维生素C对普安银鲫胚胎发育中两种脂酶活性的影响

在水温24℃下,研究了普安银鲫(Carassius auratus)胚胎发育过程中脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)、肝脂酶(HL)和总脂酶(GE)活性的变化特点及维生素C溶液浸泡对其影响。结果显示:(1)胚胎中LPL、HL和GE的比活力与全活力比成熟卵中高。(2)随胚胎发育,LPL、HL和GE比活力与全活力上升,自原肠中期始,LPL和HL的活性显著升高(P<0.05),出膜前期达最高。(3)30mg/L维生素C溶液浸泡促使普安银鲫胚胎发育过程中LPL、HL和GE比活力与全活力升高。合子中LPL和HL基因可能在原肠期开始表达,合成脂质水解酶分解脂质,为胚胎发育提供能量。在水体中添加适宜水平的维生素C能促进普安银鲫胚胎发育,维持机体内脂质的正常代谢。     

普安银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)卵黄囊期脂蛋白脂酶和肝脂酶基因的表达及葡萄糖、维生素C对其的影响

为了探讨普安银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)卵黄囊期脂蛋白脂酶(Lipoprotein lipase,LPL)和肝脂酶(Hepatic lipase,HL)的表达特点及葡萄糖和维生素C溶液分别浸泡对它们的影响,本研究采用荧光定量PCR技术检测LPL和HL基因在普安银鲫卵黄囊仔鱼发育中的表达情况及mRNA表达水平,并检测了葡萄糖、维生素C对这两种基因mRNA表达量的影响。结果显示,LPL和HL基因在普安银鲫内源营养期、混合营养期和外源营养期均有表达,且LPL和HL mRNA表达量呈上升变化。葡萄糖组LPL和HL mRNA表达量呈上升变化,维生素C组也呈上升变化。在内源营养期、混合营养期和外源营养期,葡萄糖能显著上调LPL和HL mRNA的表达量(P0.05);在内源营养期、混合营养期和外源营养期,维生素C能显著上调LPL mRNA的表达量,而HL mRNA的表达量在混合营养期和外源营养期显著高于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明,普安银鲫发育至混合营养期时,机体内脂质分解代谢增强。适宜水平的葡萄糖、维生素C能诱导LPL和HL mRNA的表达。     

豆油替代鱼油对圆斑星鲽幼鱼生长和肌肉脂肪酸的影响

本实验旨在研究饲料中豆油替代鱼油对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)幼鱼生长和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。用豆油分别替代0、25%、50%和75%的鱼油,配制4组等氮、等脂肪的饲料。选择初始体重为(65.47±1.57)g的圆斑星鲽幼鱼360尾,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,养殖56 d。结果显示,(1)随着豆油替代水平的升高,增重率(WGR)呈现降低的趋势(P0.05),饲料系数(FCR)呈现升高的趋势(P0.05),25%替代组的WGR高于鱼油组(P0.05)。(2)豆油替代鱼油对圆斑星鲽肌肉的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分和水分含量无显著性影响(P0.05),对肝体比(HSI)、脏体比(VSI)和肥满度(CF)无显著性影响(P0.05),豆油替代组肝脏的脂肪含量显著高于鱼油组(P0.05)。(3)随着饲料中豆油水平的增加,圆斑星鲽幼鱼肌肉亚油酸(C18:2n-6)和亚麻酸(C18:3n-3)显著升高(P0.05),而二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)则显著降低(P0.05)。研究结果表明,在该实验条件下,饲料中高比例的豆油替代鱼油会降低鱼体的生长性能和肌肉脂肪酸营养品质。     

星斑川鲽与其他鲆鲽类杂交研究简报

以星斑川鲽为母本,分别以条斑星鲽、圆斑星鲽为父本进行了属间杂交,成功获得了星斑川鲽(♀)×条斑旱鲽(♂)、星斑川鲽(♀)×圆斑星鲽(♂)的杂交后代,并且性状优良,生长良好.以大菱鲆为母本、星斑川鲽为父本进行了属问杂交,获得的大菱鲆(♀)×星斑川鲽(♂)杂交胚胎发育顺利,但仔鱼1日龄全部死亡,不能进一步发育.同时对杂交胚胎的发育情况进行了详细观察和记录,并确定了胚胎发育的时序.     

普安银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)卵黄囊期脂蛋白脂酶和肝脂酶基因的表达及葡萄糖、维生素C对其的影响

为了探讨普安银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)卵黄囊期脂蛋白脂酶(Lipoprotein lipase, LPL)和肝脂酶(Hepatic lipase, HL)的表达特点及葡萄糖和维生素C溶液分别浸泡对它们的影响，本研究采用荧光定量PCR技术检测LPL和HL基因在普安银鲫卵黄囊仔鱼发育中的表达情况及mRNA表达水平，并检测了葡萄糖、维生素C对这两种基因mRNA表达量的影响。结果显示，LPL和HL基因在普安银鲫内源营养期、混合营养期和外源营养期均有表达，且LPL和HL mRNA表达量呈上升变化。葡萄糖组LPL和HL mRNA表达量呈上升变化，维生素C组也呈上升变化。在内源营养期、混合营养期和外源营养期，葡萄糖能显著上调LPL和HL mRNA的表达量(P<0.05)；在内源营养期、混合营养期和外源营养期，维生素C能显著上调LPL mRNA的表达量，而HL mRNA的表达量在混合营养期和外源营养期显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明，普安银鲫发育至混合营养期时，机体内脂质分解代谢增强。适宜水平的葡萄糖、维生素C能诱导LPL和HL mRNA的表达。     

不同生长期圆斑星鲽形态性状对体重影响的通径分析

圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)作为中国鲽形目(Pleuronectiformes)养殖鱼类的重要代表种类,具有生长速度快,可食用部分多,肉质细嫩等特点。为了探究圆斑星鲽形态性状与体重的关系,本研究分别测定11月龄、14月龄和17月龄3个不同生长期圆斑星鲽的体重及全长(FL)、体长(BL)、体高(BH)、头长(HL)、头高(HH)、尾柄长(CL)、尾柄高(CH)、吻长(SL)共计8个形态性状,分别进行相关分析和通径分析,剖析形态性状对于体重的直接作用和间接作用;利用回归分析的方法,建立各个时期以形态指标为自变量,体重为因变量的最优线性回归方程。结果显示,1)不同生长阶段,影响体重的重点形态指标存在差异,影响11月龄圆斑星鲽体重的主要形态性状为体高和体长,14月龄阶段为全长、体高和头长,17月龄阶段为全长和体高;2)11月龄、14月龄和17月龄形态性状对体重(Y)的多元回归方程分别为:Y=-186.412+17.381XBH+10.517XBL,Y=-362.484+13.145XFL+20.172XBH+21.199XHL,Y=-816.147+24.121XFL+40.575XBH;3)除本研究所包括的形态指标外,体厚可能为另外一个影响圆斑星鲽体重的重要指标。本研究阐明了体重与形态指标间的相关关系,为圆斑星鲽的良种选育提供了生物学依据。     

野生圆斑星鲽的驯养试验

野生的圆斑星鲽必须经过驯养后才能做为人工养殖亲鱼使用。野生亲鱼开口摄食是驯养成功的关键因素之一,活虾和冰鲜虾是野生圆斑星鲽很好的开口饵料。营造好的驯养环境,与人工繁殖的鲆鲽类混养和及时药物处理可缩短驯养时间和提高成活率。试验共驯养野生的圆斑星鲽27尾,最终成活20尾,成活率为74.1%。     

天津地区圆斑星鲽工厂化养殖技术

<正>圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)属鲽形目、鲽科,星鲽属,俗称花斑宝、花豹子、花边爪,分布于黄、渤海。圆斑星鲽属冷温性大型底栖鱼类,身体呈椭圆形,体形优美,色彩斑斓美丽,是我国北方传统的名贵鱼种,民谚"春花秋鳎"的"花"即花斑宝(圆斑星鲽)。圆斑星鲽个体较大,生长速度快,肉质细嫩鲜美,富含多种维生素和微量元素,此外圆斑星鲽适应性强、抗     

星突江鲽(Platichthys stellatus)、石鲽(Kareius bicoloratus)及其正反杂交种肌肉的营养成分分析及评价

以体重为338.32–445.98 g的星突江鲽(Platichthys stellatus)、石鲽(Kareius bicoloratus)及其正反杂交种为研究对象,采用国家标准方法对其肌肉的营养成分进行了分析,并对其营养品质进行了评价。结果显示,正交种(星突江鲽♀×石鲽♂)的粗蛋白含量显著高于反交种(石鲽♀×星突江鲽♂)(P0.05),与星突江鲽、石鲽差异不显著(P0.05);正交种的粗脂肪含量最高,为1.44%,显著高于其他3种鱼(P0.05);反交种粗脂肪含量最低,为0.43%,与星突江鲽差异显著(P0.05),与石鲽差异不显著(P0.05)。正交种的水分含量显著低于反交种(P0.05),与星突江鲽、石鲽没有显著性差异(P0.05),反交种的水分含量最高。4种鱼的灰分含量差异不显著(P0.05);正交种的液体、水分、脂质流失率均显著低于星突江鲽和石鲽(P0.05),其熟肉率显著高于反交种(P0.05)。正交种的必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸和氨基酸总量均明显高于其他3种鱼,且支/芳值接近人体正常水平。4种鱼的必需氨基酸总量均高于FAO/WHO标准,尤其是正交种,还高于鸡蛋蛋白质标准。正交种的氨基酸评分、化学评分和必需氨基酸指数也均为最高,而反交种均为最低。研究表明,正交种(星突江鲽♀×石鲽♂)营养价值较高,其肌肉品质更优于星突江鲽和石鲽,在营养物质方面具有一定的杂交优势;反交种(石鲽♀×星突江鲽♂)未表现出明显的杂交优势,这为星突江鲽和石鲽杂交育种性状的选择提供了参考。     

星突江鲽(Platichthys stellatus)、石鲽(Kareius bicoloratus)及其正反杂交种肌肉的营养成分分析及评价

以体重为338.32-445.98 g的星突江鲽(Platichthys stellatus)、石鲽(Kareius bicoloratus)及其正反杂交种为研究对象,采用国家标准方法对其肌肉的营养成分进行了分析,并对其营养品质进行了评价.结果显示,正交种(星突江鲽♀×石鲽♂)的粗蛋白含量显著高于反交种(石鲽♀×星突江鲽♂)(P＜0.05),与星突江鲽、石鲽差异不显著(P＞0.05);正交种的粗脂肪含量最高,为1.44％,显著高于其他3种鱼(P＜0.05);反交种粗脂肪含量最低,为0.43％,与星突江鲽差异显著(P＜0.05),与石鲽差异不显著(P＞0.05).正交种的水分含量显著低于反交种(P＜0.05),与星突江鲽、石鲽没有显著性差异(P＞0.05),反交种的水分含量最高.4种鱼的灰分含量差异不显著(P＞0.05);正交种的液体、水分、脂质流失率均显著低于星突江鲽和石鲽(P＜0.05),其熟肉率显著高于反交种(P＜0.05).正交种的必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸和氨基酸总量均明显高于其他3种鱼,且支/芳值接近人体正常水平.4种鱼的必需氨基酸总量均高于FAO/WHO标准,尤其是正交种,还高于鸡蛋蛋白质标准.正交种的氨基酸评分、化学评分和必需氨基酸指数也均为最高,而反交种均为最低.研究表明,正交种(星突江鲽♀×石鲽♂)营养价值较高,其肌肉品质更优于星突江鲽和石鲽,在营养物质方面具有一定的杂交优势;反交种(石鲽♀×星突江鲽♂)未表现出明显的杂交优势,这为星突江鲽和石鲽杂交育种性状的选择提供了参考.     

黄条鰤仔稚幼鱼消化酶活性变化研究

为了解黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)早期发育阶段的消化生理特性，测定了黄条鰤胚胎、仔稚幼鱼阶段脂肪酶、淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶活性变化。结果显示，在黄条鰤仔鱼出膜前胚胎阶段，即能检测到脂肪酶、淀粉酶和碱性磷酸酶活性；初孵仔鱼体内(1 d)初次检测出胰蛋白酶的活性。脂肪酶和碱性磷酸酶比活力在仔鱼孵化后迅速增强(P<0.05)，在4 d开口时，2种酶比活力达最高值；淀粉酶比活力在7 d时达最大值；胰蛋白酶比活力在仔鱼阶段缓慢上升，15 d时比活力最大。稚鱼阶段内脏团中脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和胰蛋白酶活性基本维持稳定，幼鱼阶段内脏团脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和胰蛋白酶活性都呈现上升趋势；稚鱼和幼鱼阶段内脏团中淀粉酶活性下降并基本稳定于较低水平。研究表明，黄条鰤仔稚幼鱼发育过程中，各种消化酶活性变化明显，且与其发育阶段和食性密切相关。在尚未摄食饵料的早期仔鱼体内已存在消化酶，认为其是母源传递而来，不是由外源性饵料所致；幼鱼阶段内脏团脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和胰蛋白酶比活力明显提高，这反映出随苗种生长发育，其肠道结构和消化机能逐渐完善，并且对脂肪、蛋白质的需求逐渐增强。     

黄条仔稚幼鱼消化酶活性变化研究

为了解黄条(Seriola aureovittata)早期发育阶段的消化生理特性,测定了黄条胚胎、仔稚幼鱼阶段脂肪酶、淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶活性变化。结果显示,在黄条仔鱼出膜前胚胎阶段,即能检测到脂肪酶、淀粉酶和碱性磷酸酶活性;初孵仔鱼体内(1 d)初次检测出胰蛋白酶的活性。脂肪酶和碱性磷酸酶比活力在仔鱼孵化后迅速增强(P<0.05),在4 d开口时,2种酶比活力达最高值;淀粉酶比活力在7 d时达最大值;胰蛋白酶比活力在仔鱼阶段缓慢上升,15 d时比活力最大。稚鱼阶段内脏团中脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和胰蛋白酶活性基本维持稳定,幼鱼阶段内脏团脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和胰蛋白酶活性都呈现上升趋势;稚鱼和幼鱼阶段内脏团中淀粉酶活性下降并基本稳定于较低水平。研究表明,黄条仔稚幼鱼发育过程中,各种消化酶活性变化明显,且与其发育阶段和食性密切相关。在尚未摄食饵料的早期仔鱼体内已存在消化酶,认为其是母源传递而来,不是由外源性饵料所致;幼鱼阶段内脏团脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和胰蛋白酶比活力明显提高,这反映出随苗种生长发育,其肠道结构和消化机能逐渐完善,并且对脂肪、蛋白质的需求逐渐增强。     

Development of digestive enzyme activity in spotted rose snapper,Lutjanus guttatus (Steindachner, 1869) larvae

We describe digestive enzyme activity during the larval development of spotted rose snapper, Lutjanus guttatus. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, pepsin, amylase, lipase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were evaluated using spectrophotometric techniques from hatching through 30 days. The spotted rose snapper larvae present the same pattern of digestive enzyme activity previously reported for other species in which pancreatic (i.e., trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, and lipase) and intestinal (i.e., acid and alkaline phosphatases and leucine aminopeptidase) enzymatic activities are present from hatching allowing the larvae to digest and absorb nutrients in the yolk-sac and live prey by the time of first feeding. The digestive and absorption capacity of the spotted rose snapper increases during the larval development. A significant increase in individual activity of all enzymes occurs at 20 DAH, and around 25 DAH, the juvenile-type of digestion is observed with the appearance of pepsin secreted by the stomach, suggesting that maturation of the digestive function occurs around 20–25 DAH. Our results are in agreement with a previous suggestion that early weaning may be possible from 20 DAH. However, the patterns of enzymatic activities reported in our study should be considered during the formulation of an artificial diet for early weaning of the spotted rose snapper.     

Effect of cortisol and triiodothyronine bath treatments on the digestive enzyme profile and growth of Catla catla larvae during ontogenic development

Digestive enzyme profile is a good indicator of the nutritional and health status of the fish. The present investigation aims to evaluate the effect of exogenous bath treatment of hormones, cortisol and triiodothyronine, on the digestive enzyme activities and growth of carp Catla catla (Ham.) during ontogenic development. Catla larvae (4 days old) were given bath treatment with cortisol (hydrocortisone, 0.2 mg L^?1), 3,5,3′‐triiodothyronine (T3, 2.5 mg L^?1) and a combination of cortisol and T3 for 30 min. Digestive enzyme profile was recorded on every third day and was continued for 30 days. Larvae were fed with live food for initial 14 days and then weaned to mix feeding of live food and prepared diet. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher amylase, total protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, chitinase and chitinobiase activities were found in the hormone‐treated groups compared to the control one during ontogenic development. Among the treated groups, amylase activity was highest in cortisol‐treated larvae. Total protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, chitinase and chitinobiase activities were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in larvae exposed at combined treatment of cortisol and T3 compared to the other two groups in most sampling days. Average length, weight and specific growth rate of treated larvae were higher compared to the control one. The combined bath treatment of cortisol and triiodothyronine influenced the digestive enzyme activities of catla larvae and thereby enhanced the growth at early developmental stage. This helps the larvae to overcome the problems associated with early developmental stage.     

Changes in digestive enzyme activities during larval development of leopard grouper (Mycteroperca rosacea)

The leopard grouper is an endemic species of the Mexican Pacific with an important commercial fishery and good aquaculture potential. In order to assess the digestive capacity of this species during the larval period and aid in the formulation of adequate weaning diets, this study aimed to characterize the ontogeny of digestive enzymes during development of the digestive system. Digestive enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, acid protease, leucine–alanine peptidase, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase N, lipase, amylase and maltase were quantified in larvae fed live prey and weaned onto a formulated microdiet at 31 days after hatching (DAH) and compared with fasting larvae. Enzyme activity for trypsin, lipase and amylase were detected before the opening of the mouth and the onset of exogenous feeding, indicating a precocious development of the digestive system that has been described in many fish species. The intracellular enzyme activity of leucine–alanine peptidase was high during the first days of development, with a tendency to decrease as larvae developed, reaching undetectable levels at the end of the experimental period. In contrast, activities of enzymes located in the intestinal brush border (i.e., aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase) were low at the start of exogenous feeding but progressively increased with larval development, indicating the gradual maturation of the digestive system. Based on our results, we conclude that leopard grouper larvae possess a functional digestive system at hatching and before the onset of exogenous feeding. The significant increase in the activity of trypsin, lipase, amylase and acid protease between 30 and 40 DAH suggests that larvae of this species can be successfully weaned onto microdiets during this period.     

Effect of Three Probiotics Administered Through Live Feed on Digestive Enzyme Activity in California Halibut,Paralichthys californicus,Larvae

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotics as digestive system maturation promoters in larvae of the California halibut, Paralichthys californicus, during ontogeny. Three commercial probiotics: Levucell^®, Bactocell^®, and live yeast, were supplied at a concentration of 50 mg/L, using enriched rotifers and Artemia nauplii as vectors. Total and specific activities of trypsin, leucine‐aminopeptidase (LAP), lipase, chymotrypsin, and pepsin were assessed throughout the development. Growth in terms of length was not significantly different between treatments. Total pepsin and chymotrypsin activity were significantly higher at the end of the experiment, 46‐d posthatch (dph) in larvae supplied with Bactocell. However, no significant effect of the probiotic was detected for trypsin, lipase, and LAP. On the basis of the results, California halibut larvae seemed to have adequate alkaline proteolytic activity early in development, whereas acid proteolytic activity was not detected until the complete formation of a functional stomach. The feeding protocol and probiotics evaluated were unable to improve the morphological development of digestive system or the digestive enzyme activity early on. Nevertheless, the increase in activity of pepsin and chymotrypsin observed at 46 dph suggests a potential use of these probiotics once the metamorphosis is completed, and thus warrants further evaluation.     

Ontogenetic development of digestive enzymes and effect of starvation in miiuy croaker <Emphasis Type="Italic">Miichthys miiuy</Emphasis> larvae

The ontogenetic development of the digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, trypsin, and alkaline phosphatase and the effect of starvation in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae were studied. The activities of these enzymes were detected prior to exogenous feeding, but their developmental patterns differed remarkably. Trypsin activity continuously increased from 2 days after hatching (dah), peaked on 20 dah, and decreased to 25 dah at weaning. Alkaline phosphatase activity oscillated at low levels within a small range after the first feeding on 3 dah. In contrast, amylase and lipase activities followed the general developmental pattern that has been characterized in fish larvae, with a succession of increases or decreases. Amylase, lipase, and trypsin activities generally started to increase or decrease at transitions from endogenous to exogenous feeding or diet changes, suggesting that these enzymatic activities can be modulated by feeding modes. The activities of all the enzymes remained stable from 25 dah onwards, coinciding with the formation of gastric glands and pyloric caecum. These results imply that specific activities of these enzymes underwent changes due to morphological and physiological modifications or diet shift during larval development but that they became stable after the development of the digestive organs and associated glands was fully completed and the organs/glands functioned. Trypsin and alkaline phosphatase were more sensitive to starvation than amylase and lipase because delayed feeding up to 2 days after mouth opening was able to adversely affect their activities. Enzyme activities did not significantly differ among feeding groups during endogenous feeding; however, all activities were remarkably reduced when delayed feeding was within 3 days after mouth opening. Initiation of larvae feeding should occur within 2 days after mouth opening so that good growth and survival can be obtained in the culture.     

Ontogeny of pancreatic enzymes in larval red drum Sciaenops ocellatus

The growth, survival and trypsin, lipase and amylase activities of red drum larvae were measured in two experiments. For the first trial, a group was fed live prey only (L) and another group was fed a combination of a microparticulate diet (MPD) and live food (L-MP). For the second growth trial a group fed the MPD only (MP) and a starvation group (ST) were examined in addition to the L and L-MP treatments. Enzyme activities of live prey were measured to estimate their possible contribution to larval digestion. No significant ( P  > 0.05) differences in final size and survival were observed between treatments L and L-MP. Larvae subjected to starvation or fed the MPD diet alone were smaller than treatments fed live prey and did not survive past days 5 and 14, respectively. Trypsin, lipase and amylase activities were detectable at hatching. No significant differences ( P  > 0.05) in total enzyme activities among treatments were observed before day 14. Specific activity of trypsin, lipase and amylase peaked on day 3 (prior to first feeding) and subsequently decreased. For trypsin, the percentage of enzyme activity potentially attributable to ingested prey increased with age to a maximum of 17%. For lipase and amylase this fraction was less than 5% throughout the study, except on day 8 (12% and 24%, respectively). The lack of significant differences observed in the activity of digestive enzymes among treatments suggests that dietary regime, availability of prey and possible effects of exogenous enzymes did not significantly influence enzyme activity. Therefore, the lower growth rate observed in the L-MP, MP and starved treatments cannot be attributed to low digestive enzyme production of the enzymes measured. It is more likely that the MPD failed to supply the required nutrients for adequate development.