应用生产函数确定网箱养殖赤点石斑鱼最佳放养密度

根据广东省惠阳县网箱养殖的生产统计数据,拟合了赤点石斑鱼的生产函数。该生产函数为不过原点的二次模型,其变量包括放养密度、养殖期、鱼种规格、养殖期以及成活率等。该模型的产量生产函数为：Ｙ＝－．０００ ４９５Ｄ＾２＋０．９３０Ｄ－０．０００ ８８７Ｄ．Ｆｓ－０．０１０ ３Ｄ．Ｃｐ＋０．６８６Ｆｓ＋５．４４８Ｃｐ－１６９．７８３,Ｒ＾２＝０．８９７０。据此求得最大经济效益的放养密度与养殖规格、养殖期及上     

淤泥湖近太湖新银鱼的生长研究

对生活在湖北淤泥湖中的近太湖新银鱼进行了生长研究。结果为：①全长与体重的相关关系：Ｗ＝２．３１２×１０＾－６Ｌ＾３．００；②全长生长方程：Ｌｔ＝７２．３（１－ｅ＾－０．３（ｔ＾－０．１）），体重生长方程Ｗｔ＝０．８７３８（１－ｅ＾－０．３（ｔ＾－０．１））＾３。③Ｌ∞＝７２．３（ｍｍ），Ｗ∞＝０．８７３８（ｇ），ｋ＝０．３ｔ＝０．１，拐点年龄ｔｉ＝３．７月龄，拐点体重Ｗｉ＝０．２５ｇ。     

菲律宾蛤仔生理生态学研究：Ⅰ.温度,体重及摄食状态对耗氧率及排？…

在室内试验条件下研究了温度、体重及摄食状态对菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果显示,菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率与体重呈负相关关系,而与温度呈正相关关系,并符合下列模式,Ｑｏ＝２．０１５Ｗ＾－０．６３５（ｒ＝－０．９６９,ｐ〈０．０１,Ｎ＝１４）和Ｑｎ＝０．０６９Ｗ＾－０．３６９（Ｒ＝０．７５４,Ｐ〈０．０１,ｎ＝１３）。在摄食状态下,菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率比饥饿状态有大幅度的提高,分别提高     

黑鲷的生长和生态转换效率及基主要影响因素

黑鲷的特定生长率随温度或摄 食水平升高而减速增长，其关系分别可用公式ＳＧＲ＝１．０７１nＴ－２．４４或ＳＧＲ＝０．４６１n（ＦＬ）－０．０７１定量描述；而生态转换效率则随温度或摄食水平增大而增至一峰值，然后随其进一步增加而降低，其关系则分别可用二次曲线Ｅg＝－０．１２Ｔ＾２＋４．６４Ｔ－２９．７４或Ｅg＝－５．９２ＦＬ＾２＋３５．５７ＦＬ＋２６．６９定量描述，且依据上述公式可分别求得实验条件下的最佳生     

鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica）胚胎发育与水温和盐度的关系

实验结果表明，鳗鲡胚胎发育与水温和盐度关系密切，在一定的水温范围内，胚胎发育所需时间与水温呈负相关关系，ｙ＝２４６．７７５ｅ＾－０．０８２ｘ。其合适水温范围是２０－２６℃，临界水温上限３０℃，下限１６℃；胚胎发育的合适盐度范围是１５－３５‰，临界盐度上限４０－４５‰，下限５－１０‰。胚胎孵化率与盐度呈二次曲线相关关系，ｙ＝３６．９３＋０．２３ｘ－０．１９ｘ＾２。     

菲律宾蛤仔生理生态学研究 Ⅰ.温度、体重及摄食状态对耗氧率及排氨率的影响

在室内试验条件下研究了温度、体重及摄食状态对菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果显示,菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率与体重呈负相关关系,而与温度呈正相关关系,并符合下列模式, Ｑｏ ＝ ２ ．０１５ Ｗ－ ０ ．６３５（ Ｒ ＝ － ０．９６９, Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０１ ,ｎ ＝ １４） 和Ｑｎ ＝ ０ ．０６９ Ｗ－０ ．３６９（ Ｒ ＝ ０．７５４ ,Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１ ,ｎ ＝ １３）。在摄食状态下,菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率比饥饿状态有大幅度的提高,分别提高了７５ ．３ ％ 和４０３ ．７ ％ ,表明在摄食状态下蛋白质的代谢明显增加     

珠江斑Hu年龄和生长的研究

观察珠江斑Ｈｕ的胸鳍和鳃盖骨,研究其年龄特征、渔获物年龄组成和体长、体重组成,并对其体长与鳃盖骨长、体长与体重的关系,以及生长规律进行了分析。其年轮形成时间为１２月～翌年３月;体长与鳃盖骨长的关系式为Ｌ＝３４．７６Ｒ＋０．４５３３,体长与体重的关系式为Ｗ＝０．０３２Ｌ＾３．１８７２。生长Ｖｏｎ Ｂｅｒｔａｌａｎｆｆｙ方程分别为Ｌｔ＝１５６．７５「１－ｅ＾－０．０８９（ｔ－０．０１６８）」和Ｗｔ＝３     

长江口花鲈的生长和食性

花鲈为沿海及河口的经济鱼类，亦可溯河生活于淡水。在长江口水域，花鲈属中型鱼类，其体长和体重的相关关系式为：Ｗ＝０．０６０５Ｌ＾２．６３４６（ｒ＝０．９８７８），生长方程为：Ｌｔ＝１００．９９５７［１－ｅ＾０．１７６８（ｔ＋０．７６３３）］，Ｗｔ＝１１５４２．２６［１－ｅ＾－１７６８（ｔ＋０．７６３３）］＾２．６３４６，体重生长拐点ｔｒ＝４．７龄，拐点处体重为３２８１．４克。早期幼鱼以浮游动物为食，     

黄颡鱼生长特征与食性的研究

本文研究了黄颡鱼的生长特征及食性，得到黄颡鱼体长与体重的关系式为Ｗ＝３．５７１×１０＾－４Ｌ＾２．３７９，体长生长方程为Ｌｔ＝２３７．００２（１－ｅ＾－０．２８０（ｔ＋０．１２７），主要食物为虾类，其次为小鱼、鱼卵等。     

栉孔扇贝三倍体与二倍体的排泄研究

从温度变化、个体大小和昼夜变化等３个角度研究栉孔扇贝（Ｓｃｈｌａｍｙｓ ｆａｒｒｅｉ）三倍体与二倍体的排泄率。结果表明，栉孔扇贝三倍体与二倍体的排泄率均随温度升高而增大；不同壳宽排泄率（Ｎ）与温度（ｔ）的关系为：Ｎ＝７．２０３３ｅ＾０．１２１５ｔ，Ｒ＾２＝０．８４４１（三倍体ｓ组，壳宽约３．２ｃｍ）；Ｎ＝８．８１５３ｅ＾０．１０３１ｔ，Ｒ＾２＝０．９８６３（三倍体ｂ组，壳宽约４．３ｃｍ）；Ｎ＝６．     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).