提高日本对虾人工育苗产量的技术措施

近年来，随着日本对虾养殖规模不断扩大和养殖效益逐年提高，已成为沿海地区新的养殖业亮点，同时也带动了日本对虾人工育苗生产的快速发展，育苗的厂家和规模不断增加，育苗技术有了新的突破，出苗量大幅度提高。然而，诸多因素导致的日本对虾育苗产量不稳定，严重影响了经济效益和养殖业的发展。笔者根据近年的实践，同时借鉴了他人的一些做法，将提高日本对虾人工育苗产量的有关技术措施总结如下，供参考。     

日本对虾人工育苗技术

日本对虾是我国主要经济虾类之一,为我国南方沿海地区海水养殖的主要对象.20世纪80年代以来,赣榆县引种日本对虾开展人工养殖,先后攻克了人工育苗、养成等技术难点,日本对虾养殖形成了产业化规模,取得了较好的技术、经济和社会效益.现将近20年开展日本对虾人工育苗工作中总结出的一些生产操作技术介绍如下.     

日本对虾人工越冬促熟及育苗研究通过技术鉴定

福建省水产厅于1987年12月27日在东山县主持召开日本对虾人工越冬促熟及育苗技术鉴定会，通过了技术鉴定。与会代表一致认为，日本对虾人工越冬促熟及育苗技术研究的成功，填补了我国在这成面的一个空白，居于国内先进水平；促熟和育苗工艺方面，方法简便有效，易于推广。本试验研究方功，为我国的对虾养殖业增加了一个新的养殖品种，这对于今后开展日本对虾人工养殖和出口创汇，     

提高三疣梭子蟹人工育苗产量的技术措施

近年来，随着梭子蟹养殖规模不断扩大和养殖效益逐年提高，梭子蟹养殖已成为沿海新的养殖业亮点，同时也带动了梭子蟹人工育苗生产的快速发展，育苗的厂家和规模不断增加，育苗技术有了新的突破，出苗量大幅度提高。然而，由诸多因素导致的梭子蟹育苗产量不稳定，严重影响了育苗单位的经济效益和梭子蟹养殖业的发展。笔者根据多年的实践，同时借鉴了他人的一些做法，将提高梭子蟹人工育苗产量的有关技术措施总结如下，供参考。     

蟹种性早熟原因与预防

近十年来河蟹养殖业取得了长足发展,虽然人工育苗产量逐年提高,增养殖规模不断扩大,但对河蟹健康养殖技术与管理的研究却跟不上生产发展的需要,尤其是1龄蟹种培育技术.     

日本对虾养殖技术

<正> 时值日本国樱花盛开之际,我们受福建省华福公司和省水产局派遣到日本学习养鳗技术,同时还考察了养虾业和有关水产科研、生产和企业管理等方面。现对日本对虾养殖业试作介绍。在日本的虾类养殖,多为日本对虾(Penaeusjaponicus)。这种对虾的人工繁殖的研究始于1933年,1964年才正式较大规模地生产种苗,并从1967年进入人工育苗和养殖企业化发展阶段。目前育苗     

关于河蟹养殖中现存有关问题的探讨（上）

河蟹人工养殖由于其周期短、见效快的特点，目前已成为我国广大农村，特别是苏、浙、皖、辽四省调整水产养殖结构，发展农村经济之重要产业。但河蟹养殖业时间不长，成功的经验和完备的技术尚未成型。根据多年调查，河蟹养殖中确实存在不少问题，且问题的种类很多，我现在就部分问题提几点看法，与大家共同探讨。一、河蟹人工育苗阶段的几个问题（一）室内育苗与室外“天然”育苗比较１．室内人工育苗尽管某些技术还存在一些问题，但大部分已基本掌握育苗技术关键。近几年来，育苗面积和产量不断增加和扩大，在某些沿海地区已成为农村中一特…     

刺参工厂化育苗的关键技术

近几年,刺参养殖业已经成为我国北方海水养殖的重要产业.大规模的人工养成刺激了人工育苗的发展,经过多年实践经验,总结以下育苗技术供大家参考.     

浅析刺参工厂化育苗的关键技术

20世纪以来,刺参的池塘养殖在山东、辽宁沿海迅速发展,特别是在"十一五"期间,由于人们物质生活水平的提高和国内市场需求量的不断增大,促进了刺参养殖业的规模不断扩大,在短短几年间,刺参养殖业已经成为我国北方海水养殖的重要产业.大规模的人工养成刺激了人工育苗的发展,笔者经过多年实践经验,总结以下相关技术仅供大家参考.     

刺参产业科学发展的对策与建议

我国刺参养殖已取得巨大进步，刺参人工育苗和增养殖走在世界前列，已成为海水养殖的朝阳产业，发展速度快，潜力巨大。山东省烟台市的刺参养殖业在较短时间内得到迅速发展，目前全市的刺参育苗与养殖的技术工艺已日渐成熟，单位水体的出苗量和养殖产量不断提高，技术水平处于国内领先地位。     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

不同年龄细鳞鱼的繁育效果

研究了不同年龄组(3～8龄)细鳞鱼(Bachymystax lenok Pallas)亲鱼的繁育效果,分析其繁育主要技术,包括亲鱼培育、繁育技术、受精卵孵化、鱼苗培育等,结果发现,5～6龄和7～8龄细鳞鱼产卵量没有明显差异,产卵量、孵化率、出苗率均较高,繁殖效果明显好于3～4龄亲鱼。     

海口市近海渔业资源衰退的原因分析与对策建议

在分析海口市海洋渔业资源和海洋捕捞现状的基础上，提出了近海渔业资源衰退的6项原因和加快保护和修复资源的10项措施和建议。     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.