鲍养殖现状及发展趋势

鲍为"海产八珍"之冠,其肉质细嫩,味道鲜美,含有丰富的蛋白质,具有很高的营养价值,其贝壳是名贵的药材称"石决明".中国是世界第一养鲍大国,2009年的养殖产量达到42 375 t,占世界鲍总产量的82.33％以上;2010年中国养鲍产量达56 511 t,其中福建养鲍产量为41 300 t,占全国的73.01％[1].但由于经过多年的人工自繁自育,未人工选育新优化品种,出现鲍种质严重退化现象.同时,随着养殖规模的扩大、集约化程度的不断提高及养殖环境的日趋恶化,病害频发,严重制约着养鲍业的发展.笔者对当前鲍养殖现状进行综述,提出鲍养殖模式向生态养殖模式方向发展的趋势.     

鲍鱼度夏养殖模式

<正>据2018年中国渔业统计年鉴统计,2017年全国鲍产量14.85万吨,其中福建12.34万吨,占全国总产量的83.1%,可见福建是鲍养殖大省,鲍养殖产量在全国举足轻重。山东养鲍占全国总产量的9.0%,广东占6.1%。通过多年的养殖实践,鲍养殖者虽然掌握了较为丰富的养殖经验,但鲍产业存在诸多的问题有待解决,比如种质退化、不耐高温、成活率低等问题。近十年来,随着北鲍南移规模化养殖试     

1993年世界养虾概况

<正> 1993年,世界虾类养殖产量约609000t,比1992年的721000t减少了16％。1 西半球1.1 产量 1993年西半球养虾总产量为132000t(鲜重),占世界总产量的22％,比1992年的129500t提高了2％。其中厄瓜多尔产量为90000t,占总产量的68％,价值超过4亿美元;哥伦比亚、墨西哥和洪都拉斯     

绿盘鲍

正一、品种概况(一)培育背景中国是世界第一养鲍大国,2017年中国鲍鱼养殖产量14.85万吨,约占全球产量的90%,而其中福建省养鲍产量超10万吨,约占全国产量的80%,产业链年产值约174亿元。经过30多年的发展,鲍鱼养殖已成为我国增长速度快、经济效益名列前茅的重要海水养殖产业之一。     

各地信息

一九九九年全国水产品总产量为4122.43万t 据农业部渔业局报道:1999年我国水产品总产量为4122.43万t,其中海洋捕捞1497.62万t,海水养殖974.30万t,内陆捕捞228.54万t,内陆养殖1421.97万t。 总产量中,捕捞产量1726.16万t,占总产量的41.87％;养殖产     

健康养鱼技术的由来和瞻望

<正> 近年来,水产养殖的病害日趋严重,其中:对虾养殖的病害尤为触目惊心。1993年的一场浩劫,使全国对虾总产量减产12万t,损失惨重;1994年奋起再战,未见复苏迹象,总产量更趋下跌,仅以环渤海养虾区为例,辽宁、山东、河北、天津等3省一市的对虾总产量只有27292t。环渤海养虾是我国养虾的首发地区和主要产区,以往历年产量均占全国总产     

2007~2009年世界鲑鳟鱼的总产量

如表所示，2007年世界鲑鳟总产量突破300万t大关增至300．5万t（换算为原条鱼计的推算产量），其中天然捕捞产量为104．9万t（占35％）；养殖产量为195．7万t（占65％）。但2008年世界鲑鳟总产量减至291．3万t，比2007年的300．5万t减少3．1％，     

浅议浅海滩涂养殖杂色蛤

<正> 近年来,滦南县在稳定恢复及发展养虾业的同时,充分利用资源优势,进一步调整养殖结构,大力发展浅海滩涂贝类养殖。尤其是杂色蛤养殖发展迅猛,到目前全县开发利用浅海滩涂养贝面积达2.13万hm~2,其中管养面积1.93万hm~2,精养面积0.2万hm~2。共投放贝类苗种17000t,累计投资2698万元。1998年养贝总产量13950t,总产值2680万元,创利税1835万元,其杂色蛤产量、产值、利润占总量     

世界畅销海产鱼虾贝藻养殖动向

水产养殖已有两千年的悠久历史,是一个世界性迅速发展的产业典范。近十几年来,特别是发展中国家,新技术使这一产业迅速发展,1993年世界水产养殖总产量达到2262.6万t,占世界渔业总产量1.014亿t的22.3％。今后产量增长率约与80年代后半期相同。亚洲在世界水产养殖中占有最重要地位,其养殖产量和产值分别占世界各大洲产量和产     

法国虹鳟鱼养殖概况

虹鳟鱼是法国淡水养殖的主要鱼类,其产量约占淡水鱼总产量的80％左右。法国养殖虹鳟鱼始于1885年,至60年代后,随着配合饵料的商业化和科学技术的发达,养鳟业迅速发展,1960年虹鳟鱼总产量仅3000吨,1966年达1万吨,去年达到21500吨,居西欧养鳟国家的第二位。今年计划年产22000吨。目前,全国约有虹鳟鱼养殖场800所。其中:规模最大的场,单位产量高达每平方米90公斤,一个劳力的年产量     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

不同年龄细鳞鱼的繁育效果

研究了不同年龄组(3～8龄)细鳞鱼(Bachymystax lenok Pallas)亲鱼的繁育效果,分析其繁育主要技术,包括亲鱼培育、繁育技术、受精卵孵化、鱼苗培育等,结果发现,5～6龄和7～8龄细鳞鱼产卵量没有明显差异,产卵量、孵化率、出苗率均较高,繁殖效果明显好于3～4龄亲鱼。