硝化细菌对海水水族箱硝化功能建立过程的影响

氨和亚硝酸盐对海水观赏鱼具有很强的毒害作用,是海水水族箱的主要去除目标。研究考察投加硝化细菌对海水水族箱硝化功能建立的影响。结果表明,投加硝化细菌制剂可以明显缩短硝化功能建立的时间。投加菌剂的实验组水族箱可在9 d时间将40 mg/L氨氮降低到检测不出,亚硝酸氮在第七天出现峰值(37.4 mg/L),亚硝酸氮在第十五天降低到检测不出。不投加菌剂的对照组将40 mg/L氨氮降低到检测不出需要25 d,亚硝酸氮在第二十五天出现峰值(36.6 mg/L),亚硝酸氮在第四十三天降低到检测不出。即实验组完成硝化功能建立需要15 d,而对照组则需要43 d。投加硝化细菌制剂后,海水水族箱内氨氧化细菌、亚硝酸盐硝化细菌可在短时间内形成优势,使氨氮、亚硝酸氮维持在较低浓度水平,缩短硝化系统建立的时间;在不投加菌剂的情况下,氨氧化细菌虽然可在一定时间内形成优势,使氨氮浓度降低,但由于亚硝酸氧化细菌生长更为缓慢,水族箱中亚硝酸积累问题严重。     

不同基质构建海水水族箱硝化功能建立过程的比较研究

选择陶粒、白砂、菲律宾砂、珊瑚砂、纤维球5种基质(填料)构建海水水族箱,比较研究不同海水水族箱硝化功能的建立过程。结果表明,不同水族箱硝化功能建立过程存在明显差异,其中,以菲律宾砂为基质(填料)的海水水族箱硝化功能建立时间最短,需要20 d,珊瑚砂、白砂、陶粒、纤维球水族箱分别需要31d、34 d、41 d和141 d,无基质(填料)对照组水族箱至实验结束硝化功能仍未建立完成。不同水族箱在氨氧化细菌成熟阶段差别较小,但在亚硝酸盐氧化细菌成熟阶段差异较为明显。     

冰冻对硝化细菌制剂活性的影响

在实验室模拟条件下,研究冰冻对淡水型硝化细菌和海水型硝化细菌制剂中氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌活性的影响。结果表明,冰冻对淡水型硝化细菌和海水型硝化细菌制剂活性均有较为明显的抑制作用,且10d处理组的抑制作用高于5d处理组,对淡水型硝化细菌制剂活性的抑制作用大于海水型硝化细菌制剂。液体硝化细菌制剂在冬季运输和保存过程中要采取保温措施,以避免由于冰冻导致的菌剂活性降低。     

硝化细菌制剂对淡水水族箱水质的净化效果

研究自制硝化细菌制剂对水族箱水质的净化效果,试验结果表明:硝化细菌制剂对水族箱水质具有明显的净化效果,实验组水族箱水质氨氮、亚硝氮、COD等指标明显低于对照组。投加硝化细菌制剂后,水族箱内氨氧化细菌、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌可在短时间内形成优势,使氨氮、亚硝氮维持在较低浓度水平;在不投加菌剂的情况下,氨氧化细菌虽然可在一定时间内形成优势,使氨氮浓度降低,但由于亚硝酸氧化细菌生长缓慢,水族箱中亚硝酸积累问题严重。     

氨负荷对水族箱硝化功能建立过程的影响

水族箱中残饵、粪便分解会造成氨的增加,不同水族箱,其氨负荷存在差异。本文比较分析了不同氨负荷条件下,水族箱硝化功能的建立过程。结果表明,氨负荷分别为0.25 mg/L.d,0.5 mg/L.d和1.0mg/L.d条件下,实验组中氨氮浓度达到峰值的时间分别为16 d2、1 d和32 d,峰值分别为2.63 mg/L、5.37mg/L和23.44 mg/L;亚硝酸盐氮浓度达到峰值的时间分别为26 d、30 d和54 d,峰值分别为1.65 mg/L、7.91 mg/L和35.37 mg/L;硝化功能建立所需的时间分别为45 d4、6 d和65 d。氨负荷较低时(0.25 mg/L.d、0.5 mg/L.d),氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮峰值浓度低,硝化功能建立所需的时间短;氨负荷较高时(1.0 mg/L.d)时,氨氮和亚硝氮峰值浓度高,硝化功能建立的时间明显增加。     

碳源对海水水族箱脱氮系统运行效果的影响

研究不同碳源对海水水族箱脱氮系统运行效果的影响,从而为系统高效运行提供依据。结果表明,当初始硝酸盐浓度为100 mg/L时,分别以乙醇、乙酸钠、柠檬酸钠和葡萄糖作为唯一碳源,海水水族箱中硝酸盐去除效果达到99%所需时间分别为8 d9、d1、0 d和11 d。以葡萄糖和柠檬酸钠为唯一碳源时,水族箱中亚硝酸盐呈现出先积累再消耗的变化规律,亚硝酸盐峰值浓度分别为16.7 mg/L和17.6 mg/L,并分别在13d和11 d降解到0.1 mg/L以下;而分别以乙醇和乙酸钠作为唯一碳源时,水族箱中亚硝酸盐氮浓度均维持在0.1 mg/L以下。以乙醇作为唯一碳源时,水族箱中DO迅速下降,8 d时稳定在2 mg/L左右,分别投加其他3种碳源时,水族箱中DO始终维持在6 mg/L以上。除柠檬酸钠外,投加碳源后水族箱中浊度和pH未出现明显变化。     

硝化细菌对海参养殖系统水质的净化效果

氨和亚硝酸盐对海洋生物有强烈的毒害作用,是海水养殖系统的主要污染物。本文研究硝化细菌制剂对海参养殖系统水质的净化效果。结果表明:硝化细菌对养殖系统水质有明显的净化效果。投加菌剂的实验组氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮出现峰值的时间和对照组相比明显缩短,表明投加硝化细菌制剂后,养殖系统内的氨氧化细菌、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌可在短时间内形成优势,促进了氨和亚硝酸盐的进一步转化。对照组氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌需要较长的时间才形成优势,从而导致氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的积累。观察实验过程中海参的生长情况发现,实验组海参生长状况良好,而对照组中海参在19d时全部死亡。     

4种填料构建海水养殖系统硝化动力学的比较研究

在四个模拟海水养殖系统中,分别添加白砂、珊瑚砂、陶粒、菲律宾砂填料和硝化细菌制剂,分析其亚硝化和硝化动力学过程。结果表明,4个模拟系统亚硝化和硝化过程均呈一级反应,亚硝化降解速率由低到高依次为菲律宾砂、白砂、陶粒和珊瑚砂,硝化速率由低到高依次为白砂、菲律宾砂、陶粒和珊瑚砂。系统中生物膜的生长速率与膜成熟后转化和亚硝酸盐的能力无直接关系。     

复合硝化菌制剂对水质改良的应用效果

室内静态水体中0.25mg/L复合硝化菌制剂使用后,7d内氨氮平均降解率为34.84%,亚硝酸盐氮的平均降解率为19.05%。0.5mg/L组氨氮平均降解率为45.05%,亚硝酸盐的平均降解率为41.79%。1.0mg/L组的氨氮平均降解率为55.26%,亚硝酸盐氮平均降解率为51.20%。氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的最大的降解峰值出现6d之间。而养殖池塘中,0.5mg/L复合硝化菌制剂后,5d内氨氮的降解率为13.61%～28.03%,7d内亚硝酸盐氮的降解率为9.30%～25.58%。0.2mg/L复合硝化菌制剂使用后,6d内氨氮的降解为23.40%～34.75%,7d内亚硝酸盐氮的降解率为16.33%～36.13%。试验结果表明,复合硝化菌制剂在养殖池塘中使用后,有降解速度快、降解能力强、维持时间长等特点,适宜于作为净化和调控养殖水质的渔用微生物制剂使用。     

硝化毛球和底沙对硝化细菌脱氮效果的影响

本实验模拟工厂化养殖模式建立养殖水体净化装置,研究硝化毛球和底沙对硝化细菌净化效果的影响,结果表明:装载硝化毛球、铺设底沙和只投加硝化细菌制剂的三个实验组对养殖水体水质具有一定的净化效果,氨氮、亚硝氮等指标均低于空白组。其中装载硝化毛球的实验组氨氧化细菌、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌可在短时间大量生长繁殖,形成优势,使养殖池氨氮、亚硝酸盐浓度维持在较低水平;铺设底沙的实验组对硝化细菌净化水质效果影响不大。装载硝化毛球的实验组,水质最清澈,无异味,养殖池底部无残渣碎屑,青虾生长状况良好,增重最多。     

四联活菌制剂对养殖水体中氨氮及亚硝酸盐的降解

利用四联活菌制剂,在室内进行了对养殖池塘水体中氨氮及亚硝酸盐的降解试验.结果表明,光合细菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、硝化细菌具有较好的氨氮、亚硝酸盐降解性能,随着添加质量浓度的增加,氨氮、亚硝酸盐的去除率增加;各菌株氨氮降解能力依次为:乳酸菌＞光合细菌＞硝化细菌＞纳豆芽孢杆菌;亚硝酸盐降解能力依次为:硝化细菌＞纳豆芽孢杆菌＞光合细菌＞乳酸菌.四联活菌制剂对养殖水体中氨氮及亚硝酸盐降解试验结果表明,乳酸菌、光合细菌、硝化细菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌的协同作用对氨氮、亚硝酸盐的降解效果更显著、快速.当制剂添加量分别为1.5、3.0、4.5 kg/hm~2时,5 d氨氮的去除率分别为52%、80%、74%,亚硝酸盐的去除率接近100%,结果均显著高于添加同剂量单一菌株时的氨氮、亚硝酸盐的去除率.     

4种环境源性胁迫对异育银鲫血浆生化指标的影响

以异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)幼苗[(136.70±7.98)g]为实验对象,监测4种环境源性胁迫(高pH 9.2、低溶氧2 mg·L~(-1)、高亚氮2 mg·L~(-1)和高氨氮4 mg·L~(-1))下第3、7、10、15天血浆内皮质醇(COR)、葡萄糖(GLU)、I型干扰素(IFN)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、免疫球蛋白M(Ig M)、补体3(C3)以及丙二醛(MDA)的变化规律。结果显示:COR经高pH、高亚氮和高氨氮胁迫时显著升高,而SOD显著降低,Ig M经高亚氮和高氨氮胁迫时亦显著升高,表明COR、SOD和Ig M可能是广源性的胁迫状态指示指标,COR和Ig M的升高以及SOD活力的降低指示异育银鲫可能处于被胁迫状态。GLU、IFN和C3只经高氨氮胁迫时显著升高,且响应幅度剧烈,表明GLU、IFN和C3可能是灵敏且狭源性的应激指示指标,高水平指示机体可能处于氨氮应激状态。IFN和MDA经高亚氮和高氨氮胁迫时,表现出不同的响应趋势:氨氮胁迫时IFN和MDA显著升高,但亚氮胁迫时则显著降低,表明IFN和MDA响应模式可能具有特异性,不适合指示综合应激状态。     

海洋硝化菌群的富集驯化和筛选的初步研究

以循环养殖废水为介质,利用不断提高氨氮浓度的方法富集驯化海洋硝化菌群。经过70d的富集驯化,海洋异养细菌数目变化不大,氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸氧化细菌分别增加了43倍和29倍。驯化液中氨氧化能力提高55倍,造成了亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的积累。利用选择性培养基从驯化液中分离到7株硝化菌,通过菌落形态和菌体形态观察对分离的菌株进行了初步的鉴定。通过硝化能力测试,筛选出硝化能力强的3株细菌。     

Acute Toxicity of Ammonia and Nitrite to White Shrimp Penaeus setiferus Postlarvae

Penaeus setiferus postlarvae were exposed to acute levels of ammonia, nitrite, and to a mixture of both by a short-term static method, The 24h, 48-h and 72-h LC50 values for un-ionized ammonia were 1.49, 1.21 and 1.12 mg/L NH₃-N (un-ionized ammonia as nitrogen), and 11.55, 9.38 and 8.69 mg/L ammonia-N (un-ionized plus ionized ammonia as nitrogen). The 24-h, 48-h and 72-h LC50 values for nitrite were 268.06, 248.84 and 167.33 mg/L nitrite-N (nitrite as nitrogen). Nitrite was much less toxic than ammonia. The joint effect of ammonia and nitrite on the postlarvae was synergistic at 48-h exposure and antagonistic after 72 h. Postlarvae of P. setiferus may be considered as organisms sensitive to ammonia and nitrite.     

Secondary Stress Responses in Juvenile Brazilian Flounder,Paralichthys orbignyanus,throughout and after Exposure to Sublethal Levels of Ammonia and Nitrite

This study investigated the secondary stress responses of Paralichthys orbignyanus exposed to ammonia and nitrite and after recovery. Fish were exposed to 0.12, 0.28, and 0.57 mg NH₃‐N/L, or 5.72, 10.43, and 15.27 mg NO₂‐N/L for 10 d followed by the same time length for recovery. Ammonia‐ and nitrite‐free water was used as a control treatment. Blood samples were collected after 1, 5, and 10 d of exposure and after recovery. Fish exposed to ammonia presented lower and higher glucose levels after 10 d of exposure and recovery, respectively. Ammonia induced initial and transient ionic disturbances and metabolic alkalosis. Nitrite exposure caused hyperglycemia, increased plasma K⁺ levels, and respiratory alkalosis, whereas metabolic acidosis was observed after recovery. Increased proportion of monocytes and/or granulocytes and reduced number of lymphocytes were demonstrated in fish exposed to 0.28 mg NH₃‐N/L (Day 1) and 10.43 mg NO₂‐N/L (Day 5) and after recovery in the 0.28 and 0.57 mg NH₃‐N/L treatments. Exposure to ammonia decreased the proportion of granulocytes on Day 5. In conclusion, exposure to concentrations at 0.12 mg NH₃‐N/L and 5.72 mg NO₂‐N/L provoked physiological disorders in Brazilian flounder. Nonetheless, fish exposed to 5.72 mg NO₂‐N/L following a 10‐d recovery period showed complete resumption of homeostasis.     

Effect of dietary protein level on growth, survival and ammonia efflux rate of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) raised in a zero water exchange culture system

Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae (1.96±0.07 g) were reared in a zero water exchange system for 25 days at 28°C. They were fed four commercial diets containing 25%, 30%, 35% or 40% crude protein in three replicate aquaria per dietary treatment. Total ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and pH were monitored weekly and total ammonia levels were additionally measured every 3 days using the flow injection analysis method. Total ammonia efflux rates were measured at days 0, 14 and 21, and survival and growth rates were recorded at the end of the experiment. No significant differences between water quality parameters such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH were found. Nitrite concentration remained low in all dietary treatments up to the second week increasing considerably from day 14 onwards suggesting the initiation of the nitrification process. Water total ammonia of all experimental groups exhibited a gradual increase up to day 13; however, following this time ammonia levels of all experimental groups decreased, probably due to either the action of bacterial nitrification or ammonia‐N uptake by the animals. High ammonia efflux rates were recorded at day 14, especially after the first hour of immersion in the 25% protein group, but no significant changes occurred in any experimental group after 3 h. No significant differences in weight gain, final weight or survival of shrimp were observed under these experimental conditions. The importance of zero water exchange systems and their effects on the nitrogen metabolism of crustaceans are discussed.     

Acute and Chronic Effects of Nitrite on White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, Cultured in Low-Salinity Brackish Water

The marine white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is widely cultured. Recently, farmers have begun to culture this shrimp in low-salinity brackish water (< 6 g/L). The intensification of shrimp culture often results in occurrences of elevated nitrite concentration during the growing season. Nitrite is toxic to shrimp and exposure to high concentrations may cause retarded growth and mortalities. The current study was aimed at investigating the acute and chronic toxicity of nitrite to L. vannamei grown in low-salinity (2 g/L) brackish water. Studies of the 96-h EC50 and LC50 values of nitrite were performed to determine the acute toxicity, and an aquarium growth study (2 d post exposure to elevated nitrite concentrations) was conducted to evaluate the chronic effects of nitrite on shrimp production. The 96-h EC50 and LC50 values for juvenile L. vannamei grown in water of 2 g/L salinity was about 9 mg/L NO₂-N, suggesting a safe concentration for shrimp production in ponds to be less than 0.45 mgIL NO₂-N. Exposing shrimp to nitrite concentration of 4 mg/L for 2 d reduced their growth but did not affect their survival.