苏联对银鲫×家鲤的杂交种进行研究

自1977年起,全苏养鱼科学和生产联合公司遗传育种中心对两性型银鲫♀和家鲤♂的杂交种进行了研究。杂种第一代(F_1)的雄鱼全部不育;而雌鱼的卵子不同于正常配子,带有二倍体染色体组,所以,通过诱发雌核发育可获得二倍体后代。再用F_1或其雌核发育的后代(♀)同鲤鱼(♂)回交,就可获得带两个鲤鱼染色体组的三倍回交杂种。     

利用流式细胞仪鉴别转基因鲤鲫杂交回交子代的倍性

本文报道三倍体回交杂种的流式细胞仪测试方法和结果。取正常二倍体鲤鲫杂交鱼的体细胞液进样所得直方图为标准，通过对36尾鲤鲫杂交回交种和其雌核发育子代的细胞核DNA相对含量的测定，观察到杂种F1雌性回交子代中产生的三倍体和非整倍三倍体（2－3倍体之间）现象，测试结果以直方图表示。     

红鲫♀×乌龙鲫F_2(4n)♂回交F_1的倍性及黑体色表现的观察

观察和分析了红鲫(Carassius auratus auratus(red crucian carp))♀×乌龙鲫(Carassius auratus auratus(WuLong crucian carp))F2(4n)♂回交F1的倍性和黑体色个体的比例。结果显示:回交F1红细胞的长径为红鲫的1.28倍,红细胞核的长径为红鲫的1.41倍。回交F1为三倍体,回交F1的染色体数目为3n=150,核型公式为3n=51m+45sm+36st+18t,NF为246。回交F1体色全部为黑色。     

多倍体银鲫杂交子一代生长性状比较研究

为改良上海地区银鲫的养殖性状,筛选最佳的亲本组合,用雌性三倍体或四倍体杂交银鲫作母本,雄性银鲫、鲤、青鱼作父本,进行了6组不同亲本组合的杂交试验,并比较了杂交子一代的外观特征和生长状况,以同步发育的中科3号作为对照。结果表明,在四倍体母本中,与鲤鱼父本杂交产生的子一代生长速度最快；在三倍体母本中,与银鲫父本杂交产生的子一代生长速度最快。然而,以四倍体为母本的杂交子代,其生长速度都显著高于对照组和以三倍体为母本的杂交子代,原因可能是四倍体母本的卵子在发育过程中经历了遗传重组。     

洞庭湖水域不同倍性野生鲫的血液相关特点

对洞庭湖水域野生鲫群体中同时存在的二倍体(2n=100)、三倍体(3n=150±)和四倍体(4n=200)野生鲫血液相关特点进行研究。通过流式细胞仪检测野生鲫倍性,将不同倍性野生鲫进行血细胞涂片观察,使用全自动血液分析仪检测不同倍性野生鲫血红蛋白含量。结果发现,3种不同倍性野生鲫血细胞大小与倍性成正比,且能在三倍体和四倍体野生鲫血细胞中观察到一定数量的由无丝分裂所导致的哑铃型细胞核的存在;同时3种不同倍性野生鲫血红蛋白含量没有明显区别。根据这些结果推测,两种高倍性的野生鲫很可能是通过血细胞的无丝分裂来增加细胞数量,保证其总血红蛋白含量相对稳定,从而进一步保证它们运输氧气的能力。     

基于微卫星标记的洞庭青鲫倍性鉴定

洞庭青鲫产于湖南省澧县北民湖,因个体大且背部青灰而得名,其快速生长的特性和异于普通鲫的体型令作者怀疑前人报道的"二倍体群体"结果。为此,从银鲫微卫星文库中筛选9个位点构建微卫星鲫倍性鉴定体系,同时采用流式细胞术和染色体核型分析完成了洞庭青鲫倍性鉴定。结果显示,建立的微卫星鲫倍性鉴定体系能够100%区分二倍体、三倍体和四倍体鲫,微卫星基因分型结果显示136尾洞庭青鲫均为三倍体,各位点的等位基因数为1～3,样本基因型包括AAA、AAB/ABB、ABC 3种类型;洞庭青鲫血细胞DNA平均含量为159.42±5.64,与二倍体红鲫的血细胞DNA平均含量(102.43±3.54)比值(DI)为1.56∶1;流式细胞术与微卫星体系判定结果匹配度100%;染色体核型分析显示洞庭青鲫染色体数为3n=156±,核型公式为3n=39m+36sm+81sta,NF=231。建立了适用于鲫倍性鉴定的微卫星标记体系,且系统地证实了洞庭青鲫为三倍体鲫品种。     

银鲫与鲤鱼杂交种的渔业价值

<正> 全苏养鱼科研生产联合体育种遗传中心自977年始对银鲫(♀)与鲤鱼(?)交配而获得的杂交种进行了研究。银鲫与鲤鱼杂种的特点如同其它远缘杂种,是雄性不育:杂交的 F_1代全部雄鱼不育;而部分雌鱼成     

异源四倍体鲫鲤肝组织线粒体DNA的研究

用密度梯度离心和DNaseI、RNase消化法从异源四倍体鲫鲤(R8)和鲫鲤F2肝组织中提取和纯化线粒体DNA(mtDNA).用9种限制性内切酶对异源四倍体鲫鲤和鲫鲤F2的mtDNA进行了分析,结果表明XbaI和BglⅡ两种限制性内切酶在异源四倍体鲫鲤mtDNA上存在酶切位点多态性.通过凝胶电泳测得异源四倍体鲫鲤mtDNA相对分子量平均约10.29×106道尔顿,分子大小为16.20kb;鲫鲤F2mtDNA相对分子量为10.18×106道尔顿,分子大小为16.02kb.根据单酶解和双酶解的片段数目和分子大小,构建了异源四倍体鲫鲤mtDNA的7种限制性内切酶(KpnI、PstI、SalI、XhoI、BglⅡ、BamHI和XbaI)酶切图谱.     

鲤鲫杂交回交鲫染色体核型及DNA含量的分析

将性成熟的鲤鲫杂交鱼一代（F1）的雌鱼与雄性红鲫鱼杂交，获得了回交鲫子代，分析了平均体质量94.2g的1龄回交鲫子一代的细胞染色体核型，测定了其DNA含量。肾细胞直接制片法表明：回交鲫子代染色体由147条组成，即3n=147，NF=222，其核型公式为：3n=51m＋24sm＋27st＋45t。流式细胞记数法结果表明：在20尾鱼中有14尾回交鲫子代细胞的DNA含量是对照鱼（红鲫鱼）的1.5倍，占总鱼数的70%；6尾在2～3倍体之间，非常接近三倍体，占总鱼数的30%。本结果与其细胞染色体核型分析结果基本一致，说明该鱼是以三倍体为主的回交种。     

鲤鲫杂交(♀)×鲫(♂)回交子代的形态特征研究

利用雌性鲤鲫杂交与雄性鲫鱼回交,制备了鲤鲫杂交回交子代鱼,并对其1龄鱼的形态特征和内部器官结构进行了测定。其主要性状为：回交子代的背鳍条Ⅲ,15～18；臀鳍条Ⅲ,4～6；侧线鳞27～36；侧线上鳞和侧线下鳞同为5～6；鳃耙28～33；体长为体高的(2.35±0.11)倍,为头长的(3.33±0.13)倍,为尾柄长的(6.36±0.54)倍；头长为眼径的(4.54±0.20)倍；为眼间距的(1.74±0.07)倍；为尾柄高的(1.96±0.10)倍；尾柄长为尾柄高的(0.90±0.28)倍；体高为头高的(1.59±0.09)倍。结果表明,该回交子代鱼在可数和可量性状上都有个别性状产生变易,但大多数性状相对比较稳定。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).