印度洋中西部水域大眼金枪鱼的食性

根据2005年9月至2005年12月及2003年12月至2004年5月在印度洋中西部水域调查所获得的数据,对大眼金枪鱼食性进行了初步研究.结果表明,印度洋中西部水域大眼金枪鱼食物组成包括鱿、鲐、沙丁鱼、乌贼、蟹、竹??鱼、蛇鲭、乌鲂、刺鲷、虾、帆蜥、鳞鲀、水母和杂鱼等饵料,其中主要食物为鱿(IRI=50.84%)、鲐(IRI=17.70%)以及虾类(IRI=9.49%).空胃率较高,雄性大眼金枪鱼的空胃率高达52.2%,而雌性大眼金枪鱼的空胃率则为47.7%.食物组成有明显的月份变化,各月大眼金枪鱼食物中鱿所占比重均较大,其次是鲐、沙丁鱼、虾以及蟹.食物中平均饵料重量及平均饵料个数的月变化较为显著,且趋势较为一致.各体长组大眼金枪鱼食物中鱿重量均占有一定的比例,鲐和沙丁鱼所占比重也较大,蟹类以及虾类在大眼金枪鱼的食物中也占有一定的比重.各体长组大眼金枪鱼食物中平均饵料重量及平均饵料个数的变化显著,且趋势较为一致,110～140cm体长范围内的大眼金枪鱼摄食量较大.各月Shannon-Weiner多样性指数H'基本上都在1.50～2.00之间变化,各月Pielou均匀度指数J'均在0.80～1.00之间.各体长组Shannon-Weiner多样性指数H'变化较大,各体长组Pielou均匀度指数J'均在0.85～1.00之间.     

新疆渔业发展概况

1　新疆渔业发展的现状1 .1　天然捕捞业新疆天然捕捞业主要靠两湖 (博斯腾湖、乌伦古湖 )和三河 (额尔齐斯河、伊犁河和塔里木河 ) ,1 980年前上述水体鱼产量约占全疆产量的 60 %～ 80 %。( 1 )乌伦古湖 :面积 1× 1 0 5ｈｍ2 ,矿化度 0 .5ｇ/Ｌ ,是新疆商品鱼基地之一 ,多年来平均年产量约 30 0 0ｔ,原主要经济鱼类是河鲈、贝加尔雅罗鱼、湖拟鲤、银鲫等 ,现为鲢、鳙、东方欧鳊、湖拟鲤、银鲫、池沼公鱼等 ,1 999年鱼产量达 5 0 0 0ｔ。( 2 )博斯腾湖 :面积 9× 1 0 4 ｈｍ2 ,矿化度 1 .5 ｇ/Ｌ ,多年平均年产量为 2 5 0 0ｔ,原主要经济鱼…     

印度洋中西部水域黄鳍金枪鱼的食性及其季节性变化

根据2003年12月至2004年6月及2005年9月至12月在印度洋中西部水域调查所获得的数据,利用两因子列联表及单因子方差分析等统计分析方法,对印度洋中西部水域黄鳍金枪鱼的食物组成及其随月份和体长的变化、摄食强度及食物组成的生态位宽度进行了初步研究.结果表明,印度洋中西部水域黄鳍金枪鱼食物组成包括帆蜥、鲣、鳞鲍、沙丁鱼、鲐鱼、虾、蟹、鱿鱼、章鱼、竹笑鱼及未辨认甲壳类等饵料类群,其中主要食物为鱿鱼、鲐鱼以及蟹.大部分月份黄鳍金枪鱼摄食率相对较高,基本上维持在70%以上;除2月和6月外,其余月份黄鳍金枪鱼饵料种类数更替率均低于50%.各叉长组黄鳍金枪鱼摄食率基本维持在70%以上;当叉长在106～155 cm之间,饵料种类数更替率低于40%.黄鳍金枪鱼摄食强度各月差异显著,但各叉长组摄食强度并不存在显著性差异.各月饱满指数存在显著性差异.黄鳍金枪鱼的食物组成随月份和叉长有明显变化.鱿鱼、鲐鱼和蟹基本上为不同叉长组黄鳍金枪鱼所摄食.黄鳍金枪鱼食物组成各月Shannon-Weiner多样性指数H'波动较大,且存在显著性差异;Pielou均匀度指数J'基本上维持在0.80～1.00之间,但各月间存在显著性差异.印度洋中西部水域黄鳍金枪鱼各叉长组食物组成Shannon-Weiner多样性指数H'变化较大,但在106～145 cm期间相对保持稳定,而Pielou均匀度指数J'波动较大.印度洋中西部黄鳍金枪鱼食物组成各月和各叉长组均存在显著性差异.     

不同驯化方式对河鲈仔、稚鱼生长和存活的影响

<正>河鲈(Perca fluviatilis)又名赤鲈、五道黑,它具有生长快、适温广、肉质鲜嫩、爽滑少刺等特点,是冷温带河湖名贵鱼类。由于河鲈属凶猛肉食性鱼类,野生条件下仔、稚鱼以摇蚊幼虫、浮游动物等为食,成鱼以池沼公鱼、湖拟鲤、银鲫等为食;池塘     

东海中北部小眼绿鳍鱼的摄食习性分析

根据2008年5月~2009年2月期间采集的渔获样品,对东海中北部小眼绿鳍鱼(Chelidonich-thys spinosus)胃含物进行分析。结果表明:小眼绿鳍鱼食物组成以磷虾类(IRI=1308.55)为主,其次依次为长尾类(IRI=563.09)、鱼类(IRI=170.59)和糠虾类(IRI=31.85);其优势饵料种类为太平洋磷虾、细巧仿对虾、细螯虾、戴氏赤虾、六丝矛尾鰕虎鱼、漂浮小井伊糠虾等。小眼绿鳍鱼终年摄食,其摄食率为83.25%,最高饱满指数达171.86‰,平均饱满指数18.84‰,这表明小眼绿鳍鱼具有较强的摄食强度。同时单因素方差检验表明,小眼绿鳍鱼的摄食强度无显著的季节变化,而有显著的体长变化。     

西泉眼水库鱼类多样性与群落结构初步研究

2010年5月至11月对西泉眼水库鱼类资源进行了系统调查,共调查鱼类3095尾,鉴定出鱼类种类30种,分别隶属于6目11科30属,其中鲤科鱼类21种,占全部种类的70%。并利用Pinkas相对重要性指数（IRI）、Shannon-Weaver多样度指数（H′）和Pielou均匀度指数（J′）三种分析方法,对水库鱼类多样性特征进行了分析。西泉眼水库鱼类Pinkas相对重要性指数（IRI）分析得出,中小型鱼类优势种有3种,分别是池沼公鱼（Hypomesus olidus）、餐（Hemiculter leucisculus）、蛇（Saurogobio dabryi）;放养鱼类优势种以鲢（Hypoph-thalmichthys molitrix）、鳙（Aristichthys nobilis）为主。Shannon-Weaver指数（H′）值在0.1373~0.2129之间,Pielou指数（J′）值在0.0404~0.0626之间。总体来说,西泉眼水库鱼类物种多样性偏低,稳定性不高。最后提出了西泉眼水库鱼类物种多样性保护建议。     

博斯腾湖的渔业

博斯腾湖是新疆最大的也是最早开发的渔业基地，湖内有28种淡水鱼类，年产鲜鱼4000余吨，有鱼罐头系列多种深加工产品出口海外。博斯腾湖流域面积为1061平方公里。水面155万亩，湖水系纯净的天山雪水汇集而成。主要经济鱼类有鲤、鲫、草鱼、鲢、鳙、池沼公鱼、贝加尔雅罗鱼等。在养殖业上，两年来耗资240万元向大湖投放草鱼、链、镛70余吨。在名特优品种引进上，1991年3月，移植池沼公鱼发眼卵1．04亿粒，1996年限捕的情况下，捕捞量达400吨。1996年移植大银鱼卵550万粒，当年年底见活体鱼107尾，1997年又投放3500万粒。同年引进美国大口胭…     

黄壁庄水库鱼类构成及变化情况

通过对黄壁庄水库鱼类种群结构采样调查,分析黄壁庄水库鱼类构成及经济鱼类变化的情况。1999年以前,主要的经济鱼类为鲢、鳙、鲫和鲤,2010年以后,新出现的品种为太湖新银鱼、大银鱼、池沼公鱼、鱵鱼和翘嘴红鲌,其中大银鱼和池沼公鱼成为黄壁庄水库最主要的经济鱼类。     

东海区短尾大眼鲷的食性分析

根据2008年5月~2009年2月"东海区主要渔场重要渔业资源的调查与评估(26°00′~34°00′N、120°00′~126°30′E)"课题调查的渔获样品以及从水产市场所采样品,对东海区短尾大眼鲷胃含物进行分析。结果表明:短尾大眼鲷食物组成以磷虾类为主(IRI=2 802.26),其次依次为鱼类(IRI=701.12)、头足类(IRI=488.25)和长尾类(IRI=474.84),其优势饵料种类为太平洋磷虾、细螯虾、乌贼科、短鳄齿鱼等。短尾大眼鲷终年摄食,其摄食率为95.06%,最高饱满指数达110.92‰,平均饱满指数18.36‰,表明短尾大眼鲷具有较高的摄食强度。     

三峡水库高、低水位下开县汉丰湖鱼类资源变化特征

2012年10-11月三峡水库高水位期以及2013年5-6月三峡水库低水位期调查了汉丰湖的鱼类资源,研究三峡水库高、低水位下汉丰湖鱼类种类组成、优势种类、生物多样性以及群落相似性,并对不同水位下汉丰湖鱼类群落结构的扰动特征和增殖放流情况进行了辨识和探讨。共采集到鱼类17 553尾,42种,隶属于4目7科31属。其中三峡水库低水位时采集到鱼类33种,高水位时采集到鱼类34种。汉丰湖优势种类在三峡水库低水位时为银鮈Squalidus argentatus、似鳊Pseudobrama simoni、歺又鱼Hemiculter leucisculus、蒙古鲌Culter mongolicus mongolicus和鲤Cyprinus(Cyprinus)carpio;在三峡水库高水位时为似鳊、鲤、鲫Carassius auratus、张氏歺又鱼Hemiculter tchangi和鲇Silurus asotus。汉丰湖鱼类Shannon-wiener多样性指数(H’)、Simpson优势度指数(D)、Pielous均匀度指数(E)和Margalef种类丰富度指数(R)在三峡水库低水位时分别为1.63、0.67、0.46和3.52;在三峡水库高水位时分别为2.15、0.80、0.61和4.34。三峡水库低、高水位时汉丰湖鱼类群落结构的Bray-Curtis相似性仅为26.52%,喜缓、静水生境的银鮈、张氏歺又鱼、鲤、歺又鱼、鲫、鲇、似鳊和蒙古鲌是群落结构差异的主要种类,累积差异贡献率为90.67%。汉丰湖鱼类群落在高水位时受到中等程度的干扰,而在低水位时受到严重干扰。建议每年均放流鲢、鳙、草鱼并进一步加大放流规模。     

中国和匈牙利白斑狗鱼群体遗传变异的微卫星标记分析

本研究应用18个微卫星分子标记,对白斑狗鱼(Esox lucius L.)3个中国新疆群体(乌伦古湖、吉力湖和6号湖)和1个匈牙利巴拉顿湖群体的遗传结构进行了分析.结果表明,3个中国白斑狗鱼群体的平均等位基因丰富度(AR)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)和平均期望杂合度(HE)均显著低于匈牙利巴拉顿湖群体(P＜0.05),而匈牙利群体的平均近交系数(FIS)高于中国群体;经SMM和TPM模型检测,匈牙利白斑狗鱼群体存在显著的遗传瓶颈信号(P＜0.001);AMOVA和群体两两比较的FST值表明,中国与匈牙利白斑狗鱼的遗传分化十分显著(P＜0.01);NJ树、主成分分析(PCA)进一步证实中国白斑狗鱼与匈牙利白斑狗鱼群体间存在显著的遗传差异和分化.此外,贝叶斯遗传聚类结果表明,中国新疆6号湖白斑狗鱼群体极可能来源于乌伦古湖,而非吉力湖.     

Long-term development of fish populations in the Římov Reservoir

Abstract  The inshore fish community of the Římov Reservoir in the Czech Republic was evaluated over 21 years using shore seining at night. The development of the fish community was divided into two separate phases: a highly dynamic and unstable phase dominated by perch, Perca fluviatilis L., was replaced by an extremely stable cyprinid phase dominated by roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), and bream, Abramis brama (L.). The abundance of both these species oscillated during the cyprinid phase, but with decreasing amplitude. The proportion of piscivorous fish species such as asp, Aspius aspius (L.), pike, Esox lucius L., and pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (L.), increased slightly with time but remained low. The biomass of large Cladocera was negatively correlated with fish biomass only during the perch phase. The Shannon–Weaver index of diversity increased during the fish community succession, mainly because of greater evenness amongst the species.     

Is scuba sampling a relevant method to study fish microhabitat in lakes? Examples and comparisons for three European species

Abstract – We compared fish microhabitat use patterns in the littoral zone of a lake using a new direct method (point abundance sampling by scuba, PASS) and the widely used point abundance sampling by electrofishing technique (PASE). We collected microhabitat data for age 0+ roach ( Rutilus rutilus L.), perch ( Perca fluviatilis L.), and pike ( Esox lucius L.). The two methods yielded different results for fish assemblage structure and microhabitat patterns. Using PASE, fish were mainly found in "shelter habitats" such as shallow waters and dense vegetation. It is likely that this behavior is caused by the disturbance of the observer stamping around. Using PASS, fish escapement behavior was rarely observed. Therefore, we concluded that this direct and nondestructive sampling technique can be used to provide an accurate microhabitat estimation of a fish community and is assumed to be more suitable than PASE for fish habitat studies.     

新疆乌伦古湖河鲈食性变化的研究

2007年4月25～30日,对乌伦古湖河鲈的食性进行了调查研究.与1987年比较乌伦古湖河鲈食物组成发生了明显的变化;主要食物由20年前的摇蚊幼虫变为易得的池沼公鱼,适口饵料生物的减少使得河鲈选择了替代食物.推断了乌伦古湖河鲈食物的制约是影响种群补充的重要原因.     

Winter distribution and habitat use by fish in a regulated lowland river system of south-east England

The macrohabitat preferences of 1+ fish (10 cm FL) and the microhabitat use of 0+ juvenile fishes in the River Lee catchment (UK) were examined from data collected over a 3-year period between late autumn and early spring using depletion sampling and point abundance sampling, respectively. Canonical correspondence analysis and habitat profiles revealed preferences in the more rheophilous fish species (e.g. brown trout, Salmo trutta L . , barbel, Barbus barbus (L.)) for features characteristic of upstream natural channels and meander sections of the by-passed old river, with the more ubiquitous (e.g. perch, Perca fluviatilis L.) and limnophilous fishes [e.g. pike, Esox lucius L . , tench, Tinca tinca (L.)] preferring habitats mainly in downstream channelised stretches. The microhabitat of 0+ juvenile fishes in the River Lee was similar to that reported elsewhere for the same species, influenced mainly by channel width, depth, and distance from the bank, though microhabitat overlap in 0+ roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), and gudgeon, Gobio gobio (L.), was greater in the Lee than observed in larger, more open river systems.     

A test of crayfish predatory and nonpredatory fish species as bait in crayfish traps

The effectiveness of different crayfish: predatory (pike, Esox lucius L., perch, Perca fluviatilis L.) and nonpredatory [roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.) , and bream, Abramis brama (L.)] fish species as bait for noble crayfish, Astacus astacus L., was tested. Trapping was conducted in two lakes in Norway and Lithuania. Nonpredatory bream and roach were superior as noble crayfish bait compared with predatory perch and pike. In the Norwegian lake bream was also superior to roach. Pike- and perch-baited traps tended to catch larger crayfish than bream- and roach-baited traps. An alarm or avoidance response to different live or dead fish predators (e.g. pike or perch) might exist and could be more pronounced in smaller crayfish, thus explaining that pike and perch as bait catch fewer and larger crayfish. Another explanation could be that the odour of pike and perch flesh is simply less attractive or diffuses more slowly through the water. Selecting the most efficient bait will increase the catch per unit effort (CPUE); in this study there was a four-fold variation in CPUE between the best and worst bait type. In test-fishing/monitoring surveys it is important to standardize the bait type used.     

Annual and seasonal dynamics of fish in the brackish-water Matsalu Bay, Estonia

Abstract –  Matsalu Bay in the Väinameri (West-Estonian Archipelago Sea) is a relatively shallow but large bay. It is the only real delta estuary in the northern Baltic Sea. The fish fauna is strongly dominated by freshwater species such as perch Perca fluviatilis , roach Rutilus rutilus , white bream Blicca bjoerkna and rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus . The study presents CPUE data describing annual and seasonal variations in the species composition, abundance and spatial distribution, based on 1 year of monthly samplings from August 2001 to August 2002 and routine coastal monitoring (in late July–early August) between 1994 and 2003. The bay can be divided into three rather distinct parts. The fish fauna of the inner part (salinity 0–2 p.p.t.) is different from two open parts and resembles that of freshwater lakes. In the openmost part (salinity usually 4–6 p.p.t.) some marine species, such as herring Clupea harengus membras , flounder Platichthys flesus and eelpout Zoarces viviparus may seasonally be abundant. Species composition and abundance of most species varies seasonally and interannually. Only the abundance of few species such as pike Esox lucius and pikeperch Stizostedion lucioperca was not impacted by seasonality. The most dynamic period in the bay is spring, when several species (some of them very rare in summer, such as herring and smelt Osmerus eperlanus ) enter the bay for spawning.     

Extinction of a weakly armoured threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) population in Prator Lake, Alaska

Abstract –  Threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) samples from Prator Lake in southcentral Alaska consist of the relatively rare form of weakly armoured individuals with few lateral plates and no pelvic spines. Prator Lake has been sampled for threespine stickleback since 1983. Exotic northern pike ( Esox lucius ) were first observed in this lake in 1996. The appearance of pike corresponds with a dramatic decrease in stickleback numbers and apparent local extinction. The stickleback population may have been vulnerable to an exotic predator because Prator Lake lacks native piscivorous fishes, and this population had extreme armour reduction.     

Inter- and size-specific patterns of fish seasonal migration between a shallow lake and its streams

Abstract –  This study used passive telemetry (passive integrated transponders) to evaluate winter migration in three species of cyprinids (roach ( Rutilus rutilus (L.)), white bream ( Blicca bjoerkna (L.)) and rudd ( Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.))) and their potential predators (pike ( Esox lucius (L.)) and perch ( Perca fluviatilis (L.))) between a shallow lake and its streams. Migration patterns were investigated from October to June, and a substantial part of the roach (40%) and white bream (55%) populations tagged in the lake during autumn migrated during winter into the streams, whereas only very few piscivores (<2%) migrated. In contrast to roach and white bream, only few rudd (<6%) migrated, which is likely a consequence of different overwintering strategies, e.g., rudd overwintering in shallow highly structured habitats. Small rudd migrated more than larger rudd, whereas there were no size-differentiated migration patterns for roach or white bream. Migration of the cyprinid fishes was generally initiated in late October and ended in May, and specific synchronised bursts of migration were observed in December, January and April, suggesting that migration is triggered by one or more proximate environmental cues. The cyprinid fishes generally entered the streams in late afternoon or in the morning, depending on season, but overall migration patterns varied between the three streams. We suggest and discuss that our results have great implications for lake management as well as for the interpretation of seasonal trophic dynamics in shallow lakes.     

温度对白斑狗鱼耗氧率、窒息点及主要生化指标的影响

在不同温度下,测定了平均体重为(597.2±96.3)g的白斑狗鱼(Esox lucius)的呼吸耗氧率、窒息点及主要生化指标。结果显示:在水温为3℃、8℃、13℃和18℃下,白斑狗鱼的耗氧率随着温度的升高而显著上升(P<0.05)。3℃时耗氧率最低;为(0.0047±0.000017)mg/g.h,18℃时耗氧率最高;为(0.029±0.0011)mg/g.h。当水温在13℃时,白斑狗鱼的昼夜平均耗氧率在(0.020±0.0031)mg/g.h,15:00耗氧率最低,11:00耗氧率出现最高值。Q10值的变化显示白斑狗鱼的耗氧率对温度具有敏感性,13～18℃时,Q10最小,此温度为白斑狗鱼的较适生长温度。在高温下(18℃),白斑狗鱼呼吸急促,呼吸频率达到(68.50±3.58)次/min;在低温下(3℃),白斑狗鱼呼吸缓慢,呼吸频率下降到(29.00±4.31)次/min。白斑狗鱼的窒息点随着水温的升高而增大,水温为13℃,其窒息点最高为1.68 mg/L,水温为3℃时,其窒息点最低为0.82 mg/L。随着水温的不断上升,白斑狗鱼的肝糖元含量、肝胰脏中的乳酸含量显著减少(P<0.05)。肝糖元含量由(67.70±6.66)mg/g降至(41.83±3.72)mg/g。乳酸含量由(0.36±0.0041)mmol/gprot降至(0.15±0.0034)mmol/gprot。肝胰脏中的碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶的酶活力随着水温的升高而小幅缓慢下降,分别由(21.51±0.69)U/gprot和(22.34±0.43)U/gprot降至(19.04±0.62)U/gprot和(18.10±0.41)U/gprot。