大型抗风浪深水网箱养鱼发展现状与趋势

大型抗风浪深水网箱是一种全新的养殖方式与设备，它与充分采用了当代的计算机，新材料、防腐蚀、防污染、抗紫外线等高新技术，推广深水网箱养鱼是向海洋要食物，发展海洋经济的一条有效途径，它可为城乡人们提供鲜活名特优水产品，市场前景广阔，社会经济效益显著，作者就大型抗风浪深水网箱养鱼发燕尾服现状与趋势作扼要概述。     

试论我国抗风浪近海网箱养鱼健康发展

试论我国抗风浪近海网箱养鱼健康发展$海南大学@张本     

介绍一种近海养鱼张力腿网箱

挪威是世界上近海网箱养鱼最发达的国家之一 ,瑞发 (Ｒｅｆａ)集团公司开发抗风浪网箱发展近海养鱼已有 30多年的历史 ,在挪威最具代表性。他们拥有大型抗风浪网箱养鱼整套技术 ,已开发有柔性圆柱形网箱、钢制工作平台方型网箱和张力腿网箱等类型的近海网箱 ,在挪威沿海从南至北建有 1 0个大型的近海网箱养鱼基地 ,在意大利、丹麦、俄罗斯、印度、缅甸、中国等国家都建有他们的近海网箱养鱼基地。瑞发公司近海网箱养鱼的产业化程度高 ,它不仅拥有近海网箱生产的整套设备 (含网线生产、网衣编制、防污损处理、网箱加工及附属设备生产、海上工…     

深水网箱养鱼产业化的特点与技术关键

深水抗风浪网箱是一种新兴的养殖方式,其产业化的特点是:重视宏观管理和指导;技术系统性好,配套性强;经营规模大,产业化程度高;业者素质高,产品质量好。文章回顾了我国的深水网箱养鱼业近几年发展历程后,指出当前我国深水网箱养鱼业的技术关键。     

扇贝养殖区全封闭半浮式网箱养鱼技术

１９９８年我们在扇贝养殖区内设置了 ７个全封闭半浮式网箱进行养鱼试验，取得了较为理想的效益。１网箱养鱼海区的选择 网箱养鱼最好选择水质清新，无污染，水深在６～１０ ｍ，水流畅通，流向不紊乱，流速在 ３０～４０ ｃｍ／秒的封闭或半封闭的安全海湾内。但在风、浪、流较大的海区内进行网箱养鱼，如何保证网箱的安全是成败的关键。为解决这一问题，我们采用了全封闭半浮式网箱养鱼的方式：１．１把网箱设置在扇贝养殖区内。这样既可以增强抗风浪能力，又能减小流速，保证鱼苗的成活率。１．２减掉常规网箱养鱼（全浮式）用的浮力约…     

近海浮绳式网箱养鱼

所谓近海浮绳式网箱养鱼，就是在港湾外的近海较深水域设置浮绳式的网箱，选择优质的鱼类，进行高密度、集约化的养殖。它是在内湾传统式网箱养鱼的基础上发展起来的一种优质、高产、高效的网箱养殖模式。 为了发展浮绳式网箱养鱼产业，介绍一下有关近海浮绳式网箱养鱼的技术。主要包括养殖场地的选择、网箱的制作与设置、鱼种的培育和投放、饲料的种类及投喂和饲养管理。 一、养殖场地的选择 首先介绍一下近海浮绳式网箱养殖场地的选定。由于这种养殖模式的网箱是设置在港湾外的近海，虽然它的结构是具有一定抗风浪能力的柔韧结构，但是也…     

浮绳式网箱制作与养殖操作规程

近海浮绳式网箱养鱼,就是在港湾外的近海较深水域设置浮绳式网箱,选择优质的鱼种,进行高密度、集约化的养殖。它是在内湾传统式网箱养鱼的基础上发展起来的一种优质、高产、高效、新的网箱养殖模式。这种养殖模式与传统内湾浮排式网箱养鱼相比,网箱组合设计科学,养殖环境好;养殖鱼类食欲旺盛、生长快;养殖病害少,成活率高;养殖密度大、产量高、投饵系数低、效益好;网箱抗风浪能力强并且投入经费少,易于推广。为了发展浮绳式网箱养鱼产业,特制定本规程介绍有关近海浮绳式网箱制作与养鱼的技术。规程主要包括养殖场地的选择、网箱的制作与…     

我国网箱养鱼技术发展现状

本文作者围绕网箱养鱼起源和概述、现代网箱养鱼技术试验阶段、推广阶段和发展特点以及深度发展相展望等四个专题,回顾国内外网箱养鱼的历史,进行全面论述网箱养鱼技术的现状及其发展趋势。作者最后论述了网箱养鱼在我国水产养殖业的生产结构中的作用与地位。     

北方沿海地区大网箱养鱼已形成较大生产规模

北方地区，特别是山东和辽宁大连，近几年来，在南方沿海发展大型深水抗风浪网箱养鱼的启示下。结合当地产业结构调整，捕捞渔民转产转业，激发了大网箱养鱼的热潮。据初步统计，山东省和辽宁大连市去年下海大网箱总数达到961个，比2003年385个，增加了576个，增长1．5倍。     

对小体积网箱养鱼的几点体会和意见

对小体积网箱养鱼的几点体会和意见李长林（抚顺市水产科学研究所１１３００８）关键词：小体积，网箱，养鱼我国网箱养鱼几年来发展较快，取得了可喜成果。例如抚顺市水产研究所和大伙房水库养殖总场在大伙房水库利用２５ｍ２的网箱养殖鲤鱼、罗非鱼，亩产量达７．５—１...     

关于我国海水网箱养鱼发展现状与危机分析及可持续发展的探讨

我国海水网箱养鱼发展现状是以个体联合体生产经营为主体的低技术水平的数量规模化，众多传统港湾已形成了大范围的严重超负荷养殖状态，其对环境巨大的污染力引发鱼病猖獗和频受赤潮侵袭，已面临严峻的养殖环境危机。本文综合分析了我国海水网箱养鱼的发展现状与负面效应及其现状危机，并初步进行了危机根源和可持续发展的讨论分析。     

Fisheries and cage culture of three reservoirs in west Java, Indonesia; a case study of ambitious development and resulting interactions

Abstract The interactions between cage culture and wild fishery activities in three Indonesian reservoirs, Saguling, Cirata and Jatiluhur, of the greater Ciratum watershed, West Java, were evaluated using historical data and interviews with cage culture operators. In all three reservoirs, cage culture of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and later of common carp and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), were encouraged as an alternative livelihood for persons displaced by the impoundment. Currently, a two‐net culture system, locally known as ‘lapis dua’, in which in the inner cage (7 × 7 × 3 m) is used for common carp culture and the outer cage (7 × 7 × 5/7 m) is stocked with Nile tilapia, is practised. On average each cage is stocked with approximately 100 kg fingerlings each of common carp and Nile tilapia. The numbers of cages and production of cultured fish has increased in the reservoirs, but total and per cage production began to decline from about 1995 in Saguling from 2200 kg cage^?1 in 1989 to <500 kg cage^?1 in 2002, and in Cirata from a peak of approximately 2300 kg cage^?1 in 1995 to approximately 400 kg cage^?1 in 2002. In Jatiluhur, which has a considerably lower cage density, total fish production and production per cage has increased since 2000, and currently is approximately 4000 kg cage^?1, close to production in the early years of cage culture activities. The cage culture operations also resulted in substantial nutrient loading, estimated at 3.2, 15.2 and 3.1 t of nitrogen and 134, 636 and 128 kg of phosphorous per year in the maximum years of production for Saguling, Cirata and Jatiluhur reservoirs, respectively. In later years, when cage culture production was high, fish kills occurred in the cages, and in Jatiluhur reservoir coincided with a dramatic decline in wild fishery catches. An attempt is made to determine the maximum number of cages for each of the reservoirs that will bring long‐term sustainability of cage culture operations and the wild fisheries in the three reservoirs.     

我国名特优水产养殖业现状及其发展对策研究

近年来，我国的名特优水产养殖业发展较快，养殖种类不断增加，养殖面积不断扩大，而且正在向技术密集型，工业化，集约化以及企业集团化方向发展，通过两年调查研究，指出了目前我国名，特，优水养殖解决，采取的措施，旨在为有关部门制定产业政策和发展规划提供参考。     

Water quality and freshwater fish culture intensification: the Israeli example

Abstract. During the development of freshwater fish culture in Israel there has been a trend toward intensification, which has been accelerated in the last years with the introduction of new culture systems: deep reservoirs, fish cages and mechanically stirred ponds. In the present paper, the main processes affecting water quality variability in outdoor systems with increasing fish culture intensification levels are presented. The analysed systems are semi-intensive shallow ponds with different organic loading, semi-intensive shallow ponds with different fish species combinations, semi-intensive deep reservoirs, and intensive mechanically stirred ponds. The examples are from experiments conducted at the Fish and Aquaculture Research Station Dor and from follow-ups at fish farms.     

中国深远海网箱的发展现状与展望

深远海网箱养殖是一种新型水产养殖模式,具有技术先进、环境友好和成鱼品质高等优点,因此,它对推进水产养殖绿色发展战略意义重大。本文在介绍中国普通网箱和深水网箱、国外深远海网箱发展简况的基础上,重点概述2017年前后中国深远海网箱发展现状及其研究进展,并对今后的发展方向加以展望。2017年前,我国深远海网箱处于起步阶段,开发了特力夫~(TM)超大型深海养殖网箱等近10种深远海网箱。2017年后,我国深远海网箱进入快速发展期,开发应用了"深蓝1号"全潜式深海渔场等一系列深远海网箱,引领了深远海网箱的现代化建设。迄今为止,我国主要开展了深远海网箱的定义、专利、结构、绳网材料及其配套智能装备等研究,部分成果已得到应用。为适应水产养殖绿色发展要求,今后我国深远海网箱将朝着离岸化、大型化和智能化等方向发展。虽然我国深远海网箱养殖业取得了长足进展,但与挪威等国外先进技术相比,我们还存在巨大的差距。我国深远海网箱养殖业前景广阔,但相关工作任重道远。     

Mortality of marine cultured rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus my kiss (Walbaum), during the summer in the Netherlands

Abstract. In northern Europe, rearing of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), in sea cages is a substantial part of fish culture. One of the major constraints for the development of this system in other parts of Europe is the unexplained mortality of fish during the summer. To investigate environmental aspects of this mortality, rainbow trout, cultured in cages in sea water, were monitored from May to October for three successive years. No evidence of bacterial involvement could be found, while water temperature and salinity strongly influence the mortality. This supports the suggestion that the mortality has been caused by patho-physiological changes due to higher metabolic requirements for osmoregulation at elevated water temperature in the saline environment which might result in a dissipation of O₂ by CO₂ on the hemoglobin.     

深水网箱发展现状与水流影响初探

描述了国内外深水网箱的发展现状，对深水网箱进行了新的分类，介绍了国外水流对网箱影响的研究成果，最后提出了深水网箱的发展方向。     

潜浮式船型桁架结构深海养殖网箱避浪性能研究

深海网箱作为现代海洋渔业拓展外海养殖空间的重要养殖装备，其布设环境一般较近海更为复杂恶劣，对于保障其安全性和稳定性提出了更高的要求。本研究针对一种单点系泊潜浮式船型桁架网箱开展了模型比尺为1︰40的波浪流水池试验，重点围绕该网箱在不同吃水深度受波浪作用的系泊受力、升沉、纵摇和横摇等水动力学特性进行了比较分析。试验结果显示，波高为7.5~12.5 cm时(原型3~5 m)，网箱漂浮状态即可以满足养殖需求，其系泊力及运动响应均较小，具备较高的安全性和稳定性；恶劣海况时，即本试验中波高为15.0和17.5 cm (原型6 m和7 m)，通过整体下潜的方式网箱具有良好的避浪性能，其中，系泊力减幅达70%以上，升沉、纵摇和横摇等运动分量减幅也达20%~60%；波流试验中，海流对网箱避浪性能存在一定的影响，但总体上仍然具有较好的避浪效果。研究结果可为单点系泊潜浮式深海网箱的安全运行与日常管理提供理论依据和数据参考。     

Cage fish culture in Lake Victoria: A boon or a disaster in waiting?

Fish catches in Lake Victoria have been on the decline while demand for fish has been increasing. Cage culture with >3,000 cages, over 3 million tilapias and valued at US$ 12 million is trying to fill the gap. This study reviews the development of cages and the need to develop a decision support tool for effective management. Existing literature and data on fisheries and cage culture held by the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) were used in the analysis. Cage culture is a promising venture that may increase productivity, offer employment and enhance economic well‐being. However, site suitability for the installation of cages is poorly regulated with most developments (>45%) located within 200 m of the shoreline that are breeding grounds of fish and conflict with other lake users. Waste feed increases eutrophication, and enhances growth of algae and water hyacinth in the lake. Recent isolated fish kills were attributed to low dissolved oxygen concentrations (<0.64 mg/L), and an increasing occurrence of fish disease are signs of poor management practices among cage farmers. Cage culture may turn into an environmental disaster if not managed well, and there is need for robust policies and increased awareness to reduce environmental impacts.     

Improving rearing performance in sea‐cage culture of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis juveniles (Temminck and Schlegel) using small sea cages

High levels of mortality occur in large net‐cage culture of Pacific bluefin tuna (PBF) Thunnus orientalis due to poor growth on commencement of sea‐cage culture obstructing the mass production of fingerlings. Therefore, we carried out this study to develop a countermeasure by using small sea cages (square with 13‐m sides). PBF juveniles were directly transferred to a 30‐m‐diameter cage (control) and compared them to fish transferred to small sea cages for 12 days before being merged into another 30‐m‐diameter cage. The survival rate, growth performance and potential factors increasing mortality were examined. The results of our study showed that survival rate in small sea cages was approximately 20% higher than that of the control. Poor growth also occurred in the small sea cages; however, its frequency and daily mortality rate were half those in the control. In addition, growth performance such as specific growth rate and weight gain of PBF juveniles in small sea cages significantly increased compared to the control. These results suggest that using small sea cages could be an effective countermeasure for poor growth, which may mitigate the high‐mortality conditions of current sea‐cage culture systems for PBF.