分析了团头鲂“浦江 2 号”正常群体、雌核发育一代群体(Meio-G1)和雌核发育二代群体(Meio-G2)的遗传特征。结果表明, 正常群体、Meio-G1 和 Meio-G2 中, 分别扩增出 129、99、84 个等位基因, 平均等位基因数(Na)分别为 4.30、3.30、2.80, 平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为 3.23、 2.24、1.76, 平均观测杂合度(Ho)分别为 0.8067、0.4067、0.1733, 平均纯合度(H)分别为 0.2035、0.6000、0.8263, 平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为 0.6198、0.4701、0.3628, 表明 Meio-G1 和 Meio-G2 相较于正常群体其遗传多样性下降, 其中 Meio-G2 的遗传多样性最小。Hardy-Weinberg 平衡遗传偏离指数表明 Meio-G1 和 Meio-G2 出现杂合子缺失的现象, 而正常群体则表现为杂合子过剩。聚类分析显示, 正常群体与 Meio-G1 共同汇聚成为一支, 而 Meio-G2 单独成为一支, 产生了一定程度的遗传分化。本研究结果表明, Meio-G2 的纯合度高、遗传多样性低, 是良好的育种材料, 可为团头鲂的选育工作提供重要参考依据。     

人工雌核发育鲢近交F_2微卫星DNA变异分析

采用17对鲢微卫星引物,以野生鲢、养殖鲢、雄鲤作对照对人工雌核发育鲢近交F2及其亲本进行了微卫星分析。结果表明:人工雌核发育鲢近交F2、养殖鲢和野生鲢群体的平均等位基因数范围为2.1～4.0;平均观测杂合度范围为0.2762～0.9588;期望杂合度范围为0.2774～0.7360;遗传多样性指数范围为0.4500～1.2258,人工雌核鲢近交F2为0.4500,显著低于养殖鲢(1.0273)和野生鲢(1.2258),揭示人工雌核发育鲢近交F2遗传多样性水平较低,纯合度较高。从遗传距离来看,人工雌核发育鲢近交F2与对照群体之间的遗传距离都要大于野生鲢与养殖鲢群体之间遗传距离,表明人工雌核发育鲢近交F2发生了一定程度的遗传分化。     

ENU诱变草鱼及其雌核发育后代的微卫星遗传分析

为了获得雌核发育ENU诱变草鱼(Cetpharyngodon idellus)群体的相关遗传参数,实验采用Partec Cy Flow倍性分析仪测定ENU诱变草鱼群体(Q群体)和雌核发育ENU诱变草鱼群体(E群体)相对DNA含量分别为24.02和23.80,二者的DNA含量接近,均为二倍体。选取28个微卫星标记对Q群体和E群体多样性进行了检测。结果表明,E群体和Q群体的平均等位基因分别为3.7143、5.1786,平均有效等位基因分别为2.1857、4.0028,平均期望纯合度分别为0.5122、0.2814,平均期望杂合度分别为0.4878、0.7186,多态信息含量(PIC)平均值分别为0.4282、0.6606。从个体在微卫星位点的纯合率分析,在E群体中,每个个体的纯合度均小于1.00,说明没有完全纯合的个体。从每个微卫星位点在群体的纯合率分析,除了微卫星位点5476,HLJC118和HLJC81外,其他位点的纯合度以不同的速率得到明显的提高。综上所述,经过减数雌核发育方法,ENU诱变草鱼群体的各微卫星位点的纯合度以不同的速率得到提升,遗传多样性明显降低,此方法可以获得纯合度较高的雌核发育ENU诱变草鱼个体,为ENU诱变草鱼良种选育提供了重要的遗传数据资料。     

团头鲂耐低氧新品系雌核发育群体遗传结构的微卫星分析

为了指导团头鲂耐低氧群体的后续选育工作开展,利用筛选出的20对微卫星引物,比较分析了团头鲂耐低氧群体(TN)及其减数分裂(TNM)、有丝分裂(TNDH)雌核发育后代群体的遗传结构;结果显示,团头鲂TN、TNM、TNDH及团头鲂"浦江1号"(TPJ1)对照的平均等位基因数(N_a)分别为3.90、3.55、3.45、4.25,平均观测杂合度(H_o)分别为0.7853、0.3934、0.2768、0.8075,平均期望杂合度(H_e)分别为0.6491、0.5563、0.4870、0.6855,平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.5695、0.4796、0.4181、0.6105,TPJ1对照群体的遗传多样性最高,TN群体较TPJ1群体的遗传多样性有所降低,但不存在显著差异,仍保持了较高的遗传杂合度,而2个雌核发育群体(TNM和TNDH)的遗传多样性显著低于TPJ1和TN群体,TNDH群体的遗传多样性显著低于TNM群体。Hardy-Weinberg平衡遗传偏离指数也表明团头鲂TPJ1和TN群体出现杂合子过剩现象,而TNM、TNDH雌核发育群体则出现了杂合子缺失现象,纯合子比例高。聚类分析表明,TPJ1和TN群体聚类成一个分支,而TNM、TNDH雌核发育群体聚类成另一分支,产生了一定程度的遗传分化。在TN群体中实施雌核发育可加速遗传物质的纯合,可用于团头鲂进一步耐低氧性状基因的纯化。     

Fast development of genetically uniform strains by gynogenesis in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

The Japanese flounder is a major species in both aquaculture and research. Inbred strains of Japanese flounder were developed efficiently in our laboratory by meiotic and mitotic gynogenetic reproduction techniques. To determine the induction efficiency of gynogenesis and the rate at which full homozygosity is produced, six meiotic gynogenetic females (G1–G6) that had experienced meiotic gynogenesis once and three common females (C1–C3) were selected for production of mitotic gynogenesis in our experiments. Of the nine adult females, all six gynogenetic fish successfully produced viable offspring. However, only one of the three common fish did. Using microsatellite markers, we estimated the homozygosity of gynogenetic fish induced by mitotic gynogenesis. We found that the homozygosity of seven lines (C1, G1–G6) increased quickly, individually from 43%, 72%, 69%, 71%, 78%, 69% and 58% to 100%, 100%, 100%, 90%, 100%, 100% and 90% offspring complete homozygosity. Under mitotic gynogenesis, individuals with higher homozygosity had a higher induction rate. The G4 line showed the highest induction rate, achieving 44.59% convert hatching rate and 29.28% convert normality rate. We conclude that meiotic gynogenesis may be a feasible method to produce DH genetic material in Japanese flounder.     

牙鲆雌核发育研究进展

牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)是一种重要的海水经济鱼类,其雌性生长速度显著快于雄性。因此,生产全雌牙鲆对提高养殖产量和经济效益具有重要意义。雌核发育是一种特殊的有性生殖方式,在这种生殖方式中,灭活的精子进入卵子,激活胚胎发育,但精核不与卵核融合形成合子,所以雌核发育的个体只具有母本的遗传信息。目前,牙鲆已成为雌核发育技术应用于产业的代表性鱼类。本文对牙鲆人工诱导雌核发育的研究进展进行综述,介绍牙鲆减数分裂雌核发育和有丝分裂雌核发育的诱导方法,以及雌核发育技术在性别控制、克隆制备等育种研究中的应用。最后,作者提出"雌核发育育种体系"构想,并对其在鱼类育种和遗传研究中的应用前景进行展望。     

雌核发育与正常二倍体条斑星鲽胚胎发育比较研究

在用牙鲆精子诱导条斑星鲽雌核发育的同时,对条斑星鲽单倍体、雌核发育胚胎发育过程进行了观察,并与普通胚胎发育作了比较.观察结果表明,(1)单倍体胚胎,卵裂开始至64细胞期,发育速度较普通胚胎发育发育速度明显缓慢,至多细胞期发育速度相同,历时14 h;到达高囊胚期比普通二倍体慢1.5 h,到达低囊胚期发育速度相同,历时31 h;到达原肠末期、神经胚期、晶体形成期历时相同,其他发育时期一直处于缓慢状态;孵化仔鱼具有明显的单倍体综合症.(2)雌核发育与普通胚胎的发育的特征相比无明显区别,在卵裂期发育速度明显迟缓,但在囊胚期以后,所用时间基本相同;孵化时间比普通胚胎长约1 h.(3)与普通胚胎相比,雌核发育胚胎、单倍体胚胎孵化率较低,仔鱼畸形率高.     

七彩鲑雌核发育及其倍性研究

利用紫外线照射对七彩鲑(Salvelinus fontinalis)精子进行灭活处理,使其遗传物质失活,作为同源精子诱导源,与七彩鲑卵子进行受精,采用冷休克方法诱导雌核发育。结果表明:同源精子可以诱导七彩鲑的雌核发育,紫外照射强度为72 m J/cm2;距离为8 cm;冷休克温度为20℃。七彩鲑减数分裂雌核发育倍性测定以鸡(Gallus sp.)红细胞DNA含量(2.5 pg/N)为标准、七彩鲑普通育苗子一代为参照,采用流式细胞术和微卫星标记技术对30尾七彩鲑减数分裂雌核发育鱼苗进行分析,证明了雌核发育鱼苗为雌核发育二倍体。     

Use of microsatellite loci and AFLP markers to verify gynogenesis and clonal lines in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L.

To develop an effective system for parentage analysis in gynogenetic and clonal progeny of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., polymorphic microsatellite loci and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were investigated in several gynogenetic families and clonal lines. Six microsatellite loci were screened in two meiotic gynogenetic families to look for loci with high gene–centromere recombination rates, which can be used to discriminate meiotic from mitotic gynogenetics. Microsatellite loci UNH189 and UNH211 showed 96.7% and 92.0% heterozygosity, respectively, in these families, while other loci showed lower recombination frequencies. Scoring both UNH189 and UNH211 would give a very low probability of an individual meiotic gynogenetic being homozygous for both loci. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction of microsatellite loci was used to verify parentage in four families of mitotic gynogenetics and five fully inbred clonal lines. The genotype of each clonal line should serve as a unique identifier. Twelve AFLP primers were also investigated and 26 diagnostic AFLP bands were identified to follow inheritance in mitotic gynogenetic individuals. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms were found to be effective for this purpose but microsatellites were more appropriate since they are co‐dominant, while AFLPs are dominant markers. A multiplex of the microsatellite loci used in this study would be useful for general parental assignment as well as for the analysis of the products of chromosome set manipulations.     

Artificial gynogenesis in Cynoglossus semilaevis with homologous sperm and its verification using microsatellite markers

Effective methods for induction of gynogenetic diploids in Cynoglossus semilaevis are needed to initiate monosex culture. An effective protocol to induce half‐smooth tongue sole gynogenesis using homologous sperm was developed in this study. A UV dose of 50 mJ cm^?2 was found to be the most effective for genetic inactivation of tongue sole sperm. Treatment optima for cold shocks were 5 °C for 20–23 min at 5 min after fertilization and the hatching rate of gynogenetic diploids was 10.0%. Microsatellite analysis at locus Csou 6 revealed that there was no genetic contribution from the paternal genome in 24 progenies of a meiotic gynogenetic family. Polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that only four individuals of 24 meiotic gynogenetic diploids produced the female‐specific band of about 205 bp. The female/male ratio of gynogenetic diploids was significantly different from the theoretical ratio of 1:1. It is possible that there are some recessive lethal genes in W chromosome.     

Chromosome set manipulation and sex control in common carp: a review

The development of techniques for production of gynogenetic, androgenetic, polyploid, and monosex progenies in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is described from a chronological perspective. Gynogenetic progenies were obtained either by suppression of the second meiotic division in eggs (meiotic gynogenesis) or by suppression of the first mitotic division in haploid embryos (mitotic gynogenesis). As a rule, gynogenetic progenies of common carp were all-female, revealing female homogamety (females—XX, males—XY) in this species. Induced gynogenesis results in increased homozygosity; the rate of increase depends on the type of gynogenesis. Inbreeding coefficient (F) for one generation of meiotic gynogenesis in common carp is about 0.6, while diploids obtained by mitotic gynogenesis are homozygous for all genes (F = 1.0). Mitotic gynogenesis was used for production of clones in common carp. In androgenetic progenies of common carp, YY males were identified, that after crossing with normal females (XX) produced all-male progenies. Triploids of common carp are characterized by a significant reduction in gonad development (especially ovaries). However, the reduction in gonad development did not result in an increase of somatic growth rate of fish. The procedure for androgen treatment to induce phenotypic sex reversal in genotypic females (XX) was elaborated. All-female progenies of common carp were produced on a large scale by crossing normal females (XX) with hormonally sex-reversed males (XX). Rearing of all-female progenies in conditions when fish normally reach sexual maturity before reaching of market size increased production yield by 7–8%. In a few cases distant hybridization resulted in polyploidy of fish without application of any physical treatment. The ability of hybrid females between crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and common carp to produce diploid (with unreduced chromosome number) gametes resulted in opportunities to produce triploid and tetraploid hybrid progenies.