尼罗罗非鱼MHC ⅡA基因的克隆、表达及多态性分析

为进一步了解鱼类MHC ⅡA基因的特点及其在免疫反应中的功能,采用同源克隆、RACE-PCR、巢式PCR等技术,从健康的尼罗罗非鱼体获得1 205 bp的MHC ⅡA基因cDNA全序列(Orni-DBA-0101,Genebank登录号:JF719813)及1 388 bp的基因组序列。序列分析发现,尼罗罗非鱼MHC ⅡA基因含4个外显子和3个内含子,开放阅读框长720 bp,编码239个氨基酸。从4尾尼罗罗非鱼中共得到8条不同的cDNA序列,分别编码不同的氨基酸序列。氨基酸序列比对后发现,序列间存在丰富的多态性,且主要集中在α-1区,多态性位点数远远高于半滑舌鳎MHC ⅡA基因。生物信息学分析表明,尼罗罗非鱼MHC ⅡA编码的蛋白质分子包含1个信号肽、2个胞外结构域、1个跨膜区和1个胞质区,存在4个保守的半胱氨酸残基以及丰富的磷酸化位点,与其他物种的相似性为23%～65%。RT-PCR结果表明,MHC ⅡA基因在脾、肾、肠、鳃、性腺、肝、心脏表达量很高,在鳔和肌肉中表达量最低。人工感染嗜水气单胞菌后,肝、脾、肾、鳃、肠5个组织中MHC ⅡA基因的mRNA水平均发生了不同程度的变化,提示MHC ⅡA分子作为一种重要的免疫因子,在清除病原的免疫反应中起着重要作用。     

半滑舌鳎多聚免疫球蛋白受体(pIgR)基因的克隆和表达分析

本研究根据半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)基因组数据库中预测的多聚免疫球蛋白受体(Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, pIgR)序列,通过PCR和RACE技术获得了半滑舌鳎pIgR基因cDNA,全长为1419 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为1020 bp,编码339个氨基酸,5′UTR区域为109 bp,3′UTR区域为290bp。保守结构域分析显示,半滑舌鳎pIgR蛋白包含1个信号肽,2个免疫球蛋白功能域(Ig-like domain, ILD)和1个跨膜结构域。经蛋白序列同源比对和系统进化树分析,发现半滑舌鳎pIgR与大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)和牙鲆(Paralichthy solivaceus)的pIgR亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,pIgR基因在健康半滑舌鳎的不同组织中均有表达,在鳃中表达较高,在肌肉中表达最低。经哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)病原感染刺激后,pIgR基因在半滑舌鳎的5个组织(肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、肠和鳃)中均呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中,在脾脏和鳃中48 h达到最高值,在肝脏、肾脏和肠中72 h达到峰值。与内脏组织不同的是,pIgR基因在皮肤中呈一直上升的趋势。上述结果表明,pIgR基因在半滑舌鳎抵御哈维氏弧菌的免疫应答中发挥重要作用。     

Molecular cloning,genomic structure and expression analysis of major histocompatibility complex class Iα gene of half-smooth tongue sole (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cynoglossus semilaevis</Emphasis>)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has a central role in the adaptive immune system by presenting foreign peptide to the T-cell receptor. The full length of MHC class Iα cDNA was cloned from half-smooth tongue sole by homology cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR), genomic organization and expression of MHC Iα were examined to study the function of MHC gene in fish. The domain structure feature and antigen-binding motifs of other teleost and mammals MHC are conserved in the half-smooth tongue sole MHC Iα gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of half-smooth tongue sole MHC Iα (GenBank accession no. FJ372720) had 12.1–61.8% identity with those of human and other fish. Eight exons and seven introns were identified in MHC Iα gene. Real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated that MHC Iα gene was ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues, while that in Vibrio anguillarum infected fish was significantly increased in intestines and decreased in spleen and liver from 24 to 72 h after infection, followed by a recovery to normal level after 96 h.     

企鹅珍珠贝组织蛋白酶D的cDNA克隆、序列特征分析和应激表达研究

笔者初步研究了企鹅珍珠贝（Pteria penguin）组织蛋白酶D（cathepsin D,CTSD）的基因克隆和功能,通过同源克隆方法和cDNA末端快速扩增技术（RACE）获得了企鹅珍珠贝组织蛋白酶D基因（命名为pgCTSD）。该基因cDNA全长1 767 bp,其中5＇UTR为38 bp,3＇UTR为553 bp,ORF为1 176 bp,编码392个氨基酸,包括信号肽（Met1-Ala18）、前体域（Leu19-Lys47）和成熟域（Tyr48-Ser392）三部分,分子量为42.3 kDa,等电点为8.04。pgCTSD氨基酸序列与大珠母贝（Pinctada maxima）pmCTSD的相似性最高（79%）,与其他物种的相似性为59%～75%。荧光定量分析表明,空白对照组中pgCTSD mRNA在闭壳肌、性腺、肝胰脏、外套膜和鳃组织中都有表达,且在闭壳肌中表达量最少,肝胰脏中最高。与试验对照组相比,脂多糖（LPS）刺激6 h后性腺和肝胰脏显著下降,闭壳肌的表达量虽不大但增加显著,外套膜和鳃组织变化不显著;哈维弧菌（Vibrio harveyi）刺激6 h后肝胰腺和外套膜显著下降,闭壳肌和鳃显著上升,性腺无显著变化。肝胰腺中pgCTSD对LPS和弧菌刺激的应答反应表明pgCTSD可能参与了免疫反应。     

致病性哈维氏弧菌溶血素基因克隆及其检测

从山东沿海的发病鲈鱼（Lateolabrax japonicus）分离到1株致病性哈维氏弧菌（Vibrio harveyi），从该菌的染色体DNA扩增出一条长约1．4kb的特异性片段。DNA序列分析表明，该克隆片段含有完整的1254bp溶血素基因，该溶血素基因与哈维氏弧菌VIB645的溶血素基因VhhA和VhhB的相似性分别为99．0％和98．5％；与副溶血弧菌（V．parahaemolyticus）热稳定性溶血素基因（TDH）的相似性为74．5％；与拟态弧菌（V．mimicus）、创伤弧菌（V．vulnificus）、霍乱弧菌（V．chderae）磷脂酶基因的序列相似性分别为57．4％、59．2％、53．0％；与最小弧菌、创伤弧菌、霍乱弧菌、霍氏弧菌（V．hollisae）、河流弧菌（V．tguvialis）、鳗弧菌（V．anguillarum）的溶血素基因的相似性仅为19．9％～24．8％。根据溶血素基因的保守区段，设计了1对特异引物。分析表明，该引物能特异检测哈维氏弧菌。其可检测的DNA最小量为0．001ng。用该方法对55株不同来源的患病鱼分离的疑似病原菌进行检测，结果检出8株哈维氏弧菌，检出率为14．55％，从健康动物中检出数占所检弧菌数的6．25％，海洋环境为10．53％，海水养殖环境为26．53％，表明哈维氏弧菌在不同的海水环境及健康海洋动物中普遍存在，在养殖水体中的数量高于其他海水环境。     

Analysis of immune-relevant genes expressed in red sea bream (Chrysophrys major) spleen

Expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis is an efficient tool for gene discovery and for profiling gene expression. In order to isolate functional genes involved in immunity in fish, a cDNA library was constructed from red sea bream (Chrysophrys major) spleen by unidirectional cloning. A total of 2010 ESTs from the library was sequenced and compared with sequences in the GenBank database. Of the 2010 ESTs, 320 ESTs (15.9%) were identified as orthologs of known gene from other organisms by BLAST searches, whereas 1690 ESTs (84.1%) appeared to be unknown and are likely to represent newly described genes. These identified clones were derived from at least 81 genes, which were categorized into eight categories: 9 in cell structure/motility (11.1%), 14 in metabolism (17.3%), 8 in cell defense/immunity (10%), 5 in cell division (6.2%), 7 in cell signal transduction/communication (8.6%), 30 in gene/protein expression (37%), 5 hemoglobin (6.2%) and 3 genes lacking enough information to be classified (3.7%). Several important cDNAs involved in immune functions, such as immunoglobulin light chain (IgL), MHC class II, MHC class IIβ and RAP2c, were identified in red sea bream and compared for their structure with those from other organisms. Alignment showed that the red sea bream IgL precursor was closer to that of spotted wolfish than to that of yellowtail, Europe sea bass, orange spotted grouper, Atlantic salmon, channel catfish, fugu and sterlet. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the red sea bream MHC II and MHC IIβ were more related to those from striped sea bass than to those from cichlid, flounder, salmonids, zebrafish and carp. High identity (over 92%) in deduced amino acid sequence of RAP2c between red sea bream and mammals implied that RAP2c gene was highly conserved during evolution.     

中国大菱鲆虹彩病毒主要衣壳蛋白基因的PCR扩增及序列分析

应用同源PCR技术，从被一种球状病毒感染的患病大菱鲆（Scophthalmus maximus）脾脏和肾脏组织中扩增出了一段长度为620bp的DNA片断。序列测定和Blast分析表明，该DNA片断与鱼类虹彩病毒主要衣壳蛋白（MCP）C末端编码区的DNA序列高度相似，由此证实感染养殖大菱鲆的这种球状病毒为一种鱼类虹彩病毒，暂命名为大菱鲆红体病虹彩病毒（TRBIV）。多序列比对和分析发现，TRBIV MCP C末端的205个氨基酸序列与GenBank中20种虹彩病毒相应序列的相似性分别为99．47％（韩国大菱鲆虹彩病毒）、97％～98％（待指定病毒属的7种病毒），以及50％以下（蛙病毒属、淋巴囊肿病毒属、虹彩病毒属的12种病毒），由此绘制出了包含TRBIV在内的21种虹彩病毒的系统发育树。研究结果表明，感染中国养殖大菱鲆的TRBIV属于虹彩病毒科待指定病毒属，位于该属ISKNV亚群和RSIV亚群之间，是该病毒属的一个新成员。     

Occurrence of two distinct molecular species of cathepsin B in carp Cyprinus carpio

ABSTRACT:   We purified cathepsins B₁ and B₂ from the ordinary muscle of carp Cyprinus carpio . The N-terminal amino acid sequences (12 residues) of 29 kDa bands of cathepsins B₁ and B₂ are the same and showed high homology of 75% and 83%, respectively, with the heavy chain of rat and human cathepsins B. Based on conserved sequences of other cathepsins B and the N-terminal amino acid sequences of 29 kDa bands, we cloned carp cathepsin B cDNA. The nucleotide sequence of carp cathepsin B cDNA consists of 1470 bp including a 993 bp open reading frame, encoding a deduced protein of 330 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of carp cathepsin B has similarity of 80% to rainbow trout cathepsin B and of 76–78% to other vertebrate cathepsins B. The sequence of its isoform was also determined during molecular cloning, which has 94.8% similarity with first cloned cathepsin B. They are completely same in N-terminal amino acid sequence of heavy chain, active site and potential N-glycosylation site. This indicates there are at least two kinds of cathepsin B functioning in vivo in carp.     

Leptin and its receptor in turbot <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scophthalmus maximus</Emphasis>: cloning,characterization and expression response to ratios of dietary carbohydrate–lipid

In the present study, the full-length cDNA sequences of leptin (LEP) and its receptor (LEPR) from turbot Scophthalmus maximus were cloned. The cDNA of tLEP was 1126 bp in length encoding 157 amino acids. The amino acid sequence shared low identity with human LEP (18.8 %), but the three-dimensional structures of these two LEPs were strongly conserved. The deduced 1173-amino acid sequence of tLEPR was 28 % identical to human LEPR, and 82 % too range-spotted grouper LEPR, containing all functionally important domains conserved in vertebrate LEPR. Tissue distribution analysis showed that tLEP was abundantly expressed in brain, eyes and liver. The highest level of tLEPR mRNA was found in liver and kidney. After a 9-week feeding trial using diets with different ratios of carbohydrate–lipid (1:6, 1:2, 2:1 and 14:1), it was found that the increase in dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios from 1:6 to 2:1 did not significantly influence tLEP and tLEPR expression in turbot liver (P > 0.05). The hepatic tLEP expression was significantly elevated in treatment with 14:1 dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratio (P < 0.05). The hepatic tLEPR mRNA level in group with 14:1 dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratio was significantly lower than that in 1:6 group (P < 0.05), but had no significant difference with the other two groups (P > 0.05). These results revealed the important relationship between dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratio and LEP expression in turbot.     

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of AMPK α subunit isoform genes from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scophthalmus maximus</Emphasis> responding to salinity stress

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved and multi-functional protein kinase that plays important roles in both intracellular energy balance and cellular stress response. In the present study, molecular characterization, tissue distribution and gene expression levels of the AMPK α1 and α2 genes from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) under salinity stress are described. The complete coding regions of the AMPK α1 and α2 genes were isolated from turbot through degenerate primers in combination with RACE using muscle cDNA. The complete coding regions of AMPK α1 (1722 bp) and α2 (1674 bp) encoded 573 and 557 amino acids peptides, respectively. Multiple alignments, structural analysis and phylogenetic tree construction indicated that S. maximus AMPK α1 and α2 shared a high amino acid identity with other species, especially fish. AMPK α1 and α2 genes could be detected in all tested tissues, indicating that they are constitutively expressed. Salinity challenges significantly altered the gene expression levels of AMPK α1 and α2 mRNA in a salinity- and time-dependent manners in S. maximus gill tissues, suggesting that AMPK α1 and α2 played important roles in mediating the salinity stress in S. maximus. The expression levels of AMPK α1 and α2 mRNA were a positive correlation with gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activities. These findings will aid our understanding of the molecular mechanism of juvenile turbot in response to environmental salinity changes.     

卵形鲳鲹MHCⅡβ基因的克隆与表达分析

为探究卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)的结构和作用,利用RACE技术克隆获得MHCⅡβ基因的全序列,其长度为1 472 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)747 bp,编码248个氨基酸,分为信号肽区、肽结合区、Ig样区、跨膜区、胞质区。通过NJ法构建的系统进化树分析显示卵形鲳鲹独立聚为一支,与其他鱼类亲缘关系较近,与两栖类和哺乳类的亲缘关系较远。利用同源性比对发现其与大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)亲缘关系较近,同源性达到79%。qRT-PCR分析表明MHCⅡβmRNA在卵形鲳鲹13个组织中均有表达,在脾和头肾中表达量较高,在鳍中表达量最低。感染美人鱼发光杆菌(Photobacterium damselae)3 h后,卵形鲳鯵MHCⅡβmRNA在肠中显著上调表达;感染12 h后在肝中上调表达;感染24 h后在脾和头肾中显著上调表达,以上研究表明MHCⅡβ基因参与了卵形鲳鲹的免疫反应。     

Molecular characterization and quantification of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor in turbot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Scophthalmus maximus</Emphasis>)

Molecular cloning, characterization, and functional analysis of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) in female turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were evaluated. Results showed that the full-length FSHR cDNA was 3824 bp long and contained a 2202 bp open reading frame that encoded a mature protein of 733 amino acids (aa) and a signal peptide of 18 aa. Multiple sequence analyses showed that turbot FSHR has high homology with the corresponding genes of other teleosts and significant homology with that of Hippoglossus hippoglossus. Turbot FSHR has the typical structural architecture of glycoprotein hormone receptors consisting of a large N-terminal extracellular domain, seven transmembrane domains and short C-terminal intracellular domain. FSHR mRNA was found to be abundant in the ovaries, but deficient in eyes, intestine, brain, muscle, gills, spleen, stomach, heart and kidney. Furthermore, FSHR mRNA was found to increase gradually from pre-vitellogenesis to migratory nucleus stages, with the highest values observed during the late vitellogenesis stage of the reproductive cycle. However, FSHR mRNA was found to decrease dramatically during the atresia stage. Meanwhile, functional analysis with HEK293T cells continual expressing FSHR demonstrated that FSHR was specifically stimulated by ovine FSH, but not ovine LH. These results indicate that turbot FSHR is mainly involved in the stimulation of vitellogenesis, regulation of oocyte maturation as well as promotion of ovarian development via specific ligand binding. These findings open doors to further investigation of physiological functions of FSHR, which will be valuable for fish reproduction and broodstock management.     

星斑川鲽MHCⅡ恒定链Ii基因的克隆和表达特性

为了研究星斑川鲽MHCⅡ类分子的作用及调控机制,实验通过SMART-RACE技术克隆得到了星斑川鲽MHCⅡ恒定链(MHCⅡIi)的全长cDNA序列,其长度为1766 bp,包含135 bp的5′非编码区、837 bp的开放阅读框和794 bp的3′非编码区。该基因共编码279个氨基酸。理论分子量为30.848 ku,等电点为6.89。与已知物种MHCⅡIi进行同源性比对,结果与狼鲈、紫红笛鲷和鳜关系较近,同源性均为79%。利用quantitative realtime PCR(qRT-PCR)技术检测了MHCⅡIi在星斑川鲽不同组织中的表达,以及爱德华氏菌感染前后对该基因在不同组织中表达水平的影响,结果显示:在脾脏、头肾、肝脏、后肠、性腺、心脏、血液、鳃和肌肉组织中,MHCⅡIi mRNA均有表达,但在表达量上有明显差异,脾脏和头肾组织相对表达水平较高,鳃、血液、肌肉、心脏和性腺中的表达水平较低。病原感染后,免疫相关组织脾脏和头肾的表达水平升高最明显,肝脏和后肠的表达水平也略有升高,但变化不明显。本研究可为星斑川鲽MHCⅡ类分子的作用机理提供理论依据,同时为海水养殖鱼类的抗病遗传育种工作提供研究基础。     

哈维氏弧菌外膜蛋白OmpK基因的克隆及原核表达

根据哈维氏弧菌外膜蛋白OmpK的基因序列设计一对引物，应用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）方法，从分离自患病大黄鱼的哈维氏弧菌基因组中扩增获得一段约800bp的序列。将其克隆到pGEM-Teasy载体，测序结果证明该序列是哈维氏弧菌外膜蛋白OmpK基因。用PCR方法去除其信号肽序列，定向克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-2构建重组表达质粒pGEX-4T-OmpK。IPTG诱导后能够在大肠杆菌BL21中高效表达分子量约为53kD的GST-OmpK融合蛋白。用纯化后的融合蛋白免疫新西兰兔获得了高效价的抗血清。Western-blotting分析表明，它与从哈维氏弧菌中提取的约27kD的外膜蛋白能够发生特异反应，提示外膜蛋白OmpK可能是哈维氏弧菌的重要保护性抗原之一。     

瘤背石磺肌球蛋白重链(MyHC)基因的克隆与表达分析

肌球蛋白是动物体内重要的功能性马达蛋白,调控机体的信号传导、肌肉收缩和细胞器运动,为探究肌肉在瘤背石磺(Onchidium struma)由海洋向陆地进化过程中发挥作用的分子机制,实验以石磺科4种贝类转录组数据为基础,采用RACE方法从瘤背石磺肌肉中首次克隆到肌球蛋白重链(Myosin heavy chain,MyHC)基因cDNA的全长并进行组织表达分析。研究结果显示,瘤背石磺MyHC基因cDNA全长为7566 bp,包括5895 bp的开放阅读框,228 bp的5'端非翻译区,1443 bp的3'端非翻译区,共编码1964个氨基酸。预测该基因编码的蛋白质由31713个原子组成,分子式为C_(9765)H_(15897)N_(2849)O_(3150)S_(52),分子量约为225.28 kDa,理论等电点为5.56,N端信号肽具有29个氨基酸长度。瘤背石磺MyHC具有2个保守结构域MYSc_class_Ⅱ和Myosin_tail_l,且亲水性氨基酸集中在Myosin_tail_l区。系统进化树分析显示,瘤背石磺MyHC与光滑双脐螺(Biomphalaria glabrata)MyHC的亲缘关系最近。RT-PCR结果显示,MyHC基因在各个组织中均有表达,腹足和背部皮肤表达量最高,腹部皮肤、口球、肺囊中高表达,肝胰腺、蛋白腺、两性腺中微量表达(P0.05)。MyHC基因在瘤背石磺的主要运动器官腹足中高表达,说明肌肉运动对瘤背石磺湿地环境的两栖适应性具有至关重要的作用。实验结果为今后进一步研究瘤背石磺肌球蛋白重链基因进行原核表达及多克隆抗体的制备奠定了良好基础,更为深入探讨海洋无脊椎动物从海洋向陆地进化的研究提供有参考意义的分子依据。