闽中渔场不同生态类群的鱼类资源生产量

本文以海洋生态系统营养动力学为理论依据,依据台湾海峡历次海洋科学调查在闽中渔场所获得的初级生产力为基础,通过对该渔场的浮游植物有机碳含量和生态效率及61种主要鱼类的营养级,58种主要鱼类有机碳含量的调查、检测。采用营养动态模型和Cushing模型估算鱼类资源潜在生产量,同时采用Steele模式估算中上层鱼类和底层鱼类资源生产量,进而从鱼类生产量中分离出近底层鱼类资源的生产量;采用Cadima模式估算鱼类及其不同生态类群的最大可持续开发量。估算结果:营养动态模型和Cushing模型估算鱼类资源潜在生产量分别为38.52×104t和44.34×104t,平均41.43×104t;Steele模式估算中上层鱼类和底层鱼类资源生产量分别为25.31×104t和8.05×104t,近底层鱼类资源生产量为8.07×104t;Cadima模式估算鱼类最大可持续开发量为25.41×104t,中上层鱼类最大可持续开发量为13.96×104t,底层和近底层鱼类最大持续可开发量为9.51×104t;1994年以来鱼类实际年渔获量在27.00×104t~40.01×104t,已连续11年超过了鱼类资源最大可持续开发量。1994年以来投入的捕捞力量为3702艘~5967艘福建标准机动单拖渔船,也连续11年超过了Schaefer和Fox2种剩余产量模式估算的最大持续捕捞力量3678艘福建标准机动单拖渔船,呈现捕获量和捕捞力量“双超”局面。底层和近底层鱼类渔获量自1985以来连续19年超过其最大可持续开发量;中上层鱼类渔获量1998年以来连续6年超过其最大可持续开发量;鱼类的主要种群结构出现简单化、小型化和低龄化,生态学参数渐近体长L∞和渐近体重W∞趋小,个体生长曲率K加大,体重生长拐点tr提前,初届性成熟体长趋小,捕捞死亡系数提高和开发比率上升,资源明显衰退。必须加强对该渔场鱼类资源的管理,采取有力措施控制捕捞力量的投入和渔获量的产出,以防鱼类资源进一步恶化。     

闽东渔场不同生态类群的鱼类资源生产量

以历次海洋科学调查在闽东渔场获得的初级生产力为基础,通过2000~2001年对该渔场的鱼类资源结构、浮游植物有机碳含量、生态效率、主要经济鱼类营养级及其有机碳含量等模型参数的调查和检测,采用营养动态模型和Cushing模型估算鱼类资源的生态容量(潜在生产量),进而应用Steele模型分别估算中上层鱼类、底层鱼类的资源生产量,最后从鱼类资源生产量中分离出近底层鱼类的资源生产量。采用Gadima模式估算鱼类及其各生态类群资源的最大可持续开发量,并讨论它们的开发利用程度。估算结果:闽东渔场鱼类资源生产量为63.08×104t,最大可持续开发量为33.82×104t。其中中上层鱼类资源生产量为38.68×104t,最大可持续开发量为20.34×104t,底层和近底层鱼类资源生产量分别为13.22×104t和11.17×104t,最大可持续开发量合计为15.50×104t。底层和近底层鱼类实际年渔获量自1993年以来已连续11年超过其最大可持续开发量,呈过度捕捞。中上层鱼类实际年渔获量也于1998年以来连续6年超过其最大可持续开发量。因此必须加强保护和管理,采取有力措施削减捕捞力量和渔获量,实行捕捞力量和渔获量“负增长”,待到渔获量下降到最大可持续开发量水平时,才恢复实施“零增长”制度。     

闽东渔场鱼类资源生态容量和最大可持续开发量

以海洋生态系统营养动力学为理论依据,根据历次调查所获得的闽东渔场初级生产力资料,通过对该渔场浮游植物有机碳含量和生态效率的测算、52种主要鱼类营养级及其有机碳含量的检测,采用营养动态模型和Cushing模型估算鱼类资源生态容量(自然生产量),采用Cadima模式和MSY简单模式估算鱼类资源最大可持续开发量。估算结果:闽东渔场鱼类资源生态容量平均为6.308×10~5t,最大可持续开发量为3.268×10~5t。1994年以来闽东渔场实际年渔获量3.435～4.685×10~5t,平均4.267×10~5t,已连续9年超过鱼类资源最大可持续开发量,呈现过度捕捞态势。必须实行渔获量负增长制度才能使鱼类资源得到有效恢复。     

印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼生物学特性的初步研究

以闽南-台湾浅滩渔场历次海洋科学调查所获得的初级生产力为基础,并于2000-2001年对该渔场的鱼类资源组成结构、浮游植物有机碳含量、生态效率、52种主要经济鱼类的营养级及其有机碳含量等的调查、分析和检测,获得相关的生态参数后,应用营养动态模型和Cushing模型,估算鱼类资源的生态容量(潜在生产量),同时也应用Steele模型分别估算中上层鱼类、底层鱼类的资源生产量,进而从鱼类资源生产量中分离出近底层鱼类的资源生产量。然后采用Cadima模式和MSY简单模式估算鱼类及其各生态类群资源最大可持续开发量,并从捕捞现状和主要种群生态学参数的变化,讨论鱼类及其不同生态类群的开发利用水平。旨在为渔业决策部门今后在该渔场实行TAC和渔获量配额制度提供科学依据。估算结果:鱼类资源生态容量为98.63×104t,最大可持续开发量为48.35×104t。其中中上层鱼类资源生产量为56.90×104t,最大可持续开发量28.35×104t,底层和近底层鱼类资源生产量分别为19.45×104t和22.28×104t,合计最大可持续开发量为21.28×104t。然而,底层和近底层鱼类实际年渔获量自1994年以来已连续9年超过其最大持续可开发量,呈过度捕捞。中上层鱼类实际年渔获量至今尚未超过其最大可持续开发量。因此,对于底层和近底层鱼类资源必须采取有效管理措施,防止资源继续恶化。     

闽南-台湾浅滩渔场鱼类及其不同生态类群的资源生产量

以闽南-台湾浅滩渔场历次海洋科学调查获得的初级生产力为基础,在对该渔场的鱼类资源结构调查、浮游植物有机碳含量检测和生态效率的测算、52种主要经济鱼类的营养级及其有机碳含量的检测后,先采用营养动态模型和Cusing模型估算鱼类资源的生态容量(潜在生产量),然后应用Seetile模型分别估算中上层鱼类、底层鱼类的资源生产量,进而从鱼类资源生产量中分离出近底层鱼类的资源生产量,采用Gadima模式和MSY简单模式估算各生态类群的鱼类资源最大可持续开发量,并讨论它们的开发利用程度.估算结果:鱼类资源生态容量为98.62×104 t,最大持续可开发量为48.34×104 t.其中中上层鱼类资源生产量为56.90×104 t,最大持续可开发量为28.35×104 t,底层和近底层鱼类资源生产量分别为19.45×104 t和22.27×104 t,合计最大持续可开发量为21.27×104 t.底层和近底层鱼类实际年渔获量自1994年以来已连续9年超过其最大持续可开发量,呈过度捕捞.中上层鱼类实际年渔获量至今尚未超过其最大可持续开发量.     

台湾海峡及邻近海域渔业资源可持续开发量研究

利用1999～2001年课题组在台湾海峡及邻近海域采集的海洋渔业资源生物资料和在岸上采集的生产技术资料,通过分析渔业资源种类组成和结构、测算初级生产力,检测浮游植物含碳率,鱼类、虾蟹类、头足类等主要种的营养级及其含碳量率、测算生态效率;利用Cushing模型和营养动态模型估算该海区的潜在渔业资源量,利用Cadima经验公式和Gulland经验公式估算渔业资源最大持续开发量。结果表明,该海区的潜在渔业资源量为250.34×104t,最大可持续开发量为136.98×104t。2000年该海区的实际年捕捞量为217.2×104t,超过了渔业资源的剩余产量80.22×104t。因此,为了持续利用该海区的渔业资源,应减少投入捕捞力量和实行捕捞限额制度。     

汕头～台湾浅滩生态系统渔业资源生产量及最大持续产量评估

本文以汕头～台湾浅滩海域的初级生产力为基础,以主要鱼类品种的营养级及其有机碳含量和生态效率,运用营养动态模型和Cushing模型估算海域生态系统渔业资源生产量,同时,运用Gulland模式和MSY简单模式估算渔业资源最大可持续开发量,结果表明该海域渔业资源生产量为77.4万吨,最大可持续开发量为45.6万吨,近十年来全渔场实际年捕捞量在55万吨以上,超过了渔业资源的最大持续产量,处于过度捕捞状态。     

闽南—台湾浅滩渔场鲐鲹鱼类群聚资源生产量和允许总渔获量

以海洋生态系营养动力学为基础,采用Steele模式估算闽南—台湾浅滩渔场中上层鱼类资源年生产量为86.14×10~4t,进而以鲐鲹鱼类群聚资源在中上层鱼类资源的比例,估算鲐鲹鱼类群聚资源的年生产量为51.76×10~4t。Gulland和MSY简单模式估算鲐鲹鱼类群聚资源的最大持续产量分别为25.00×10~4t和25.88×10~4t。Schaefer和Fox剩余产量模式估算鲐鲹鱼类群聚资源的最大持续产量分别23.60×10~4t和23.41×10~4t,最大持续捕捞力量分别为1140.41×10~4kw·d和1266.66×10~4kw·d。折算为福建灯光围网渔船分别为424和471组,并从开发现状和种群生态学及捕捞死亡等参数分析鲐鲹鱼类群聚资源的开发前景。     

台湾海峡南部条尾绯鲤生态学参数变化特征

为了评估台湾海峡南部条尾绯鲤的种群资源现状,2000-2002年在闽南-台湾浅滩渔场单拖渔船采集的条尾鲱鲤样品,进行其种群结构和生长与死亡的研究,并与1977、1994年的研究结果进行比较,探讨种群变化动态.结果表明:条尾鲱鲤渔获群体叉长范围65～169mm,优势叉长组101～130mm,平均116.3m.体重范围6～86g,优势体重组21～40g,平均34.4g.年龄范围0～5龄,优势年龄组1龄,平均年龄1.12龄.渐近叉长L∞为182.73mm、渐近体重W∞为131.42g、生长速率K为0.4204、t0为-1.0424、体重生长拐点tr为1.5933.总死亡系数Z为2.1077,自然死亡系数M为1.0677,捕捞死亡系数F为1.0400,开发比率0.4934.与1977比较,1994年发生了种群结构趋于简单化、个体趋于小型化、低龄化和生长参数L∞和W∞趋小,生长速率K增大,拐点tr提前及初次性成熟提早等明显的变化,反映了当时种群资源基础处于最脆弱时期.2002年与1994年比较,虽然渔获个体有所增大,生长速率K有所下降,初次性成熟叉长略有加大,资源基础稍有好转,然而体重生长拐点tr继续提前,捕捞死亡系数还在加大,开发比率仍然较高,各项生态学参数与1977年比较还有较大差距,表明资源仍处于脆弱阶段,总体状况不容乐观.种群生态学参数的变化与该渔场的底拖网渔业投入量和产出量的变化相吻合,尤其1994年以来捕捞强度和渔获量不断加大,而且大量捕捞幼鱼,已对资源造成较大的压力,生态学参数趋向种群脆弱的变化是必然的.因此必须强化对渔业及资源的管理力度,以剩余产量模式估算的底拖网最大可持续开发量为26.94×104t和最大可持续捕捞力量为2180艘福建标准单拖渔船及条尾绯鲤最小可捕标准91.67mm、16.89g进行管理.以求条尾绯鲤等底层、近底层鱼类资源得以明显恢复,实现底拖网渔业可持续发展.     

闽南、台湾浅滩渔场主要捕捞作业数量配置

根据评估的闽南、台湾浅滩渔场渔业资源生态容量121.33×104t和最大持续产量63.32×104t及闽南、台湾浅滩渔场不同类群渔业资源的开发利用现状,用单位捕捞力量渔获量和平均单船功率配置福建省在闽南、台湾浅滩渔场主要捕捞作业的功率和渔船数量,以达到渔业资源的合理利用和养护,促进闽南、台湾浅滩渔场的可持续发展。     

拓展娱乐性渔业 促进渔业经济繁荣

<正> 随着我国改革开放浪潮的猛烈冲击和人民生活水平的迅速提高,人民的消费观念发生了巨大的转变,种种迹象表明,拓展娱乐性渔业,把它当作一个新兴的产业来开发的时机已经成熟。 1 拓展娱乐性渔业可以带动渔区经济繁荣 娱乐性渔业起步较早的国家是经济发达的日本和美国。在1994年前日本农林水产省的渔业报告中,对新兴的娱乐性渔业就作过以下描述:近年来人们越来越懂得享受自然,各     

Elasmobranch captures in the Fijian pelagic longline fishery

1. Pelagic longline fisheries for relatively fecund tuna and tuna‐like species can have large adverse effects on incidentally caught species with low‐fecundity, including elasmobranchs.
2. Analyses of observer programme data from the Fiji longline fishery from 2011 to 2014 were conducted to characterize the shark and ray catch composition and identify factors that significantly explained standardized catch rates. Catch data were fitted to generalized linear models to identify potentially significant explanatory variables.
3. With a nominal catch rate of 0.610 elasmobranchs per 1000 hooks, a total of 27 species of elasmobranchs were captured, 48% of which are categorized as Threatened under the IUCN Red List. Sharks and rays made up 2.4% and 1.4%, respectively, of total fish catch. Blue sharks and pelagic stingrays accounted for 51% and 99% of caught sharks and rays, respectively.
4. There was near elimination of ‘shark lines’, branchlines set at or near the sea surface via attachment directly to floats, after 2011.
5. Of caught elasmobranchs, 35% were finned, 11% had the entire carcass retained, and the remainder was released alive or discarded dead. Finning of elasmobranchs listed in CITES Appendix II was not observed in 2014.
6. There were significantly higher standardized shark and ray catch rates on narrower J‐shaped hooks than on wider circle hooks. Based on findings from previous studies on single factor effects of hook width and shape, the smaller minimum width of the J‐shaped hooks may have caused the higher shark and ray catch rates. For sharks, the effect of hook width may have exceeded the effect of hook shape, where small increases in shark catch rates have been observed on circle vs J‐shaped hooks.
7. Shark and ray standardized catch rates were lowest in the latter half of the year. Focusing effort during the second half of the year could reduce elasmobranch catch rates.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Indicators of unsustainable fishery in the Middle Danube

Fishery in the Danube River basin has been characterised over the past century by increasing fishing levels, illegal fishing practices and poor regulations. However, there is a remarkable lack of available information on the actual status of fish stocks, as well as on the trends and sustainability of fisheries, which poses a problem for the development of adequate policy and management measures. In this study, we assessed the trends in the commercial fishery in the Middle Danube in Serbia during 1969–1989 and 2006–2010 by evaluating the temporal changes in life history‐related indicators that might point out unsustainable fishing pressures. Moreover, we present the approach of using the catch‐weighted mean egg‐per‐recruit (EPR) index as a proxy for the overall resilience of fish stocks to fishing. Results indicated a marked shift towards smaller fish that mature earlier and have a shorter lifespan. Landings also shifted towards species at lower trophic levels, with a mean trophic level decline at a rate of approximately 0.16 per decade. Results indicated likely presence of the ‘fishing through the food web’ phenomenon. At the same time, catch‐weighted community mean of the 20% EPR threshold ratio (EPR_20%) increased by 4.2%, indicating the increase of the overall resilience to fishing of the exploited species. Obtained results indicated the importance of using such metrics for the assessments of trends in fishery. The approach and results presented here could be of interest for the scientific community and stakeholders involved in fishery management.     

切实抓好渔业发展新阶段的调查研究

毛主席说过，“没有调查研究就没有发言权”，这个道理我们已经学了几十年了。渔业工作的顺利开展同样也离不开调查研究。如当前海洋捕捞“零增长”计划目标、捕捞渔船“双控”指标等措施的提出都是建立在充分调查研究基础之上。从渔业发展战略研究来看，调研工作作出的最为突出的贡献就是为制定两个重大文件作出了前期理论准备：一个是《关于放宽政策、加速发展水产业的指示》（中发［１９８５］５号），渔业全面走上了市场化的道路，很快解决了“吃鱼难”问题。另一个是国务院批转农业部《关于进一步加快渔业发展的意见》（国发［１９９７…     

深化闽台水产学术交流 促进两岸渔业合作发展

福建与台湾一衣带水,隔海相望。"舟楫之浆相见,渔歌之声相闻",闽台水产交流源远流长。笔者根据多年从事闽台水产学术交流工作的实践,回顾闽台水产学术交流主要情况和成效,提出了新形势下进一步加强闽台水产学术交流平台建设、拓展交流合作平台功能、发挥专业委员会和会员单位的生力军作用、加强闽台水产学术信息和渔业资讯交流与合作等新举措,推动两岸渔业科技交流合作再上新水平。     

大力发展休闲渔业积极培植渔业经济新亮点

休闲渔业对于调整渔业结构、合理利用渔业资源、促进渔业增效等方面具有重要意义。目前,由于受过度捕捞、环境污染等问题的影响,我国渔业发展面临诸多挑战。借鉴国际经验,大力发展休闲渔业,对于提高我国渔业经济发展质量,实现渔业经济可持续发展具有重要促进作用。     

政府渔业管理职能转变应驶入快车道

当前,我国渔业正处在从传统渔业向现代渔业过渡的转型期,这对政府渔业管理职能提出了新的要求,但政府渔业管理职能转变的步伐却始终未能快步向前。论文分析了政府渔业管理职能转变迟缓引发的不良后果,根据我国渔业经济发展和渔业管理面临的新形势,对如何加快政府渔业管理职能转变进行了探索,提出只有切实加快政府渔业管理职能转变的进程,才是解决当前我国渔业管理种种问题的根本之道。     

南极周边海域犬牙鱼资源及其渔业概况

南极周边海域的犬牙鱼类肉质鲜美、经济价值较高,自上世纪80年代起成为南极渔业的重要组成部分.本文对日本水产厅水产综合研究中心2013年出版的《2012年度国际渔业资源现况》中有关犬牙南极鱼类的相关内容进行了编译,介绍了犬牙南极鱼类的生物学特性、渔业概况和资源情况、南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR)对犬牙渔业的管理措施以及2011/12年渔期的捕捞产量动态等情况.     

Wasted fishery resources: discarded by-catch in the USA

Fishery by‐catch, especially discarded by‐catch, is a serious problem in the world's oceans. Not only are the stocks of discarded species affected, but entire trophic webs and habitats may be disrupted at the ecosystem level. This paper reviews discarding in the marine fisheries of the USA; however, the type, diversity and regulatory mechanisms of the fisheries are similar to developed fisheries and management programmes throughout the world. We have compiled current estimates of discarded by‐catch for each major marine fishery in the USA using estimates from existing literature, both published and unpublished. We did not re‐estimate discards or discard rates from raw data, nor did we include data on protected species (turtles, mammals and birds) and so this study covers discarded by‐catch of finfish and fishable invertebrates. For some fisheries, additional calculations were required to transform number data into weight data, and typically length and weight composition data were used. Specific data for each fishery are referenced in Harrington et al. (Wasted Resources: Bycatch and discards in US Fisheries, Oceana, Washington, DC, 2005). Overall, our compiled estimates are that 1.06 million tonnes of fish were discarded and 3.7 million tonnes of fish were landed in USA marine fisheries in 2002. This amounts to a nationwide discard to landings ratio of 0.28, amongst the highest in the world. Regionally, the southeast had the largest discard to landings ratio (0.59), followed closely by the highly migratory species fisheries (0.52) and the northeast fisheries (0.49). The Alaskan and west coast fisheries had the lowest ratios (0.12 and 0.15 respectively). Shrimp fisheries in the southeast were the major contributors to the high discard rate in that region, with discard ratios of 4.56 (Gulf of Mexico) and 2.95 (South Atlantic). By‐catch and discarding is a major component of the impact of fisheries on marine ecosystems. There have been substantial efforts to reduce by‐catch in some fisheries, but broadly based programmes covering all fisheries are needed within the USA and around the world. In response to international agreements to improve fishery management, by‐catch and discard reduction must become a regular part of fishery management planning.     

Strategies for improving fuel efficiency in the Portuguese trawl fishery

The recent rise in oil prices has brought renewed attention to energy savings in the fishing industry, and particularly in trawling. Coastal trawlers spend most of their time on fishing grounds near the coast. In such cases, the most successful energy-saving modifications ought to result from changes in the fishing gear and towing conditions. The purpose of this study was to identify the energy-economy potential for Portuguese fish trawlers after altering a vessel's operating conditions and improving its trawl gear performance. Two trawlers, named Tricana de Aveiro and João Macedo were selected as subjects in this project. Both vessels work with gear of similar design and size. Experimental sea trials were carried out to elucidate the actual vessel and gear performance. A model trawl was then built and tested in a flume tank, which provided the basis for improving the gear design. Full-scale trials were then carried out with both vessels using the modified trawls in order to assess changes in gear performance. The new trawls maintained their previous ability to catch species of different ecological groups and consumed less fuel at the same commercial trawling speed. An economic study showed potential increases in the net cash flow (NCF) of up to 27% over the range of operational navigation and trawling speeds. Having demonstrated the performance of the new trawls, the skippers of both vessels subsequently adopted the new design for commercial fishing.