高效液相色谱法同时检测渔用中草药中6种磺胺类抗生素

建立高效液相色谱同步测定渔用中草药中6种磺胺类抗生素含量的方法,并比较和优化样品提取、净化及色谱分析条件。试验使用乙酸乙酯提取样品中的6种磺胺,用PEP-2固相萃取柱净化。高效液相色谱的流动相为2%乙酸溶液和甲醇、乙腈混合液,梯度洗脱;色谱柱为C18反相柱(5μm,4.6mm×250mm);紫外检测器在波长270nm检测;外标法定量。该方法对6种磺胺的检出限为50μg/kg,平均回收率为86.8%~96.5%,相对标准偏差小于6.7%,可用于渔用中草药中6种磺胺类抗生素的定性、定量测定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱快速测定水产饲料中甲基睾丸酮的含量

建立了水产饲料中甲基睾丸酮的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。具体优化了检测过程中提取液体积分数、提取时间、固相萃取柱、洗脱液浓缩方式、质谱条件和流动相组成等对加标回收率有影响的主要因素。样品经40%甲醇水提取,提取液经C18固相萃取柱净化,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪测定。甲基睾丸酮的质量浓度在0.50~10.00μg/L线性良好,该方法的检出限为2.00μg/kg,定量限为5.00μg/kg。本方法适用于大批量饲料中的甲基睾丸酮的快速检测。     

海藻中铝形态分析技术

建立了高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术（HPLC-ICP-MS）分析海藻及其制品中三价铝的方法,用提取液0.040 mol/L氢氧化锂＋0.006 mol/L吡啶-2,6-二羧酸＋-0.090 mol/L冰醋酸在70℃恒温水浴摇床中浸提2h,阳离子交换色谱柱分离,ICP-MS检测.样品加标量在5.0 mg/kg和50.0 mg/kg时的平均回收率在90.8％以上,相对标准偏差均＜4％（n=5）.本研究证明,该方法测定海藻及其制品中的三价铝较为准确、可靠,可为制定农业行业标准提供技术支撑.     

鲑鱼肉和饲料中类胡萝卜素的分析方法

鱼肉和饲料中的虾青素分析方法对于研究鲑鱼肉色质量及饲料对其影响至关重要。本研究建立了北极红点鲑鱼肉类胡萝卜素的正相高效液相色谱分析方法。该方法采用正己烷与异丙醇等度洗脱(93∶7,体积比),流速1.1mL/min,可实现18min内4种常见鲑鱼类胡萝卜素包括虾青素、角黄素、β-胡萝卜素和玉米黄素的有效分离。研究结果显示,虾青素的回收率和变异系数值分别为97%和1.5%。正己烷和异丙醇复合溶剂提取的鱼肉样品与丙酮提取并经氨基固相萃取小柱纯化后的鱼肉样品的虾青素含量接近,但比丙酮提取样品中虾青素含量略低。正相高效液相色谱法和分光光度法测定鱼肉虾青素含量分别为1.43mg/L和2.43mg/L。研究同时建立了鲑鱼饲料虾青素分析方法。研究结果表明,-80℃冷冻结合氨基固相萃取小柱纯化可去除饲料样品中的大部分脂肪。饲料中虾青素酯皂化的最佳条件为:0.10mol/L甲基化氢氧化钠,22℃,20min;或者0.12mol/L甲基化氢氧化钠,4℃,3h。研究结果表明,两种方法可用于鲑鱼肉和饲料中的虾青素分析,为相关研究带来方便。     

高效液相色谱-氢化物-原子荧光联用技术测定海藻中无机砷

本文采用高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光联技术（ HPLC-HG-AFS）对海藻中的无机砷进行检测。以藻类中羊栖菜的无机砷含量为指标,确定提取剂的种类和浓度,并通过曲面拟合的方法确定了最佳提取温度和提取时间。结果表明,以1．0%HCL为提取剂,提取温度52℃,提取时间78 min的效果最佳。该方法无机砷的检出限为0．0628 mg/kg,样品加标量为0．2 mg/kg 和1．0 mg/kg 时回收率在80．5%~105．7%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD, n=6）在4．2%~5．3%之间。并应用此分析技术测定了福建省内60个不同产地紫菜样品中无机砷含量,结果表明,主要生产区紫菜中无机砷含量很低,仅占总砷含量的0~1．96%。     

高效液相色谱氢化物发生原子荧光（HPLC-HG-AFS)联用技术检测海藻食品中无机砷

海藻食品中无机砷的含量是水产品质量检验中主要的安全卫生指标。实验采用高效液相色谱氢化物发生原子荧光联用技术（HPLC-HG-AFS）对海藻食品中无机砷的检测进行了研究。通过实验优化了提取剂、提取时间及其仪器条件，建立了HPLC-HG-AFS联用技术检测海藻食品中无机砷含量的方法。用1.2 mol/L HCl在70 ℃水浴下提取1 h，用过氧化氢（H₂O₂）氧化；pH 6.0的15 mmol/L (NH₄)₂HPO₄溶液为流动相，HPLC-HG-AFS上机分析。样品加标量在0.10 mg/kg和1.00 mg/kg时的平均回收率均在92%以上，相对标准偏差均低于4%，方法精密度较高。研究结果表明，该方法测定海藻中的无机砷较为准确、可靠，为制定农业行业标准海藻食品中无机砷的测定，提供技术支持。     

仿刺参体腔液中皮质醇检测方法研究

建立了3龄仿刺参和幼参体腔液中皮质醇的超高效液相色谱—串联质谱的检测方法。样品采用乙腈-0.2%甲酸溶液均质振荡、超声提取,用Captiva EMR-Lipid固相萃取柱净化,BEH C-18色谱柱分离,采用超高效液相色谱—串联质谱仪进行测定。试验结果表明,方法的检出限为0.11μg/L,定量限为0.35μg/L,在空白样品中分别添加皮质醇质量浓度为20、40、100μg/L,其回收率均为77%～105%,该方法基质干扰小,准确,易操作,能够满足仿刺参体腔液中痕量皮质醇的测定。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水产饲料中喹乙醇残留量

为测定水产饲料中喹乙醇的残留量,建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱的测定方法.水产饲料经5%甲醇溶液提取,HLB固相萃取小柱净化后上机定量检测.采用Zorbax XDB C18色谱柱,并以O.2%乙酸水溶液+甲醇(60+40,体积分数)为流动相,色谱分离后直接进串联质谱器.采用电喷雾正离子,多反应监测模式检测,外标法定量.在1～20 mg/L浓度下具有良好的线性关系,方法的定量限为0.04 mg,/kg,添加浓度在1-20 mg/kg时的回收率为72.2%～98.5%,相对标准偏差小于7.9%.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定淡水、沉积物中的阿莫西林

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)测定淡水、沉积物中阿莫西林含量的检测方法。方法采用外标法进行定量。淡水样品通过固相萃取柱富集后洗脱,沉积物样品通过乙腈直接提取,以0.2%甲酸/5mmol/L醋酸铵-乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱,通过C18色谱柱进行分离。方法的线性范围为0.05~10μg/L,相关系数r0.999。淡水中阿莫西林的平均回收率为77.9%~84.8%,RSD为2.5%~5.9%。沉积物中阿莫西林的平均回收率为76.5%~82.7%,RSD为1.2%~2.7%。方法步骤简单,灵敏度高,可以用于环境淡水及沉积物中阿莫西林的含量测定。     

养殖水产品中氯霉素残留量的测定

建立了一种超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定养殖水产品中氯霉素残留量的方法.样品在碱性条件下,乙酸乙酯超声提取,水浴氮吹浓缩,正己烷去脂净化,ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱分离,甲醇水溶液[V(甲醇)∶V(水)=70∶30]洗脱,负离子多反应监测模式检测,内标法定量.氯霉素在0.1～5.0μg/L内呈现良好的线性关系,相...     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.